Modelo de Prova - Biológicas PDF
Modelo de Prova - Biológicas PDF
Modelo de Prova - Biológicas PDF
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BIOLGICAS
Nas pginas que seguem, possvel encontrar textos e amostras de questes das
provas de proficincia em ingls de forma aleatria.
Os modelos no trazem provas inteiras.
O gabarito encontra-se no final de cada texto.
As provas consistem, predominantemente, de 2 a 3 textos, com um total de 20
questes. Algumas unidades ainda adotam o sistema de 14 questes.
Os textos so de teor acadmico e relacionados a disciplinas e programas da psgraduao das unidades em convnio com o Centro de Lnguas.
Para cada questo h apenas uma resposta correta.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
4.
Somente o I.
Somente I e II.
Somente II e III.
I, II e III.
5.
7.
A microbiologia clssica
a)
b)
c)
d)
pressure
water
ocean
microorganisms
TEXTO:
An investigation of the physiology and potential role of components of
the deep ocean bacterial community by enrichments carried out under
minimal environmental change
Simon T. Egan, David M. McCarthy, John W. Patching, Gerard T.A. Fleming
Disponvel em: www.sciencedirect.com
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The deep-sea is the largest ecosystem on the planet and supports some of the
highest levels of diversity on Earth (Etter and Mullineaux, 2001, Snelgrove and Smith,
2002, Stuart et al., 2003, Danovaro et al., 2010 and Ramirez-Llodra et al., 2010), yet
remains one of the least studied and understood environments largely due to the
difficulties surrounding its exploration. Deep-sea bacteria play a significant role in the
recycling of organic matter and are thought to be responsible for approximately half of
the global net mineralisation of organic matter in marine ecosystems (Ogawa et al.,
2001 and Yokokawa and Nagata, 2010). The aphotic zone of the water column
(>500m depth) is in permanent darkness and thus contains an allochtonous ecosystem
which is mainly driven by the deposition of organic matter from the euphotic zone
(Steinberg et al., 2008). It is estimated that only 13% of surface primary production
reaches the abyssal benthos (Deuser, 1986). Marine bacteria may be divided into two
groups depending on their response to nutrient supply. The generalists, which are
metabolically flexible, can respond quickly to changes in the quantity and type of
nutrient input (Church, 2009). These may be indigenous to the deep-sea or surfacederived in that they settle to depths with sedimenting particulates (Fellows et al.,
1981, Fuhrman and Azam, 1983, Tamburini et al., 2006 and Grossart and Gust, 2009).
The specialists are more specific in their nutrient requirements and are slower to adapt
to changes in nutrient input (Crump et al., 2003 and Langenheder et al., 2005). These
specialists may include microorganisms that can grow preferentially at high pressures
and in an oligotrophic environment.
Hydrostatic pressure in the marine water column increases by approximately 0.1
MPa per 10 m depth, so that microorganisms which can function in the deep ocean
must do so at pressures considerably higher than that at the sea surface: for example, the
in-situ pressure acting on the microorganisms in the water sample used in this study
(recovered from a depth of 3100 m) was ca. 31 MPa. Pressure vessels, maintaining insitu pressures have been used to study the physiology, growth or activity of
microorganisms taken from the deep ocean (Yayanos et al., 1979, Tabor et al., 1981,
Jannasch and Wirsen, 1982, Jannasch and Wirsen, 1984,Kato et al., 1995, Kato et al.,
1998, Patching and Eardly, 1997 and Bianchi et al., 1999). In some reports it was
shown that growth rates (Jannasch and Wirsen, 1984) or enzyme activities (Tamburini
et al., 2006) of surface-derived microorganisms decreased with increasing pressure.
Others have argued that the deep-ocean autochthonous microorganisms are more active
(as measured by extracellular enzyme activity) under in-situ pressures than at
atmospheric pressure (Nagata et al., 2010).
A microorganism can be assigned to one of several groups depending on its
response to elevated pressure. Those which can grow at pressures encountered in the
deep-ocean may be defined as piezotolerant if they grow optimally at atmospheric
pressure or piezophilic (barophilic) if they require a high pressure for optimal growth
(Yayanos, 1998 and Fang et al., 2010). An organism which grows optimally at
atmospheric pressure but whose growth is inhibited by moderate pressure (less than that
encountered in the deep ocean) may be referred to as piezosensitive. Pressures in excess
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of that required to inhibit growth do not normally cause gross disruption of prokaryotic
cell structure (Oger and Jebbar, 2010) so that sea-surface derived piezosensitive bacteria
in deep ocean samples may be able to grow if the sample is held at atmospheric
pressure. Surface-derived microorganisms can respond to increasing hydrostatic
pressure through changes in their community structure, cell shape and a decrease in
their abundance (Grossart and Gust, 2009).
Reports describing bacterial community structures in the deep-sea are generally
DNA/RNA based studies and avoid cultivation of bacteria (Fuhrman, 2009 and Brown
et al., 2009). Ocean depth, and to a lesser extent geographical location (Agogu et al.,
2011) are known to play an important part in determining the composition of bacterial
communities (Acinas et al., 1997, Murray et al., 1998, Riemann et al.,
1999 and Moeseneder et al., 2001). Others have suggested that the diminished supply of
nutrients is an important limiting factor controlling the functioning of deep-sea bacterial
communities (Turley et al., 1995). Nucleic acid based techniques can provide a
description of community composition which is comprehensive and relatively free from
bias. Their major limitation is a failure to provide sufficient information on the
physiology, metabolism, activity and (in the case of DNA based methods) viability of
community components or their role in ecosystem functioning. Attempts have been to
overcome these limitations by the use of techniques such as MAR-FISH (Alonso and
Pernthaler, 2006), but such techniques focus on the activity of specific community
components rather than providing a synoptic view.
Classical microbiology has used enrichment and plating-out to obtain isolates of
a specific physiological or nutritional type for further studies. Liquid cultures are used
where conditions are set to encourage clones of interest to out-compete other
community members. These fitter strains eventually form the bulk of the community
and plating out under selective conditions is then used to isolate the strains of interest.
Studies on these isolates have provided valuable information on their metabolism and
physiology, but the conditions necessary to achieve successful enrichment are so far
away from those found in the natural source of the initial inoculum that it is doubtful, in
many cases, that the isolates could perform a significant role in the environment from
which they were derived. For example, successful classical enrichment requires an
environment of nutrient excess, whereas unpolluted environments are typically nutrientlimited. In this study we have incubated samples of deep-ocean water (3170 m) from the
Rockall Trough area (North-East Atlantic) at in-situ temperature (4 C) and at
atmospheric and in-situ pressure (31 MPa), and in the absence and presence of added
nutrients and observed the Bacterial community structure before and after incubation by
means of a nucleic acid based technique (DGGE: Muyzer et al., 1993). Our hypothesis
is that components of the bacterial community which are most suited to the incubation
conditions (fitter components) will grow faster than other less fit members and will
therefore form a larger proportion of the post-incubation community. By comparing the
fitness of components under the different incubation conditions we can then attempt to
determine their origin and role in the deep-sea bacterial community.
Gabarito: 1-B, 2-B, 3-D, 4-C, 5-A, 6-C, 7-C, 8-A, 9-D, 10-A, 11-C
2. Em relao ao que dito no texto sobre a fundao australiana, qual das alternativas
a seguir correta?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Ela usou em sua pesquisa um tipo de crustceo que se alimenta do vrus da dengue.
Ela pesquisou os hbitos alimentares do mosquito transmissor da dengue.
Ela pesquisou uma maneira de eliminar a larva do mosquito transmissor da dengue.
Ela comparou o comportamento de determinados crustceos aos do mosquito
transmissor da dengue.
5. Quanto aos mtodos atuais para controlar a dengue, o que correto afirmar, segundo
o artigo?
a)
b)
c)
d)
6. Sobre as concluses s quais chegou o Dr. Paul Epstein, pode-se dizer que:
a) ele alertou para o possvel aumento de casos de doenas como a clera por conta das
mudanas climticas.
b) ele registrou um aumento dos casos de dengue por conta do aquecimento global.
c) ele detectou, em 1998, que havia mais vtimas da doena por conta do aquecimento
global.
d) ele citou o aquecimento global como nica causa da necessidade crescente de
preveno da doena.
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Gabarito: 1- D, 2- C, 3- A, 4- B, 5- D, 6- A.
4.
Para que a preveno contra a malria seja eficaz, a cloroquina deve ser
ingerida diariamente pelos aldees.
II. Tanto a ciprofloxacina quanto a cloroquina foram sintetizadas a partir das
quinolonas, no incio da dcada de 60.
III. Para que se desenvolva a resistncia, necessrio que os dois antibiticos, a
ciprofloxacina e a cloroquina, sejam ingeridos nas mesmas quantidades.
Esto corretas:
a)
b)
c)
d)
I e II.
II e III.
Apenas a II.
Apenas a III.
5. Este estudo:
a) demonstra que o problema cada vez maior de resistncia a antibiticos pode ser
aclarado pelas descobertas dos cientistas.
b) comprova que o uso mundial da ciprofloxacina mais preocupante do que o uso de
drogas administradas para combater a malria.
c) revela que os Centros de Controle e Preveno de Doenas calculam que cerca de
500 milhes de pessoas morrero, devido malria, nos pases perifricos.
d) indica que possvel que a ciprofloxacina seja responsvel pela tolerncia a
antibiticos nos pases perifricos.
Reiterao.
Concesso.
Negao.
Contraste.
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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A new study shows that overuse of a drug used to prevent and treat malaria may
be contributing to growing antibiotic resistance. Researchers report in the journal PLoS
ONE that Escherichia coli bacteria resistant to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin were detected
in the digestive tracts of villagers from remote rainforest communities in Guyana who
had been given the drug chloroquine to prevent and treat malaria, a potentially fatal
disease spread by mosquitoes. This is the first study to show that resistance can emerge
in individuals never exposed to the antibiotic, which is used throughout the world to
treat bacterial infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections and sexually
transmitted diseases.
"Ten to 15 years ago, resistance to ciprofloxacin was rare. [Now], outside of
remote populations, cipro resistance in hospitals and the community at large is
becoming a problem," says Andrew Simor, a senior scientist at the Sunnybrook Health
Sciences Center at the University of Toronto, who was not involved in the study. "E.
coli is one of the most common causes of infections in humans. A decade ago it was
nearly universally susceptible to ciprofloxacin." Today, he says, as many as 30 percent
of hospital patients tested have E. coli that failed to respond to ciprofloxacin, which is
the drug of choice for treating these bacteria.
Drug-resistant bacteria are known to arise from the overuse of antibiotics, which
is why researchers were surprised to discover that they can develop in areas that do not
have access to ciprofloxacin, says study co-author Michael Silverman, an infectious
disease specialist at Lakeridge Health Network in Ontario. In fact, he says,
ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli were even more widespread in remote Guyanese villages
than in U.S. intensive care units "where every second person is on antibiotics."
During a three-year study, the researchers monitored the levels of antibioticresistant E. coli in patients at their clinics. They found that rates of resistance were over
three times higher in February 2003 than they were just a year earlier, Silverman says.
The jump corresponded to the increased use of chloroquinea drug widely prescribed
to prevent and control malaria after a large outbreak of the disease (which causes high
fevers, chills, nausea and headaches) in late 2002.
Chloroquine, taken daily by some villagers, is a close chemical cousin of
ciprofloxacin. In the early 1960s, the creation of the antibiotic class (quinolones), which
includes ciprofloxacin, was based on the by-products of chloroquine synthesis. In
laboratory experiments, the team confirmed that chloroquine concentrations similar to
those seen in the human intestinal tract prompted E. coli ciprofloxacin resistance.
These findings may have far-reaching implications for the escalating problem of
antibiotic resistance. The worldwide use of ciprofloxacin pales in comparison with the
use of drugs to counter malaria, which the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention estimates strikes 350 million to 500 million people (mostly in Africa, Asia,
and Central and South America) annually. "It is very possible that the antimalarial drugs
may be inducing a large amount of the antibiotic resistance that occurs in the tropics,"
Silverman says.
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Observao:
10
A. Escolha, a cada questo, a palavra mais adequada para completar as lacunas do texto.
10
Abstract
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is an abundant primate species that diverged
from the ancestors of Homo sapiens about 25 million years ago. Because they are
genetically and physiologically similar to humans, rhesus monkeys are the most widely
used nonhuman primate in basic and applied biomedical research. We determined the
genome sequence of an Indian-origin Macaca mulatta female and compared the data
with chimpanzees and humans to reveal the structure of ancestral primate genomes and
to identify evidence for positive selection and lineage-specific expansions and
contractions of gene families. A comparison of sequences from individual animals was
used to investigate their underlying genetic diversity. The complete description of the
macaque genome blueprint enhances the utility of this animal model for biomedical
research and improves our understanding of the basic biology of the species.
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B. Traduza a frase abaixo, retirada do abstract:
The complete description of the macaque genome blueprint enhances the utility of this
animal model for biomedical research and improves our understanding of the basic
biology of the species. (linhas 09 a 11)
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C. A que se referem as palavras they (linha. 2) e their (linha 9)?
They _________________________________________
Their _________________________________________