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Regel 1: Regel 1:
[[Bestand:Māra.JPG|thumb|Relief-fragment van Mara in stijl van [[Gandhara]], gevonden in [[Swat (Pakistan)|vallei van Swat]]]]
[[Bestand:Māra.JPG|thumb|Relief-fragment van Mara in stijl van [[Gandhara]], gevonden in [[Swat (Pakistan)|vallei van Swat]]]]
[[Bestand:Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Mara Demons.jpeg|thumb|upright|De demonen van mara. [[Palm leaf manuscript]]. [[Nalanda]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]]]
[[Bestand:Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Mara Demons.jpeg|thumb|upright|De demonen van mara. [[Palm leaf manuscript]]. [[Nalanda (district)|Nalanda]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]]]
[[Bestand:MaraAssault.jpg|thumb|upright|Mara's assault on the Buddha (an [[Aniconism in Buddhism|aniconic]] representation: the Buddha is only symbolized by [[Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya|his throne]]), 2nd century, [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]], [[India]]]]
[[Bestand:MaraAssault.jpg|thumb|upright|Mara's assault on the Buddha (an [[Aniconism in Buddhism|aniconic]] representation: the Buddha is only symbolized by [[Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya|his throne]]), 2nd century, [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]], [[India]]]]
[[Bestand:Mara demon nat and Buddha.JPG|thumb|Burmese wall painting in Malaysia representing Mara attempting to tempt Buddha]]
[[Bestand:Dunhuang_Mara_Budda.jpg|thumb|upright|Mara, his lusty daughters, and demonic army, attempting to tempt Buddha, on a 10th-century icon from [[Mogao Caves]]]]
[[Bestand:Dunhuang_Mara_Budda.jpg|thumb|upright|Mara, his lusty daughters, and demonic army, attempting to tempt Buddha, on a 10th-century icon from [[Mogao Caves]]]]


'''Mara''' ([[Sanskriet]]: मार, Māra; Sinhala: මාරයා; Chinees: 天魔; pinyin: Tiānmó of traditioneel Chinees: 魔羅; vereenvoudigd Chinees: 魔罗; pinyin: Móluó; Japanes: 魔羅, romanized: Mara; ook マーラ, Māra of 天魔, Tenma; Tibetaans Wylie: bdud; Khmer: មារ; Thais: มาร), in [[Boeddhisme]], is de demonische grootheid die prins Siddhartha ([[Gautama Buddha]]) probeerde te verleiden met visies van mooie vrouwen van wie in diverse legendes beweerd wordt dat zij dochters van Mara zijn.<ref>Zie, bij voorbeeld, [[Samyutta Nikaya]] 4.25, getiteld, "Māra's dochters" (Bodhi, 2000, pp. 217–20), als ook [[Suttanipata]] 835 (Saddhatissa, 1998, pagina 98). In beide teksten worden Mara's dochters (''Māradhītā'') gepersonifieerd door sensueel Verlangen (''[[taṇhā]]''), Afkeer (''arati'') en Passie (''rāga'').</ref>
'''Mara''' ([[Sanskriet]]: मार, Māra; Sinhala: මාරයා; Chinees: 天魔; pinyin: Tiānmó of traditioneel Chinees: 魔羅; vereenvoudigd Chinees: 魔罗; pinyin: Móluó; Japanes: 魔羅, romanized: Mara; ook マーラ, Māra of 天魔, Tenma; Tibetaans Wylie: bdud; Khmer: មារ; Thais: มาร), in [[Boeddhisme]], is de demonische halfgod die prins Siddhartha ([[Gautama Boeddha]]) probeerde te verleiden met visies van mooie vrouwen van wie in diverse legendes beweerd wordt dat zij dochters van Mara zijn.<ref>Zie, bij voorbeeld, [[Samyutta Nikaya]] 4.25, getiteld, "Māra's dochters" (Bodhi, 2000, pp. 217–20), als ook [[Suttanipata]] 835 (Saddhatissa, 1998, pagina 98). In beide teksten worden Mara's dochters (''Māradhītā'') gepersonifieerd door sensueel Verlangen (''[[taṇhā]]''), Afkeer (''arati'') en Passie (''rāga'').</ref>


In de spirituele wereld van het [[Boeddhisme]] wordt Mara geassocieerd met dood, wedergeboorte en verlangen.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Trainor|first=Kevin|title=Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=34|year=2004|isbn=9780195173987}}</ref> [[Nyanaponika Thera]] beschreef Mara als "de verpersoonlijking van de krachten die de verlichting actief tegenwerken."<ref>{{cite book|last=Thera|first=Nyanaponika|title=The Roots of Good and Evil: Buddhist Texts translated from the Pali with Comments and Introduction|publisher=[[Buddhist Publication Society]]|year=2008|page=22|isbn=9789552403163}}</ref>
In de spirituele wereld van het [[boeddhisme]] wordt Mara geassocieerd met dood, wedergeboorte en verlangen.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Trainor|first=Kevin|title=Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=34|year=2004|isbn=9780195173987}}</ref> De van origine Duitse boeddhistische monnik [[Nyanaponika Thera]]<ref>{{en}}[[en:Nyanaponika Thera|Nyanaponika Thera]] - een geleerde Duitser die een boeddhistische Theravada(?) monnik is geworden. Link naar Engelstalige Wikipedia.</ref> beschreef Mara als "de verpersoonlijking van de krachten die de verlichting actief tegenwerken."<ref>{{cite book|last=Thera|first=Nyanaponika|title=The Roots of Good and Evil: Buddhist Texts translated from the Pali with Comments and Introduction|publisher=[[Buddhist Publication Society]]|year=2008|page=22|isbn=9789552403163}}</ref>


==Meerdere metaforische uitingen van Māra==
==Etymologie==
⚫
In het traditionele boeddhisme zijn vier a vijf metaforische uitingen van Māra beschreven:<ref>{{citeer boek|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert Jr|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=Donald S. Jr.|editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|editor2-link=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.|pages=530–531, 550, 829|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=9780691157863}}</ref>
The word ''Māra'' comes from the Sanskrit form of the verbal root ''mṛ''. It takes a present indicative form ''mṛyate'' and a causative form ''mārayati'' (with strengthening of the root vowel from ṛ to ār). ''Māra'' is a verbal noun from the causative root and means 'causing death' or 'killing'.<ref name="olson">{{cite book|last=Olson|first=Carl|title=The Different Paths of Buddhism: A Narrative-Historical Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/differentpathsof0000olso|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/differentpathsof0000olso/page/28 28]|isbn=9780813537788}}</ref> It is related to other words for death from the same root, such as: ''maraṇa'' and ''mṛtyu''. The latter is a name for death personified and is sometimes identified with [[Yama]].


* ''Kleśa-māra'' - Māra als de belichaming van alle [[Kleshas (boeddhisme)|niet constructieve emoties (Kleshas)]], zoals hebzucht, haat en dwaasheid.
The root ''mṛ'' is related to the Indo-European verbal root ''*mer'' meaning "die, disappear" in the context of "death, murder or destruction". It is "very wide-spread" in Indo-European languages suggesting it to be of great antiquity, according to Mallory and Adams.<ref>{{cite book|author1=J. P. Mallory|author2=Douglas Q. Adams|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC |year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-98-5|pages=150–153}}</ref>
* ''Mṛtyu-māra'' - Māra als [[Mrtyu|De dood (Mrtyu)]].<ref>{{en}}[[en:Mrtyu|Mrtyu]] - de dood in boeddhistische spirituele betekenis. Link naar Engelstalige Wikipedia.</ref>
⚫
* ''Skandha-māra'' - Māra als metafoor voor het geheel van <mark>''conditioned''</mark> bestaan.
* ''Devaputra-māra'' - de [[Deva (boeddhisme)|deva]] van <mark>''sensuous realm''</mark>, die probeerde te voorkomen dat Gautama Buddha de [[Samsara|cyclus van dood en wedergeboorte]] kon doormaken op de nacht van Boeddha's [[Verlichting_(boeddhisme)|verlichting]] ([[Nirwana]]).


==Karakter==
==Four types of Māra==
⚫
In de vroege periode van boeddhisme gold zowel een letterlijke als psychologische interpretatie van Mara.<ref>{{citeer boek|last=Williams|first=Paul|title=Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history ; Theravāda doctrine, Volume 2|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2005|pages=105–106|isbn=9780415332286}}</ref><ref>{{citeer boek|last=Keown|first=Damien|title=Buddhism|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company|year=2009|page=69|isbn=9781402768835}}</ref>
⚫
In traditional Buddhism, four or five metaphorical forms of Māra are given:<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert Jr|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=Donald S. Jr.|editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|editor2-link=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.|pages=530–531, 550, 829|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=9780691157863}}</ref>

* ''Kleśa-māra'' - Māra as the embodiment of all [[Kleshas (Buddhism)|unskillful emotions]], such as greed, hate and delusion.
* ''Mṛtyu-māra'' - Māra as [[Mrtyu|death]].
⚫
* ''Skandha-māra'' - Māra as [[metaphor]] for the entirety of conditioned existence.
* ''Devaputra-māra'' - the [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]] of the sensuous realm, who tried to prevent Gautama Buddha from attaining liberation from the [[Samsara|cycle of rebirth]] on the night of the Buddha’s [[Enlightenment (spiritual)|enlightenment]].

==Character==
⚫
[[Early Buddhism]] acknowledged both a literal and psychological interpretation of Mara.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Paul|title=Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history ; Theravāda doctrine, Volume 2|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2005|pages=105–106|isbn=9780415332286}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Keown|first=Damien|title=Buddhism|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company|year=2009|page=69|isbn=9781402768835}}</ref>


Mara is described both as an entity having an existence in [[Buddhist cosmology#Desire Realm (Kāmadhātu)|Kāma-world]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mara/index.html|title=Mara, Māra: 13 definitions|last=www.wisdomlib.org|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> just as are shown existing around the Buddha, and also is described in [[pratītyasamutpāda]] as, primarily, the guardian of [[Passion (emotion)|passion]] and the catalyst for lust, hesitation and fear that obstructs [[meditation]] among Buddhists. The [[Denkōroku]] refers to him as the "One Who Delights in Destruction", which highlights his nature as a deity among the [[Parinirmitavaśavarti]] [[deva (Buddhism)|devas]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jokin |first1=Keizan |last2=Nearman |first2=Hubert (translator) |title=The Denkōroku: The Record of the Transmission of the Light |url=https://www.shastaabbey.org/pdf/bookDenk02.pdf |publisher=OBC Shasta Abbey Press |access-date=2019-12-06 |location=Mount Shasta, California |date=2003}}</ref>
Mara is described both as an entity having an existence in [[Buddhist cosmology#Desire Realm (Kāmadhātu)|Kāma-world]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mara/index.html|title=Mara, Māra: 13 definitions|last=www.wisdomlib.org|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> just as are shown existing around the Buddha, and also is described in [[pratītyasamutpāda]] as, primarily, the guardian of [[Passion (emotion)|passion]] and the catalyst for lust, hesitation and fear that obstructs [[meditation]] among Buddhists. The [[Denkōroku]] refers to him as the "One Who Delights in Destruction", which highlights his nature as a deity among the [[Parinirmitavaśavarti]] [[deva (Buddhism)|devas]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jokin |first1=Keizan |last2=Nearman |first2=Hubert (translator) |title=The Denkōroku: The Record of the Transmission of the Light |url=https://www.shastaabbey.org/pdf/bookDenk02.pdf |publisher=OBC Shasta Abbey Press |access-date=2019-12-06 |location=Mount Shasta, California |date=2003}}</ref>
Regel 30: Regel 24:


===Three daughters===
===Three daughters===
In some accounts of the Buddha's enlightenment, it is said that the demon Māra didn't send his three daughters to tempt but instead they came willingly after Māra's setback in his endeavor to eliminate the Buddha's quest for enlightenment.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keown|first=Damien|title=A Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2004|page=174|isbn=9780191579172}}</ref> Mara's three daughters are identified as {{IAST|[[Taṇhā]]}} (Thirst), Arati (Aversion, Discontentment), and [[Raga (Buddhism)|Rāga]] (Attachment, Desire, Greed, Passion).<ref name="tempter">{{cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/guruge/wheel419.html#fn-26|title=The Buddha's Encounters with Mara the Tempter: Their Representation in Literature and Art|website=www.accesstoinsight.org}}</ref><ref>See, e.g., [[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 4.25 (Bodhi, 2000, pp. 217–20), and [[Suttanipata|Sn]] 835 (Saddhatissa, 1998, p. 98). In a similar fashion, in Sn 436 (Saddhatissa, 1998, p. 48), ''{{IAST|taṇhā}} '' is personified as one of Death's four armies (''senā'') along with desire (''[[kāma|kāmā]]''), aversion (''arati'') and hunger-thirst (''khuppipāsā'').</ref> For example, in the [[Samyutta Nikaya]]'s ''Māra-sa{{IAST|ṃ}}yutta'', Mara's three daughters were stripping in front of Buddha; but failed to entice the Buddha:
In some accounts of the Buddha's enlightenment, it is said that the demon Māra didn't send his three daughters to tempt but instead they came willingly after Māra's setback in his endeavor to eliminate the Buddha's quest for enlightenment.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keown|first=Damien|title=A Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2004|page=174|isbn=9780191579172}}</ref> Mara's three daughters are identified as [[Taṇhā]] (Thirst), Arati (Aversion, Discontentment), and [[Raga (Buddhism)|Rāga]] (Attachment, Desire, Greed, Passion).<ref name="tempter">{{cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/guruge/wheel419.html#fn-26|title=The Buddha's Encounters with Mara the Tempter: Their Representation in Literature and Art|website=www.accesstoinsight.org}}</ref><ref>See, e.g., [[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 4.25 (Bodhi, 2000, pp. 217–20), and [[Suttanipata|Sn]] 835 (Saddhatissa, 1998, p. 98). In a similar fashion, in Sn 436 (Saddhatissa, 1998, p. 48), ''taṇhā'' is personified as one of Death's four armies (''senā'') along with desire (''[[kāma|kāmā]]''), aversion (''arati'') and hunger-thirst (''khuppipāsā'').</ref> For example, in the [[Samyutta Nikaya]]'s ''Māra-saṃyutta'', Mara's three daughters were stripping in front of Buddha; but failed to entice the Buddha:
:They had come to him glittering with beauty –
:They had come to him glittering with beauty –
:Taṇhā, Arati, and Rāga –
:Taṇhā, Arati, and Rāga –
Regel 36: Regel 30:
:As the wind, a fallen cotton tuft.<ref>[[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 4.25, v. 518 (Bodhi, 2000, p. 220).</ref>
:As the wind, a fallen cotton tuft.<ref>[[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 4.25, v. 518 (Bodhi, 2000, p. 220).</ref>


Some stories refer to the existence of Five Daughters, who represent not only the Three Poisons of Attraction, Aversion, and Delusion, but also include the daughters Pride, and Fear.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
Some stories refer to the existence of Five Daughters, who represent not only the Three Poisons of Attraction, Aversion, and Delusion, but also include the daughters Pride, and Fear.<nowiki>{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}</nowiki>


===Mara's conversion===
===Mara's conversion===
''[[The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp]]'' and the ''[[Denkoroku]]'' both contain a story of Mara's conversion to Buddhism under the auspices of the monk [[Upagupta]].
''[[The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp]]'' and the ''[[Denkoroku]]'' both contain a story of Mara's conversion to Buddhism under the auspices of the monk [[Upagupta]].


According to the story, Upagupta journeyed to the kingdom of [[Mathura]] and preached the Dharma with great success. This caused Mara's palace to tremble, prompting the deity to use his destructive powers against the Dharma. When Upagupta entered [[samadhi]], Mara approached him and slipped a jade necklace around his neck.
According to the story, Upagupta journeyed to the kingdom of [[Mathura (district)|Mathura]] and preached the Dharma with great success. This caused Mara's palace to tremble, prompting the deity to use his destructive powers against the Dharma. When Upagupta entered [[samadhi]], Mara approached him and slipped a jade necklace around his neck.


Upagupta reciprocated by transforming the corpses of a man, a dog, and a snake into a garland and gifted it to Mara. When Mara discovered the true nature of the gift, he sought the help of [[Brahma (Buddhism)|Brahma]] to remove it. Brahma informed him that because the necklace was bestowed by an advanced disciple of the Buddha, its effects could only be assuaged by taking refuge in Upagupta.
Upagupta reciprocated by transforming the corpses of a man, a dog, and a snake into a garland and gifted it to Mara. When Mara discovered the true nature of the gift, he sought the help of [[Brahma (Buddhism)|Brahma]] to remove it. Brahma informed him that because the necklace was bestowed by an advanced disciple of the Buddha, its effects could only be assuaged by taking refuge in Upagupta.
Regel 57: Regel 51:
</poem></blockquote>
</poem></blockquote>


==In popular culture==
==Zie ook==
⚫
* [[Ah Puch]] -
Mara has been prominently featured in the ''[[Megami Tensei]]'' video game series as a demon. Within the series, Mara is portrayed as a large, phallic creature, often shown riding a golden chariot. His phallic body and innuendo-laden speech are based on a pun surrounding the word ''mara'', a [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] word for "penis" that is attested as early as 938 CE in the ''[[Wamyō Ruijushō]]'', a Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters. According to the Sanseido dictionary, the word was originally used as a euphemism for "penis" among Buddhist monks, which references sensual lust as an obstacle to enlightenment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85|title=摩羅(まら)とは - Weblio辞書|website=www.weblio.jp}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Demiurge]] -

⚫
* [[Grīmekhalaṃ]] -
Mara appears in [[Roger Zelazny]]'s novel ''[[Lord of Light]]'' as a god of illusion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord of Light Summary |url=https://www.shmoop.com/lord-of-light/summary.html|publisher=Shmoop|access-date=August 18, 2019}}</ref>

In 2020, the singer-songwriter [[Jack Garratt]] released a song entitled "Mara". Inspired by the story of Mara’s distraction of the Buddha, "Mara" describes Garratt's experience of [[intrusive thoughts]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Mara Inspiration| url=https://www.ladygunn.com/music/interviews-music/after-a-rollercoaster-debut-jack-garratt-was-left-broken-today-hes-back/|publisher=ladygunn|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref>

Mara is the antagonist in the ride [[Indiana Jones Adventure]] at [[Disneyland]] and [[Tokyo DisneySea]]. He attempts to kill all of those who look into his eyes.

Mara appears as both a snakelike creature and an inner demonic force which possesses and controls people through their desires and fears in the [[Doctor Who]] episodes "Kinda" (1982) and "Snakedance" (1983).

In the series [[Girl from Nowhere]], the main protagonist “Nanno” is revealed in an episode “trophy” that her real name is “Mara Amaratayakul”.

In the [[Japan|japanese]] game Fate/Grand Order, Mara and [[Kama]], the God of Love, appearing as a syncretic deity, are an antagonist and possess the body of a girl together in spite of them having a male mind.

In the manga [[Record of Ragnarok]] Mara appears under the name "Hajun" who fights the [[Buddha]].

==See also==
⚫
* [[Demiurge]]
⚫
* [[Eros]]
⚫
* [[Grīmekhalaṃ]]
* [[Kamadeva]]
⚫
* [[Mare (folklore)|Mare]]
⚫
* [[Marzanna]]
⚫
* [[Mors (mythology)]]
⚫
* [[Thanatos]]
⚫
* [[Anubis]]
⚫
* [[Izanami]]
⚫
* [[Hades]]
⚫
* [[Ah Puch]]
* [[Id, ego and super-ego]]
* [[Id, ego and super-ego]]
⚫
* [[Maravijaya Buddha]] (A [[Buddharupa]] attitude depicting the scene against Mara)
⚫
* [[Mare (folklore)|Mare]] -
⚫
* [[Marzanna]] -
⚫
* [[Mayasura]] -
⚫
* [[Mors (mythology)]] -
* [[Temptation of Christ]] and [[Anthony the Great#chri|Temptation of St. Anthony]] (similar themes in Christianity)
* [[Temptation of Christ]] and [[Anthony the Great#chri|Temptation of St. Anthony]] (similar themes in Christianity)
⚫
* [[Maravijaya Buddha]] (A [[Buddharupa]] attitude depicting the scene against Mara)
*[[Indiana Jones Adventure]] (A dark-ride at [[Disneyland]] and [[Tokyo DisneySea]])
⚫
* [[Mayasura]]


=== Vergelijkbare (half)goden in andere mythologieën ===
==Notes==
⚫
* [[Anubis]] - Egyptisch
{{Reflist}}
⚫
* [[Eros]] - Grieks
⚫
* [[Hades]] - Grieks
* [[Kamadeva]] - (half)god in hindoeïsme
⚫
* [[Thanatos]] - Grieks
⚫
* [[Izanami]] - Japans


==Sources==
==Voetnoten==
{{Appendix}}

==Bronnen==
* [[Bhikkhu Bodhi|Bodhi, Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (2000). ''The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya''. Boston: Wisdom Pubs. {{ISBN|0-86171-331-1}}.
* [[Bhikkhu Bodhi|Bodhi, Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (2000). ''The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya''. Boston: Wisdom Pubs. {{ISBN|0-86171-331-1}}.
* Saddhatissa, H. (translator) (1998). ''The Sutta-Nipāta''. London: RoutledgeCurzon Press. {{ISBN|0-7007-0181-8}}.
* Saddhatissa, H. (translator) (1998). ''The Sutta-Nipāta''. London: RoutledgeCurzon Press. {{ISBN|0-7007-0181-8}}.


==Further reading==
==Verder lezen==
* {{cite journal|last1=Boyd|first1=James W.|title=Symbols of Evil in Buddhism|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=1971|volume=31|issue=1|pages=63–75|jstor=2053052|doi=10.2307/2053052}}{{Subscription required |via=[[JSTOR]]}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Boyd|first1=James W.|title=Symbols of Evil in Buddhism|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=1971|volume=31|issue=1|pages=63–75|jstor=2053052|doi=10.2307/2053052}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Guruge |first1=Ananda W.P. |title=The Buddha's encounters with Mara, the Tempter: their representation in Literature and Art |journal=Indologica Taurinensia |date=1991 |volume=17–18 |pages=183–208 |url=http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol17-18/vol17-18_art09_GURUGE.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122132031/http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol17-18/vol17-18_art09_GURUGE.pdf |archive-date=November 22, 2014 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Guruge |first1=Ananda W.P. |title=The Buddha's encounters with Mara, the Tempter: their representation in Literature and Art |journal=Indologica Taurinensia |date=1991 |volume=17–18 |pages=183–208 |url=http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol17-18/vol17-18_art09_GURUGE.pdf |dodeurl=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122132031/http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol17-18/vol17-18_art09_GURUGE.pdf |archive-date=November 22, 2014 }}
* Ling, Trevor O. (1962). Buddhism and the Mythology of Evil: A Study in Theravada Buddhism. London: Allen and Unwin
* Ling, Trevor O. (1962). Buddhism and the Mythology of Evil: A Study in Theravada Buddhism. London: Allen and Unwin


Regel 110: Regel 88:
* [http://realtruthlife.blogspot.com/2011/08/maha-buddhavamsa-vanquishing-vasavatti.html Mara, the Evil One_99]
* [http://realtruthlife.blogspot.com/2011/08/maha-buddhavamsa-vanquishing-vasavatti.html Mara, the Evil One_99]


<small>{{Bronvermelding anderstalige Wikipedia|taal=en|titel=Mara (demon)|oldid=1061211705|datum=20211220}}</small>
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{{tl|DEFAULTSORT:Mara (Demon)}}
[[:Category:Demons in Buddhism]]
[[:Category:Demons in Buddhism]]
[[:Category:Buddhism and death]]
[[:Category:Buddhism and death]]

Huidige versie van 17 feb 2024 om 16:08

Relief-fragment van Mara in stijl van Gandhara, gevonden in vallei van Swat
De demonen van mara. Palm leaf manuscript. Nalanda, Bihar, India
Mara's assault on the Buddha (an aniconic representation: the Buddha is only symbolized by his throne), 2nd century, Amaravati, India
Mara, his lusty daughters, and demonic army, attempting to tempt Buddha, on a 10th-century icon from Mogao Caves

Mara (Sanskriet: मार, Māra; Sinhala: මාරයා; Chinees: 天魔; pinyin: Tiānmó of traditioneel Chinees: 魔羅; vereenvoudigd Chinees: 魔罗; pinyin: Móluó; Japanes: 魔羅, romanized: Mara; ook マーラ, Māra of 天魔, Tenma; Tibetaans Wylie: bdud; Khmer: មារ; Thais: มาร), in Boeddhisme, is de demonische halfgod die prins Siddhartha (Gautama Boeddha) probeerde te verleiden met visies van mooie vrouwen van wie in diverse legendes beweerd wordt dat zij dochters van Mara zijn.[1]

In de spirituele wereld van het boeddhisme wordt Mara geassocieerd met dood, wedergeboorte en verlangen.[2] De van origine Duitse boeddhistische monnik Nyanaponika Thera[3] beschreef Mara als "de verpersoonlijking van de krachten die de verlichting actief tegenwerken."[4]

Meerdere metaforische uitingen van Māra

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In het traditionele boeddhisme zijn vier a vijf metaforische uitingen van Māra beschreven:[5]

Karakter

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In de vroege periode van boeddhisme gold zowel een letterlijke als psychologische interpretatie van Mara.[7][8]

Mara is described both as an entity having an existence in Kāma-world,[9] just as are shown existing around the Buddha, and also is described in pratītyasamutpāda as, primarily, the guardian of passion and the catalyst for lust, hesitation and fear that obstructs meditation among Buddhists. The Denkōroku refers to him as the "One Who Delights in Destruction", which highlights his nature as a deity among the Parinirmitavaśavarti devas.[10]

"Buddha defying Mara" is a common pose of Buddha sculptures.[11][12] The Buddha is shown with his left hand in his lap, palm facing upwards and his right hand on his right knee. The fingers of his right hand touch the earth, to call the earth as his witness for defying Mara and achieving enlightenment. This posture is also referred to as the bhūmisparśa "earth-witness" mudra.

Three daughters

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In some accounts of the Buddha's enlightenment, it is said that the demon Māra didn't send his three daughters to tempt but instead they came willingly after Māra's setback in his endeavor to eliminate the Buddha's quest for enlightenment.[13] Mara's three daughters are identified as Taṇhā (Thirst), Arati (Aversion, Discontentment), and Rāga (Attachment, Desire, Greed, Passion).[12][14] For example, in the Samyutta Nikaya's Māra-saṃyutta, Mara's three daughters were stripping in front of Buddha; but failed to entice the Buddha:

They had come to him glittering with beauty –
Taṇhā, Arati, and Rāga –
But the Teacher swept them away right there
As the wind, a fallen cotton tuft.[15]

Some stories refer to the existence of Five Daughters, who represent not only the Three Poisons of Attraction, Aversion, and Delusion, but also include the daughters Pride, and Fear.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Mara's conversion

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The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp and the Denkoroku both contain a story of Mara's conversion to Buddhism under the auspices of the monk Upagupta.

According to the story, Upagupta journeyed to the kingdom of Mathura and preached the Dharma with great success. This caused Mara's palace to tremble, prompting the deity to use his destructive powers against the Dharma. When Upagupta entered samadhi, Mara approached him and slipped a jade necklace around his neck.

Upagupta reciprocated by transforming the corpses of a man, a dog, and a snake into a garland and gifted it to Mara. When Mara discovered the true nature of the gift, he sought the help of Brahma to remove it. Brahma informed him that because the necklace was bestowed by an advanced disciple of the Buddha, its effects could only be assuaged by taking refuge in Upagupta.

Mara returned to the human world where he prostrated before the monk and repented. At Upagupta's recommendation, he vowed never to do harm to the Dharma and took refuge in the Three Jewels.[16]

The former source includes a gatha that Mara recited when his suffering was lifted:

Adoration to the Master of the three samādhis,
To the sage disciple of the ten powers.
Today I wish to turn to him
Without countenancing the existence
Of any meanness or weakness.[17]

Zie ook

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Vergelijkbare (half)goden in andere mythologieën

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Voetnoten

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Bronnen

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  • Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Pubs. ISBN 0-86171-331-1.
  • Saddhatissa, H. (translator) (1998). The Sutta-Nipāta. London: RoutledgeCurzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-0181-8.

Verder lezen

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Dit artikel of een eerdere versie ervan is een (gedeeltelijke) vertaling van het artikel Mara (demon) op de Engelstalige Wikipedia, dat onder de licentie Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen valt. Zie de bewerkingsgeschiedenis aldaar.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mara (Demon)}} Category:Demons in Buddhism Category:Buddhism and death ;Category:Destroyer gods Category:Evil deities

Overgenomen van "https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gebruiker:Blueknight/Mara_demon&oldid=67048535"