Paul Alexander (peguam): Perbezaan antara semakan

Paul Alexander
Paul Alexander
	Alexander mengguna paru-paru besinya, foto diasas pada tahun 1986
Kelahiran	Paul Richard Alexander; 30 Januari 1946; Dallas, Texas, AS
Meninggal dunia	11 Mac 2024 (umur 78); Dallas, Texas, AS
Pendidikan	Universiti Southern Methodist; Universiti Texas
Pekerjaan	Peguam

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Semakan pada 17:36, 18 Mac 2024

Paul Richard Alexander (30 Januari 1946 - 11 Mac 2024) ialah seorang yang terselamat dari polio yaitu penyakit ganas yang pernah menjadi wabak di Amerika. Mendiang ialah seorang peguam yang telah menerbitkan beberapa buku. Paul ialah lelaki terakhir yang hidup mengguna paru-paru besi, dia mula dijangkiti polio pada tahun 1952 semasa berusia enam tahun, sekalipun membesar dengan fizik yang lumpuh, ia berjaya medapat ijazah sarjana muda dan gelaran Doktor Juris di Universiti Texas, dan menyertai sebagai bahagian daripada bar (sebutan persatuan peguam di AS) pada tahun 1986. Dia menerbitkan sendiri memoir autografnya pada tahun 2020.

Biografi

Paul lahir pada 30 Januari, 1946 di bandar Dallas^[1] dari ayah Gus Nicholas Alexander, anak kepada imigran Yunani dan Doris Marie Emmett yang berasal dari Lebanon.^[2]^[3] Mending diserang penyakit polio semasa berusia 6 tahun dan lumpuh seumur hidupnya. Saki baki ototnya yang masih boleh digerakkan hanya kepala, sekitar leher bahagian bawah dan separuh diafragma.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Wabak endemik polio kerap berlaku di AS pada awal dekad 1950an, ratusan kanak-kanak di sekitar daerah Dallas, Texas diserang Polio salah satu di antara mereka ialah Paul. Paul yang hampir tidak boleh bernafas dibawa ke Hospital Parkland. Ia pun dimasukan ke alat sokong yang bernama "paru-paru besi".^[7]

Paul terpaksa berada hospital selama lapan belas bulan lamanya, selepas doktor membolehkannya pulang ia bersama dengan paru-paru besinya dihantar pulang dengan menyewa lori. Pada tahun 1954, dengan sokong daripada organisasi derma March of Dimes dan seorang doktor bernama Nyonya Sullivan, Paul diajari beberapa teknik pernafasan baharu kerana beberapa bahagian diafragmanya masih boleh bergerak. Semasa remaja, Paul hanya masuk ke paru-paru besi beberapa kali dalam seminggu.^[8]

Alexander was one of the Dallas Independent School District's first homeschooled students. He learned to memorize instead of taking notes. At the age of twenty-one, he graduated second in his class from W. W. Samuell High School in 1967, becoming the first person to graduate from a Dallas high school without physically attending a class.^[2]^[8]

Alexander received a scholarship^[4] to Southern Methodist University. He transferred to the University of Texas at Austin, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1978, then a Juris Doctor in 1984.^[9] Before he was admitted to the bar in 1986, he was employed as an instructor of legal terminology to court stenographers at an Austin trade school. He represented clients in court in a three-piece suit and a modified wheelchair that held his body upright.^[10]^[11]

Alexander has been recognized by Guinness World Records as the person who has spent the longest amount of time living in an iron lung.^[12]

Alexander started a TikTok account in January 2024, on which he posted videos discussing his life. He had more than 330,000 followers at the time of his death.^[2]

Alexander died in Dallas on March 11, 2024, at the age of 78.^[1]^[13] Although he had been hospitalized for COVID-19 in February, the actual cause of death was unclear.^[14]^[13]^[15] He was one of the last two people still using the technology, alongside Martha Lillard, who first entered an iron lung in 1953.^[16]

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b "Paul Alexander Obituary - Dallas, TX". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 13, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jiménez, Jesus (March 13, 2024). "Lawyer, Author and TikTok Star Spent 72 Years in an Iron Lung". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 14, 2024.
^ Murphy, Brian (March 13, 2024). "Paul Alexander, who spent seven decades using iron lung, dies at 78". The Washington Post. Dicapai pada March 14, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Hoffman, Barry (December 1, 2014). "The Man in the Iron Lung" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Consumer Health News. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 22, 2023. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.
^ Marchildon, Jackie (November 23, 2017). "Meet One of the Last Polio Survivors To Subscribe to Invincible Craft". Global Citizen. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 3, 2023. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.
^ Adams, Phillip (June 16, 2020). "Man in an iron lung" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Australia: ABC Radio National. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada August 10, 2023. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.
^ Panicker, Jobin (February 27, 2018). "Polio survivors from Parkland reunite six decades late" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). WFAA. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 22, 2023. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.
^ ^a ^b McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez (May 26, 2020). "The man in the iron lung". The Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0261-3077. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada September 9, 2021. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.
^ "Mr. Paul R. Alexander". Martindale-Hubbell. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 3, 2023. Dicapai pada May 11, 2021.
^ Ramirez, Marc (July 5, 2018). "Dallas lawyer has lived most of his life in an iron lung". Star Tribune. Dallas. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 1, 2023. Dicapai pada May 11, 2021.
^ Brown, Jennings (November 20, 2017). "The Last of the Iron Lungs". Gizmodo (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada November 20, 2017. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.
^ "Longest iron lung patient". Guinness World Records. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada December 4, 2022. Dicapai pada December 4, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Texas man who used an iron lung for decades after contracting polio as a child dies at 78" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). AP News. March 13, 2024. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 13, 2024.
^ "Paul Alexander, polio survivor in iron lung for over 70 years, dies at 78 after Covid diagnosis" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). NBC News. March 13, 2024. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 13, 2024.
^ Jiménez, Jesus (March 13, 2024). "Lawyer, Author and TikTok Star Spent 72 Years in an Iron Lung". The New York Times. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 14, 2024. It was unclear what caused Mr. Alexander’s death. He had been briefly hospitalized with the coronavirus in February, according to his TikTok account. After he returned home, Mr. Alexander struggled with eating and hydrating as he recovered from the virus, which attacks the lungs and can be especially dangerous to people who are older and have breathing problems.
^ Kelly, Erin (October 25, 2021). "Decades after polio, Martha is among the last to still rely on an iron lung to breathe". Radio Diaries. All Things Considered. NPR. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 13, 2024.

[obit-1] "Paul Alexander Obituary - Dallas, TX". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 13, 2024.

[:2-2] Jiménez, Jesus (March 13, 2024). "Lawyer, Author and TikTok Star Spent 72 Years in an Iron Lung". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 14, 2024.

[3] Murphy, Brian (March 13, 2024). "Paul Alexander, who spent seven decades using iron lung, dies at 78". The Washington Post. Dicapai pada March 14, 2024.

[chn-2014-4] Hoffman, Barry (December 1, 2014). "The Man in the Iron Lung" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Consumer Health News. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 22, 2023. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.

[5] Marchildon, Jackie (November 23, 2017). "Meet One of the Last Polio Survivors To Subscribe to Invincible Craft". Global Citizen. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 3, 2023. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.

[6] Adams, Phillip (June 16, 2020). "Man in an iron lung" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Australia: ABC Radio National. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada August 10, 2023. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.

[7] Panicker, Jobin (February 27, 2018). "Polio survivors from Parkland reunite six decades late" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). WFAA. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 22, 2023. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.

[:0-8] McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez (May 26, 2020). "The man in the iron lung". The Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0261-3077. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada September 9, 2021. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.

[9] "Mr. Paul R. Alexander". Martindale-Hubbell. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 3, 2023. Dicapai pada May 11, 2021.

[10] Ramirez, Marc (July 5, 2018). "Dallas lawyer has lived most of his life in an iron lung". Star Tribune. Dallas. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 1, 2023. Dicapai pada May 11, 2021.

[:1-11] Brown, Jennings (November 20, 2017). "The Last of the Iron Lungs". Gizmodo (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada November 20, 2017. Dicapai pada January 27, 2021.

[12] "Longest iron lung patient". Guinness World Records. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada December 4, 2022. Dicapai pada December 4, 2022.

[tex-13] "Texas man who used an iron lung for decades after contracting polio as a child dies at 78" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). AP News. March 13, 2024. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 13, 2024.

[14] "Paul Alexander, polio survivor in iron lung for over 70 years, dies at 78 after Covid diagnosis" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). NBC News. March 13, 2024. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 13, 2024.

[jije-15] Jiménez, Jesus (March 13, 2024). "Lawyer, Author and TikTok Star Spent 72 Years in an Iron Lung". The New York Times. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 14, 2024. It was unclear what caused Mr. Alexander’s death. He had been briefly hospitalized with the coronavirus in February, according to his TikTok account. After he returned home, Mr. Alexander struggled with eating and hydrating as he recovered from the virus, which attacks the lungs and can be especially dangerous to people who are older and have breathing problems.

[martha-16] Kelly, Erin (October 25, 2021). "Decades after polio, Martha is among the last to still rely on an iron lung to breathe". Radio Diaries. All Things Considered. NPR. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 13, 2024. Dicapai pada March 13, 2024.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 {{Infobox person|name=Paul Alexander|image=Paul Alexander (polio survivor).jpg|caption=Alexander mengguna paru-paru besinya, foto diasas pada tahun 1986|birth_name=Paul Richard Alexander|birth_date={{birth date|1946|1|30}}|birth_place=[[Dallas, Texas]], AS|death_date={{death date and age|2024|3|11|1946|1|30}}|death_place=Dallas, Texas, AS|burial_place=|education=[[Universiti Southern Methodist]]<br/>[[Universiti Texas]]|occupation=Peguam}}
-'''Paul Richard Alexander''' (30 Januari 1946 - 11 Mac 2024) ialah seorang yang terselamat dari [[polio]] yaitu penyakit ganas yang pernah menjadi wabak di Amerika. Mendiang ialah seorang peguam yang telah menerbitkan beberapa buku. Paul ialah lelaki terakhir yang hidup mengguna [[paru-paru besi]], dia mula dijangkiti polio pada tahun 1952 semasa berusia enam tahun, sekalipun membesar dengan fizik yang lumpuh, ia berjaya medapat ijazah sarjana muda dan gelaran [[Doktor Juris]] di [[Universiti Texas A&M|Universiti Texas]], dan menyertai bar pada tahun 1986. Dia menerbitkan sendiri memoir autografnya pada tahun 2020.
+'''Paul Richard Alexander''' (30 Januari 1946 - 11 Mac 2024) ialah seorang yang terselamat dari [[polio]] yaitu penyakit ganas yang pernah menjadi wabak di Amerika. Mendiang ialah seorang peguam yang telah menerbitkan beberapa buku. Paul ialah lelaki terakhir yang hidup mengguna [[paru-paru besi]], dia mula dijangkiti polio pada tahun 1952 semasa berusia enam tahun, sekalipun membesar dengan fizik yang lumpuh, ia berjaya medapat ijazah sarjana muda dan gelaran [[Doktor Juris]] di [[Universiti Texas A&M|Universiti Texas]], dan menyertai sebagai bahagian daripada [[Persatuan Peguam Amerika Syarikat|bar]] (sebutan persatuan peguam di AS) pada tahun 1986. Dia menerbitkan sendiri memoir autografnya pada tahun 2020.
+== Biografi ==
+Paul lahir pada 30 Januari, 1946 di bandar [[Dallas]]<ref name="obit">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/dallas-tx/paul-alexander-11704740 |title=Paul Alexander Obituary - Dallas, TX |access-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313165846/https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/dallas-tx/paul-alexander-11704740 |url-status=live }}</ref> dari ayah Gus Nicholas Alexander, anak kepada imigran Yunani dan Doris Marie Emmett yang berasal dari Lebanon.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Jiménez |first=Jesus |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Lawyer, Author and TikTok Star Spent 72 Years in an Iron Lung |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/13/us/paul-alexander-iron-lung-dead.html |access-date=March 14, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313225740/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/13/us/paul-alexander-iron-lung-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Brian |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Paul Alexander, who spent seven decades using iron lung, dies at 78 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2024/03/13/paul-alexander-iron-lung-dies/ |access-date=March 14, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Mending diserang penyakit polio semasa berusia 6 tahun dan lumpuh seumur hidupnya. Saki baki ototnya yang masih boleh digerakkan hanya kepala, sekitar leher bahagian bawah dan separuh diafragma.<ref name="chn-2014">{{Cite web|last=Hoffman|first=Barry|url=https://consumer.healthday.com/infectious-disease-information-21/polio-news-539/the-man-in-the-iron-lung-692495.html|title=The Man in the Iron Lung|publisher=Consumer Health News|date=December 1, 2014|access-date=January 27, 2021|language=en|archive-date=May 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522025444/https://consumer.healthday.com/infectious-disease-information-21/polio-news-539/the-man-in-the-iron-lung-692495.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Marchildon|first=Jackie|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/es/content/polio-survivor-iron-lung/|title=Meet One of the Last Polio Survivors To Subscribe to Invincible Craft|publisher=[[Global Citizen (organization)|Global Citizen]]|date=November 23, 2017|access-date=January 27, 2021|archive-date=May 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503154517/https://www.globalcitizen.org/es/content/polio-survivor-iron-lung/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adams|first=Phillip|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/man-in-an-iron-lung/12361620|title=Man in an iron lung |publisher=[[ABC Radio National]] |location=Australia |date=June 16, 2020|access-date=January 27, 2021|language=en-AU|archive-date=August 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810050135/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/man-in-an-iron-lung/12361620|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Wabak endemik polio kerap berlaku di AS pada awal dekad 1950an, ratusan kanak-kanak di sekitar daerah [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] diserang Polio salah satu di antara mereka ialah Paul. Paul yang hampir tidak boleh bernafas dibawa ke [[Hospital Peringatan Parkland|Hospital Parkland]]. Ia pun dimasukan ke alat sokong yang bernama "paru-paru besi".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Panicker|first=Jobin|url=https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/health/polio-survivors-from-parkland-reunite-six-decades-later/287-523836888|title=Polio survivors from Parkland reunite six decades late|publisher=[[WFAA]]|date=February 27, 2018|access-date=January 27, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=May 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522030614/https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/health/polio-survivors-from-parkland-reunite-six-decades-later/287-523836888|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Paul terpaksa berada hospital selama lapan belas bulan lamanya, selepas doktor membolehkannya pulang ia bersama dengan paru-paru besinya dihantar pulang dengan menyewa lori. Pada tahun 1954, dengan sokong daripada organisasi derma [[March of Dimes]] dan seorang doktor bernama Nyonya Sullivan, Paul diajari beberapa teknik pernafasan baharu kerana beberapa bahagian diafragmanya masih boleh bergerak. Semasa remaja, Paul hanya masuk ke paru-paru besi beberapa kali dalam seminggu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=McRobbie|first=Linda Rodriguez|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/may/26/last-iron-lung-paul-alexander-polio-coronavirus|title=The man in the iron lung|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=May 26, 2020|access-date=January 27, 2021|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|archive-date=September 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909050756/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/may/26/last-iron-lung-paul-alexander-polio-coronavirus|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Alexander was one of the [[Dallas Independent School District]]'s first homeschooled students. He learned to memorize instead of taking notes. At the age of twenty-one, he graduated second in his class from [[W. W. Samuell High School]] in 1967, becoming the first person to graduate from a Dallas high school without physically attending a class.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
+Alexander received a scholarship<ref name="chn-2014" /> to [[Southern Methodist University]]. He transferred to the [[University of Texas at Austin]], where he earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in 1978, then a [[Juris Doctor]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.martindale.com/attorney/mr-paul-r-alexander-1638481/|title=Mr. Paul R. Alexander|work=[[Martindale-Hubbell]]|access-date=May 11, 2021|archive-date=May 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503154517/https://www.martindale.com/attorney/mr-paul-r-alexander-1638481/|url-status=live}}</ref> Before he was admitted to the bar in 1986, he was employed as an instructor of legal terminology to court [[stenographer]]s at an Austin trade school. He represented clients in court in a [[three-piece suit]] and a modified wheelchair that held his body upright.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramirez|first=Marc|url=https://www.startribune.com/dallas-lawyer-has-lived-most-of-his-life-in-an-iron-lung/487457991/|title=Dallas lawyer has lived most of his life in an iron lung |work=[[Star Tribune]] |location=Dallas |date=July 5, 2018|access-date=May 11, 2021|archive-date=May 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501085331/https://www.startribune.com/dallas-lawyer-has-lived-most-of-his-life-in-an-iron-lung/487457991/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Jennings|url=https://gizmodo.com/the-last-of-the-iron-lungs-1819079169|title=The Last of the Iron Lungs |website=[[Gizmodo]]|date=November 20, 2017|access-date=January 27, 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=November 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120172630/https://gizmodo.com/the-last-of-the-iron-lungs-1819079169|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Alexander has been recognized by ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the person who has spent the longest amount of time living in an iron lung.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-iron-lung-patient |title=Longest iron lung patient |publisher=Guinness World Records |accessdate=December 4, 2022 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204140518/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-iron-lung-patient |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Alexander started a [[TikTok]] account in January 2024, on which he posted videos discussing his life. He had more than 330,000 followers at the time of his death.<ref name=":2" />
+Alexander died in Dallas on March 11, 2024, at the age of 78.<ref name="obit" /><ref name=tex/> Although he had been hospitalized for [[COVID-19]] in February, the actual cause of death was unclear.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Paul Alexander, polio survivor in iron lung for over 70 years, dies at 78 after Covid diagnosis |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/paul-alexander-polio-survivor-iron-lung-70-years-dies-78-covid-diagnos-rcna143137 |access-date=March 13, 2024 |publisher=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313161742/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/paul-alexander-polio-survivor-iron-lung-70-years-dies-78-covid-diagnos-rcna143137 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=tex>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Texas man who used an iron lung for decades after contracting polio as a child dies at 78 |url=https://apnews.com/article/paul-alexander-iron-lung-dies-1c320147b3df93bfd6e59c3f12c66657 |access-date=March 13, 2024 |publisher=AP News |language=en |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313200925/https://apnews.com/article/paul-alexander-iron-lung-dies-1c320147b3df93bfd6e59c3f12c66657 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=jije>{{cite web |last1=Jiménez |first1=Jesus |title=Lawyer, Author and TikTok Star Spent 72 Years in an Iron Lung |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/13/us/paul-alexander-iron-lung-dead.html |website=The New York Times |date=March 13, 2024 |quote=It was unclear what caused Mr. Alexander’s death. He had been briefly hospitalized with the coronavirus in February, according to his TikTok account. After he returned home, Mr. Alexander struggled with eating and hydrating as he recovered from the virus, which attacks the lungs and can be especially dangerous to people who are older and have breathing problems. |access-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313225740/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/13/us/paul-alexander-iron-lung-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was one of the last two people still using the technology, alongside Martha Lillard, who first entered an iron lung in 1953.<ref name="martha">{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/25/1047691984/decades-after-polio-martha-is-among-the-last-to-still-rely-on-an-iron-lung-to-br |first=Erin |last=Kelly |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=October 25, 2021 |accessdate=March 13, 2024 |title=Decades after polio, Martha is among the last to still rely on an iron lung to breathe |department=Radio Diaries |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313162045/https://www.npr.org/2021/10/25/1047691984/decades-after-polio-martha-is-among-the-last-to-still-rely-on-an-iron-lung-to-br |url-status=live }}</ref>
+== Rujukan ==
+<references />
 [[Kategori:Kelahiran 1946]]