Exploring the Bidirectional Relationship Between Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience: Proceedings of a Workshop (2024)

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Exploring the Bidirectional Relationship Between Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Celia Ford, Eva Childers, and Sheena M. Posey Norris, Rapporteurs Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders Board on Health Sciences Policy Health and Medicine Division Proceedings of a Workshop PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and Acadia Pharmaceuticals; American Brain Coalition; American Neurological Association; Alzheimer’s Association; Boehringer Ingelheim; BrightFocus Foundation; California Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Cerevel Therapeutics; Cohen Veterans Bioscience; Dana Foundation; Department of Health and Human Services’ Food and Drug Administration (R13FD005362) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) (75N98024F00001 [Under Master Base HHSN263201800029I]) through the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Eye Institute, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute on Aging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and NIH BRAIN Initiative; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (36C24E20C0009); Eisai Inc.; Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; Gatsby Charitable Foundation; Harmony Biosciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC; Karuna Therapeutics; Lundbeck Research USA; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research; National Multiple Sclerosis Society; National Science Foundation (DBI-1839674); One Mind; Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group; Sanofi; Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative; The Geroge & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience; University of Rhode Island; and Takeda. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-XXXXX-X International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-XXXXX-X Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/27764 This publication is available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334- 3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2024 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and National Academies Press and the graphical logos for each are all trademarks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Exploring the bidirectional relationship between artificial intelligence and neuroscience: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/27764. PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and ­Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

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EXPLORING THE BIDIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE WORKSHOP PLANNING COMMITTEE1 MAGALI HAAS (Co-chair), Cohen Veterans Bioscience TERRY SEJNOWSKI (Co-chair), Salk Institute for Biological Sciences JONATHAN COHEN, Princeton University NITA FARAHANY, Duke University EHSAN HOQUE, University of Rochester FRANCES JENSEN, University of Pennsylvania MICHAEL LITTMAN, National Science Foundation BILL MARTIN, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson KEVIN MILLER, Google DeepMind KATHRYN RICHMOND, Allen Institute KATIE SALE, American Brain Coalition Health and Medicine Division Staff SHEENA M. POSEY NORRIS, Director, Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders EVA CHILDERS, Program Officer MAYA THIRKILL, Associate Program Officer (until July 2024) KIMBERLY OGUN, Senior Program Assistant CHRISTIE BELL, Senior Finance Business Partner CLARE STROUD, Senior Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy Consultant CELIA FORD, Science Writer 1 The planning committee’s role was limited to planning the workshop, and the Proceedings of a Workshop was prepared by the workshop rapporteurs as a factual summary of what oc- curred at the workshop. Statements, recommendations, and opinions expressed are those of individual presenters and participants; have not been endorsed or verified by the Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and should not be construed as reflecting any group consensus. v PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

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FORUM ON NEUROSCIENCE AND NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS1 FRANCES JENSEN (Co-chair), University of Pennsylvania JOHN KRYSTAL (Co-chair until September 2024), Yale University DEANNA BARCH (Co-chair starting September 2024), Washington University in St. Louis RITA BALICE-GORDON, Muna Therapeutics DIANE BOVENKAMP, BrightFocus Foundation KATJA BROSE, The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative TERESA BURACCHIO, Food and Drug Administration SARAH CADDICK, The Gatsby Charitable Foundation ROSA CANET-AVILÉS, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine MARIA CARRILO, Alzheimer’s Association MICHAEL CHIANG, National Eye Institute TIMOTHY COETZEE, National Multiple Sclerosis Society BEVERLY DAVIDSON, University of Pennsylvania NITA FARAHANY, Duke University EVA FELDMAN, University of Michigan BRIAN FISKE, Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research JOSHUA A. GORDON, National Institute of Mental Health (until August 2024) MORTEN GRUNNET, Lundbeck MAGALI HAAS, Cohen Veterans Bioscience RICHARD J. HODES, National Institute of Aging STUART W. HOFFMAN, Department of Veterans Affairs YASMIN HURD, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai STEVEN E. HYMAN, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard MICHAEL IRIZARRY, Eisai Inc. GEORGE KOOB, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism WALTER KOROSHETZ, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ROBERT MALENKA, Stanford University HUSSEINI MANJI, Oxford University; Duke University; UK Government Mental Health HUGH MARSTON, Boehringer Ingelheim BILL MARTIN, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson CAROLINE MONTOJO, Dana Foundation (starting March 2024) 1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution. vii PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

JOHN NGAI, BRAIN Initiative GENTRY PATRICK, University of California San Diego STEVE MARC PAUL, Karuna Therapeutics, Inc. (until March 2024) KATHRYN RICHMOND, Allen Institute MARSIE ROSS, Harmony Biosciences M. ELIZABETH ROSS, American Neurological Association KATIE SALE, American Brain Coalition RAYMOND SANCHEZ, Cerevel Therapeutics TERRENCE SEJNOWSKI, Salk Institute for Biological Studies SARAH SHEIKH, Takeda Pharmaceutical (until January 2024) SARA SHNIDER, One Mind DAVID SHURTLEFF, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health JOHN SPIRO, Simons Foundation ALESSIO TRAVAGLIA, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health NORA VOLKOW, National Institute on Drug Abuse DOUG WILLIAMSON, Acadia Pharmaceuticals (until May 2024) RICHARD WOYCHIK, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences STEVIN ZORN, MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc. Health and Medicine Division Staff SHEENA M. POSEY NORRIS, Director, Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders EVA CHILDERS, Program Officer MAYA THIRKILL, Associate Program Officer (until July 2024) KIMBERLY OGUN, Senior Program Assistant CHRISTIE BELL, Senior Finance Business Partner CLARE STROUD, Senior Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy viii PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

Reviewers This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by indi- viduals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical com- ments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings: PATRICIA CHURCHLAND, University of California, San Diego; Salk Institute JENNIFER FRENCH, Neurotech Network EHSAN HOQUE, University of Rochester GAYLE WITTENBERG, Janssen R&D Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive com- ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by Hua Xu, Yale School of Medicine. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully consid- ered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies. ix PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

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Acknowledgments The National Academies staff would like to express gratitude to the sponsors of the Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous Systems Disorders for supporting this workshop and other work of the National Academies; to the speakers whose presentations and remarks informed workshop dis- cussions on the bidirectional relationship between artificial intelligence and neuroscience; to the planning committee members for their time and effort in the development of the workshop scope and agenda; to Stephanie Eldridge (Spark Street Digital), Tunde Ogunfolaju (Spark Street Digital), and Caset Associates for their support in the broadcasting and transcrip- tion of the workshop; to Celia Ford and Billie Haffener for their writing and copyediting expertise and contributions, respectively, on this pro- ceedings; and to the additional National Academies staff who provided critical support to the workshop and this proceedings: Christie Bell, Lori Brenig, Samantha Chao, Alexandra Molina, Amber McLaughlin, Margue- rite Romatelli, and Taryn Young. xi PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

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Contents ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvii 1 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION 1 Workshop Objectives, 2 Introductory Remarks, 3 Organization of the Proceedings, 5 2 THE BIDIRECTIONALITY OF NEUROSCIENCE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 7 The Effects of Neuroscience on AI, 8 The Role of AI in Cognitive Neuroscience, 10 The Impact of AI on Neuroscientific Discoveries, 11 Bridging Neuroscience and AI with Multiscale, Multimodal Data, 13 Navigating the Intersection of AI and Neuroscience, 15 Discussion, 15 3 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEUROSCIENCE AND AI 19 Co-Evolution of Human and Artificial Moral Intelligence, 20 Case Studies of AI Appliations in Clinical Neuroscience, 21 Harnessing Large-Scale Data for Precision Medicine, 23 Discussion, 24 xiii PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

xiv CONTENTS 4 IMPACT OF AI IN MEDICAL AND CLINICAL ENVIRONMENTS 27 Bidirectional Relationship Between AI and Medicine, 28 Case Studies of AI in the Clinic, 29 Considerations for AI-Driven Health Care, 30 Establishing Best Practices for AI in Health Care, 31 Discussion, 32 5 COMMUNICATION AND ENGAGEMENT WITH THE PUBLIC AND INDIVIDUALS WITH LIVED OR LIVING CNS DISORDER EXPERIENCE 35 AI Approaches to User-Centered Neurotechnology, 36 Case Study: Patient-Centered AI for Parkinson’s Disease, 38 Engaging Historically Underserved Communities, 38 Discussion, 40 6 AI REGULATION, POLICY ADVOCACY, AND ENGAGEMENT 43 Neural Data Privacy Considerations, 44 Case Study: Global Initiative on AI for Health, 45 Balancing Regulation and Innovation, 46 Discussion, 46 7 EXPLORING FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONTINUED COLLABORATION 49 Addressing Existential Threats, 50 Importance of Interpretability and Public Education, 51 Building Large-Scale Sustainable Infrastructure for AI and Neuroscience, 52 Concluding Remarks, 053 APPENDIXES A References 55 B Workshop Agenda 61 PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

Boxes, Figures, and Table BOXES 1-1 Statement of Task, 5 7-1 Workshop Highlights, 49 FIGURES 2-1 Virtuous cycle between generative AI and cognitive neuroscience, 11 2-2 The AI-forward strategy behind visual system models is being successfully generalized to other brain and cognitive science domains, 13 2-3 Anchoring in the multiscale and multimodal atlas, 14 3-1 Constructing comprehensive disease models at the intersection of biology and AI, 22 4-1  Bidirectional relationships between AI, basic neuroscience, and health care, 28 4-2 Management devices that learn and communicate, 30 5-1 A patient-centered total product life cycle, 37 5-2 A framework for providing mock Parkinson’s screening and resources, 39 xv PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

xvi BOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLE 6-1 Framework for the clinical evaluation of AI in health care, 45 TABLE 4-1 Distinctions between Autonomous and Assistive AI, 29 PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

Acronyms and Abbreviations AI artificial intelligence BRAIN Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies® Initiative CHAI Coalition for Health AI CNS central nervous system FDA Food and Drug Administration GPT generative pretrained transformer LLM large language model NIH National Institutes of Health PDP parallel distributed processing RL reinforcement learning WHO World Health Organization xvii PREPUBLICATION COPY—Uncorrected Proofs 

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