Abstract
Many reform initiatives adopt a reductionist, proceduralized approach to cultural change, assuming that deep changes can be realized by introducing new classroom activities, textbooks, and technological tools. This article elaborates a complex system perspective of learning culture: A learning culture as a complex system involves macro-level properties (e.g., epistemological beliefs, social values, power structures) and micro-level features (e.g., technology, classroom activities). Deep changes in macro-level properties cannot be reduced to any component. This complex system perspective is applied to examining technology-supported educational change in East Asia and analyzing how teachers sustain the knowledge building innovation in different contexts. Working with the macro–micro dynamics in a learning culture requires a principle-based approach to learning innovation that specifies macro-level changes using principle-based instead of procedure-based terms and engages teachers’ deep reflection and creative engagement at both the macro- and the micro-level.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Aldridge, J. M., & Fraser, B. J. (2000). A cross-cultural study of classroom learning environments in Australia and Taiwan. Learning Environments Research, 3, 101–134.
Arthur, W. B. (1999). Complexity and the economy. Science, 284, 107–109.
Becker, H., & Ravitz, J. (1999). The influence of computer and Internet use on teachers’ pedagogical practices and perceptions. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 31(4), 356–385.
Becker, H. J., Ravitz, J. L., & Wong, Y. (1999). Teaching, learning, and computing national survey report #3: Teacher and teacher-directed student use of computers and software. Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations, University of California, Irvine and University of Minnesota.
Bereiter, C. (2002). Education and mind in the knowledge age. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bielaczyc, K. (2006). Designing social infrastructure: Critical issues in creating learning environments with technology. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 15(3), 301–329.
Bielaczyc, K., & Collins, A. (1999). Learning communities in classrooms: A reconceptualization of educational practice. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory (pp. 269–292). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Black, P., & William, D. (1998). Inside the black box: Raising standards through classroom assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 80(2), 139–148.
Bodilly, S. J. (1998). Lessons from new American schools’ scale-up phase. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
Bond, M. H., & Hwang, K. K. (1990). The social psychology of the Chinese people. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 213–266). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. R. (1999). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Brown, A. L., & Campione, J. (1996). Psychological theory and the design of innovative learning environments: On procedures, principles, and systems. In L. Schauble & R. Glaser (Eds.), Innovations in learning: New environments for education (pp. 289–325). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Coburn, C. E. (2003). Rethinking scale: Moving beyond numbers to deep and lasting change. Educational Researcher, 32(6), 3–12.
Cuban, L., Kirkpatrick, H., & Peck, C. (2001). High access and low use of technologies in high school classrooms. American Educational Research Journal, 38(4), 813–834.
Edelson, D. C., Gordin, D. N., & Pea, R. D. (1999). Addressing the challenges of inquiry-based learning through technology and curriculum design. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 8, 391–450.
Fodor, J. A. (1974). Special sciences (Or: The disunity of science as a working hypothesis). Synthese, 28, 97–115.
Gagne, R. M., Wager, W. W., Golas, K. C., & Keller, J. M. (2005). Principles of instructional design (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Gerbic, P. (2006). Chinese learners and online discussions. New opportunities for multicultural classrooms. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 1(3), 221–237.
Girod, M., & Cavanaugh, S. (2001). Technology as an agent of change in teacher practice. T.H.E. Journal, 28(9), 40, 42, 44, 46–47.
Hannafin, M. J., Land, S., & Oliver, K. M. (1999). Open learning environments: Foundations, methods, and models. In C. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional design theories and models (Vol. II, pp. 115–140). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hargreaves, D. H. (1999). The knowledge-creating school. British Journal of Educational Studies, 47(2), 122–144.
Hmelo-Silver, C. E., & Azevedo, R. A. (2006). Understanding complex systems: Some core challenges. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 15, 53–61.
Ho, D. Y. F., & Kang, T. K. (1984). Intergenerational comparisons of child-rearing attitudes and practices in Hong Kong. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1004–1016.
Hofstede, G. (1983). Dimensions of national cultures in fifty countries and three regions. In J. B. Deregowski, S. Dziurawiec, & R. C. Annis (Eds.), Expiscations in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 335–355). Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Hong, H.-Y., & Sullivan, F. S. (2009). An idea-centered, principle-based design approach to support learning as knowledge creation. Educational Technology Research and Development, 57, 613–627.
Huang, X. (2002). What is “Chinese” about Chinese civilization? In M. Mozaffari (Ed.), Globalization and civilizations (pp. 218–241). London: Routledge.
Hung, D., & Chen, D. T. (2003). Online learning and information technology in the Asia–Pacific region. Educational Technology, 43(3), 5–9.
Jin, L., & Cortazzi, M. (1998). Dimensions of dialogue: Large classes in China. International Journal of Educational Research, 29, 739–761.
Jung, I. (2000). Technology innovations and the development of distance education: Korean experience. Open Learning, 15(3), 217–231.
Kim, J. (2006). Emergence: Core ideas and issues. Synthese, 151, 547–559.
Kozma, R. L. (1994). Will media influence learning? Reframing the debate. Educational Technology Research and Development, 42(2), 7–19.
Krajcik, J., Blumenfeld, P. C., Marx, R. W., Bass, K. M., & Fredricks, J. (1998). Inquiry in project-based science classrooms. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 7(3/4), 313–350.
Lampert, M. (1999). Knowing teaching from the inside out: Implications of inquiry in practice for teacher education. In G. Griffen (Ed.), The education of teachers: 98th yearbook of the national society for the study of education, Part 1 (pp. 167–184). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Law, N., Yuen, H. K., Ki, W. W., Li, S. C., & Lee, Y. (1999). Second international information technology in education study: Hong Kong SAR report. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://sites.cite.hku.hk/full_report.htm
Lee, D. (2004). Web-based instruction in China. Educational Technology Research and Development, 52(1), 101–105.
Levinson, B., Foley, D., & Holland, D. (Eds.). (1996). The cultural production of the educated person: Critical ethnographies of schooling and local practice. Albany: SUNY Press.
Li, X.-M. (1996). Good writing in cross-cultural context. Albany, NY: SUNY press.
Lin, X., & Hatano, G. (2003). Technology, culture, and adaptive minds. Mind, Cultures, and Activity, 10(1), 3–8.
Linn, M. C., & Slotta, J. D. (2000). WISE science. Educational Leadership, 58(2), 29–32.
Little, A. (1990). Understanding culture: A pre-condition for effective learning. Paris: UNESCO.
Mizukoshi, T., Kim, Y., & Lee, J. Y. (2000). Instructional technology in Asia. Educational Technology Research and Development, 48(1), 101–112.
Morgan, C. L. (1923). Emergent evolution. London: Williams and Norgate.
O’Connor, T. (1994). Emergent properties. American Philosophical Quarterly, 31, 91–104.
Paavola, S., Lipponen, L., & Hakkarainen, K. (2002). Epistemological foundations for CSCL: A comparison of three models of innovative knowledge communities. In G. Stahl (Ed.), Computer support for collaborative learning: Foundations for a CSCL community. Proceedings of the computer-supported collaborative learning 2002 Conference (pp. 24–32). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Pratt, D. D., & Wong, K. M. (1999). Chinese conceptions of “effective teaching” in Hong Kong: Towards culturally sensitive evaluation of teaching. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 18, 241–258.
Price, S., & Oliver, M. (2007). Technology and change in educational practice (guest editorial). Educational Technology & Society, 10(1), 14–15.
Salomon, G., & Almog, T. (1998). Educational psychology and technology: A matter of reciprocal relations. Teachers College Record, 100(2), 222–241.
Salomon, G., & Perkins, D. (1996). Learning in wonderland. In S. T. Kerr (Ed.), Technology and the future of schooling (pp. 111–129). Chicago, IL: National Society for the Studies in Education.
Sawyer, R. K. (2003). The mechanisms of emergence. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 34(2), 260–282.
Sawyer, R. K. (2004). Creative teaching: Collaborative discussion as disciplined improvisation. Educational Researcher, 33(2), 12–20.
Scardamalia, M. (2002). Collective cognitive responsibility for the advancement of knowledge. In B. Smith (Ed.), Liberal education in a knowledge society (pp. 67–98). Chicago, IL: Open Court.
Scardamalia, M. (2004). CSILE/knowledge forum®. In A. Kovalchick & K. Dawson (Eds.), Education and technology: An encyclopedia (pp. 183–192). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1991). Higher levels of agency for children in knowledge building: A challenge for the design of new knowledge media. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 1(1), 37–68.
Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (2006). Knowledge building: Theory, pedagogy, and technology. In K. Sawyer (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (pp. 97–118). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Schwartz, D., Lin, X., Brophy, S., & Bransford, J. (1999). Toward the development of flexibly adaptive instructional designs. In C. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional design theories and models (Vol. II, pp. 183–213). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Stevenson, H. W., & Stigler, J. (1992). The learning gap. New York, NY: Summit Books.
Tu, C. H., & Twu, H. L. (2002). Educational technology in Taiwan. Education Media International, 39(2), 153–164.
Tweed, R. G., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Learning considered within a cultural context: Confucian and socratic approaches. American Psychologist, 57(2), 89–99.
UNESCO. (2005). Towards knowledge societies. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
van Aalst, J., & Chan, C. K. K. (2007). Student-directed assessment of knowledge building using electronic portfolios. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 16(2), 175–220.
van Joolingen, W. R., & de Jong, T. (2007). Issues in computer supported inquiry learning in science. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 23(2), 111–119.
Wertsch, J. V. (1998). Mind as action. New York: Oxford University Press.
Windschitl, M., & Sahl, K. (2002). Tracing teachers’ use of technology in a laptop computer school. American Educational Research Journal, 39(1), 165–205.
Zhang, J. (2002). Incorporating ICT into K-12 schools. TechTrends, 46(4), 51–57.
Zhang, J. (2007). A cultural look at information and communication technologies in Eastern education. Educational Technology Research and Development, 55(3), 301–314.
Zhang, J., Hong, H.-Y., Teo, C., Scardamalia, M., & Morley, E. (2008). Constantly going deeper: Knowledge building innovation in an elementary professional community. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of American Educational Research Association, New York.
Zhang, J., & Scardamalia, M. (2007). Sustaining principle-based knowledge building innovation at an elementary school. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
Zhang, J., Scardamalia, M., Lamon, M., Messina, R., & Reeve, R. (2007). Socio-cognitive dynamics of knowledge building in 9- and 10-year-olds. Educational Technology Research and Development, 55, 117–145.
Zhang, J., Scardamalia, M., Reeve, R., & Messina, R. (2009). Designs for collective cognitive responsibility in knowledge building communities. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 18, 7–44.
Zhang, J., Wu, G., & Li, F. (2003). The current status of online learning under implementation: A survey of distance learners. Open Education Research, 9(4), 5–12 (in Chinese).
Zhu, Z., Gu, X., & Wang, Q. (2003). A panorama of online education in China. Educational Technology, 43(3), 23–27.
Ziguras, C. (2001). Educational technology in transnational higher education in South East Asia. Educational Technology and Society, 4(4), 8–18.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, J. Technology-supported learning innovation in cultural contexts. Education Tech Research Dev 58, 229–243 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-009-9137-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-009-9137-6