C°bicuid 8 - Cbp°IJtuid 3.2 - Bprdxkmb¿c˙ bd ikejbr j `kljrjeckbks
2
Cbp°IJtuid 3.2 - Bprdxkmb¿c˙bd ikejbr j`kljrjeckbks
3.2.2 - Bprdxkmb¿c˙bd ikejbr3.2.8 - @kljrjeckbks\bmds, ejstj cbp°IJtuid, gjejrbikzbr ds cdecjktds `j bprdxkmb¿c˙bd ikejbr j `kljrjeckbks pbrb lue¿c˙djs `j `kvjrsbs
vbrk°bvjks. Kstd prjpbrb d tjrrjed pbrb ds `dks pr°dxkmds cbp°IJtuids, quj trbtbm `j dtkmkzb¿c˙bd jevdivje`d lue¿c˙djs
`j `kvjrsbs vbrk°bvjks.
3.2.2 - Bprdxkmb¿c˙bd ikejbr
Jm C°bicuid 2, vkmds cdmd cjrtbs lue¿c˙djs pd`kbm sjr bprdxkmb`bs idcbimjetj pdr umb rjtb j jstbhjijcjmds
d cdecjktd `j
rjtb tbegjetj
b umb lue¿c˙bd jm `jtjrmkeb`d pdetd. @b`b umb rjtb
y
=
bx
+
h
, de`j
b
j
h
s˙bdcdestbetjs, sj jstb ldr umb rjtb tbegjetj b umb `jtjrmkeb`b curvb
l
(
x
) jm um pdetd (
x
>
,y
>
), jet˙bd jib `jvjsbtkslbzjr `ubs cde`k¿c˙djs. ^rkmjkrd, b rjtb `jvj bssumkr d mjsmd vbidr `b lue¿c˙bd jm
x
=
x
>
, `j md`d quj
y
(
x
>
) =
l
(
x
>
)
⇐
bx
>
+
h
=
l
(
x
>
)
.
B dutrb cde`k¿c˙bd °j quj d cdjflckjetj beguibr `b rjtb,
b
, `jvj sjr kgubi nb tbxb kestbetˌbejb `j vbrkb¿c˙bd `b curvb
jm
x
=
x
>
, quj °j b sub `jrkvb`b ebqujij pdetd, du sjfb,
b
=
l
‸
(
x
>
)
.
Suhstktuke`d
b
eb prkmjkrb jqub¿c˙bd quj ldk dhtk`b, tjmds
h
=
l
(
x
>
)
∘
bx
>
⇐
h
=
l
(
x
>
)
∘
l
‸
(
x
>
)
x
>
.
Suhstktuke`d ds cdjflckjetjs
b
j
h
eb jqub¿c˙bd `b rjtb, flcbmds cdm
y
=
bx
+
h
=
l
‸
(
x
>
)
x
+
l
(
x
>
)
∘
l
‸
(
x
>
)
x
>
.
Cdidcbe`d
l
‸
(
x
>
) jm jvk`ˌjeckb, flcbmds cdm b jqub¿c˙bd
y
=
l
(
x
>
) +
l
‸
(
x
>
)(
x
∘
x
>
)
,
quj °j b jqub¿c˙bd `b rjtb tbegjetj nb lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x
) jm
x
=
x
>
.
xy
>
x
>
y
>
Jxjmpid 26
cbicuij b jqub¿c˙bd `b rjtb tbegjetj nb lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x
) =
x
3
ed pdetd de`j
x
= 2 j jshdcj d sjugr°bflcd.
Sdiu¿c˙ bd6
b jqub¿c˙bd `b rjtb tbegjetj b jssb lue¿c˙bd °j `b`b pdr
y
=
l
(
x
>
) +
l
‸
(
x
>
)(
x
∘
x
>
)
⇐
l
(2) =
l
‸
(2)(
x
∘
2)
.
B `jrkvb`b `b lue¿c˙bd °j `b`b pdr
l
‸
(
x
) = 3
x
8
, `j md`d quj
l
(2) = 2
3
= 2 j
l
‸
(2) = 3
·
2 = 3
.
@jssj md`d, tjmds
y
= 2 + 3(
x
∘
2)
⇐
y
= 2 + 3
x
∘
3
⇐
y
= 3
x
∘
8
.
Ds gr°bflcds `b lue¿c˙bd j `b rjtb tbegjetj s˙bd ljktds eb flgurb bd
ib`d.
xy
>-2 2-2283
C°bicuid 8 - Cbp°IJtuid 3.2 - Bprdxkmb¿c˙ bd ikejbr j `kljrjeckbks
8\bmds, bgdrb, gjejrbikzbr jssb k`°jkb pbrb umb lue¿c˙bd `j `ubs vbrk°bvjks. @b`b umb lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x,y
) `kljrje-ck°bvji jm
x
j jm
y
, jib pd`j sjr bprdxkmb`b idcbimjetj pdr um pibed, cdmd mdstrbm bs flgurbs b sjgukr.
x yz
2 . > 8 . > - 2 . > - 8 . > - 3 . >
2.>8.>-2.>-8.>-3.>2.>8.>3.>0.>
D jxjmpid b sjgukr mdstrb d c°bicuid `j um pibed tbegjetj.
Jxjmpid 86
cbicuij d pibed tbegjetj nb lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x,y
) = 0
∘
x
8
∘
y
8
jm (
x
>
,y
>
) = (>
,
2).
Sdiu¿c˙ bd6
b jqub¿c˙bd `j um pibed pd`j sjr jscrktb cdmd
z
=
bx
+
hy
+
c
, de`j
b
,
h
j
c
s˙bd cdestbetjs. ^brb quj umpibed sjfb tbegjetj nb lue¿c˙bd `b`b jm (2
,
2). Sje`d bsskm, `jvjmds tjr
z
(>
,
2) =
l
(>
,
2)
⇐
> +
h
+
c
= 0
∘
>
∘
2
⇐
h
+
c
= 3
.
Bi°jm `kstd, d pibed `jvj, idcbimjetj, tjr b mjsmb kecikeb¿c˙bd quj b lue¿c˙bd cdm rjib¿c˙bd bds jkxds
x
j
y
, d qujkmpikcb quj bs `jrkvb`bs pbrckbks cdm rjib¿c˙bd nbs `ubs vbrk°bvjks `d pibed j `b lue¿c˙bd `jvjm sjr kgubks ed pdetd
(>
,
2). Cdmd bs `jrkvb`bs pbrckbks `j
l
(
x,y
) j `j
z
(
x,y
) s˙bd, rjspjctkvbmjetj,
l
x
=
∘
8
x ,l
y
=
∘
8
y , z
x
=
b , z
y
=
h ,
`jvjmds tjr
z
x
(>
,
2) =
l
x
(>
,
2)
⇐
b
= >
, z
y
(>
,
2) =
l
y
(>
,
2)
⇐
h
=
∘
8
.
Suhstktuke`d eb prkmjkrb jqub¿c˙bd cdesjguk`b, tjmds
c
= 3
∘
h
⇐
c
= 3
∘
(
∘
8) = :
.
^drtbetd, b jqub¿c˙bd `d pibed tbegjetj flcb
z
=
∘
8
y
+ :
.
Ds gr°bflcds `b lue¿c˙bd j `d pibed tbegjetj s˙bd ljktds eb flgurb bd ib`d.
x yz
2 . > 8 . > - 2 .
> - 8 . > - 3 . >
2.>8.>-2.>-8.>-3.>2.>8.>3.>0.>
\bmds, bgdrb, `jtjrmkebr b jqub¿c˙bd gjrbi `d pibed tbegjetj b umb lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x,y
) jm um pdetd (
x
>
,y
>
).Sbhjmds quj um pibed tjm umb jqub¿c˙bd `d tkpd
z
=
bx
+
hy
+
c
, de`j
b
,
h
j
c
s˙bd cdestbetjs. ^brb quj jssjpibed sjfb tbegjetj b umb `jtjrmkeb`b lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x,y
) jm um pdetd (
x
>
,y
>
), jij `jvj sbtkslbzjr bs sjguketjscde`k¿c˙djs6
z
(
x
>
,y
>
) =
l
(
x
>
,y
>
)
⇐
bx
>
+
hy
>
+
c
=
l
(
x
>
,y
>
)
,z
x
(
x
>
,y
>
) =
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)
⇐
b
=
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)
,z
y
(
x
>
,y
>
) =
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)
⇐
h
=
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)
.
Suhstktuke`d ds vbidrjs `j
b
j
h
eb prkmjkrb jqub¿c˙bd, tjmds
c
=
l
(
x
>
,y
>
)
∘
bx
>
∘
hy
>
⇐
c
=
l
(
x
>
,y
>
)
∘
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)
x
>
∘
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)
y
>
.
^drtbetd, b jqub¿c˙bd `d pibed tbegjetj flcb
z
=
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)
x
+
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)
y
+
l
(
x
>
,y
>
)
∘
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)
x
>
∘
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)
y
>
.
C°bicuid 8 - Cbp°IJtuid 3.2 - Bprdxkmb¿c˙ bd ikejbr j `kljrjeckbks
3Cdidcbe`d
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
) j
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
) jm jvk`ˌjeckb, flcbmds cdm b sjguketj jqub¿c˙bd pbrb d pibed tbegjetj6
z
=
l
(
x
>
,y
>
) +
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)(
x
∘
x
>
) +
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)(
y
∘
y
>
)
.
\bmds utkikzbr jssb l°drmuib ed c°bicuid `j um dutrd pibed tbegjetj.
Jxjmpid 36
cbicuij d pibed tbegjetj nb lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x,y
) = jxp(
∘
x
8
∘
y
8
+ 8
x
+
y
) jm (
x
>
,y
>
) = (>
,
>).
Sdiu¿c˙ bd6
bs `jrkvb`bs pbrckbks `b lue¿c˙bd `b`b s˙bd
l
x
= jxp(
∘
x
8
∘
y
8
+ 8
x
+
y
)
·
(
∘
8
x
+ 8)
, l
y
= jxp(
∘
x
8
∘
y
8
+ 8
x
+
y
)
·
(
∘
8
y
+ 2)
.
Sje`d bsskm, tjmds
z
=
l
(>
,
>) +
l
x
(>
,
>)(
x
∘
>) +
l
y
(>
,
>)(
y
∘
>) =
j
>
+
j
>
·
8
x
+
j
>
·
2
y
= 2 + 8
x
+
y .
D cdecjktd `j pibed tbegjetj pd`j sjr gjejrbikzb`d pbrb lue¿c˙djs `j mbks `j `ubs vbrk°bvjks. ^brb lue¿c˙djs
`j trˌjs vbrk°bvjks, pdr jxjmpid, tjmds d
jspb¿cd tbegjetj
, quj °j um jspb¿cd quj’tbegjeckb” jm um `jtjrmkeb`dpdetd b flgurb qub`rk`kmjeskdebi quj rjprjsjetb b lue¿c˙bd. ^brb lue¿c˙djs cdm mbks vbrk°bvjks °j cdmum eds
rjljrkrmds b
okpjrpibeds tbegjetjs
b `jtjrmkeb`bs lue¿c˙djs.
Jxjmpid 06
cbicuij d jspb¿cd tbegjetj nb lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x,y
) =
xy
3
∘
3
xz
jm (
x
>
,y
>
,z
>
) = (2
,
>
,
2).
Sdiu¿c˙ bd6
pdr bebidgkb, vbmds cdesk`jrbr jssj jspb¿cd tbegjetj cdmd tje`d sub jqub¿c˙bd `b`b pdr
w
=
l
(
x
>
,y
>
,z
>
) +
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
,z
>
)(
x
∘
x
>
) +
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
,z
>
)(
y
∘
y
>
) +
l
z
(
x
>
,y
>
,z
>
)(
z
∘
z
>
)
.
Bs `jrkvb`bs pbrckbks `b lue¿c˙bd `b`b s˙bd
l
x
=
y
3
∘
3
z
,
l
y
= 3
xy
8
j
l
z
=
∘
3
x
. Sje`d bsskm, tjmds
w
=
l
(2
,
>
,
2) +
l
x
(2
,
>
,
2)(
x
∘
2) +
l
y
(2
,
>
,
2)(
y
∘
>) +
l
z
(2
,
>
,
2)(
z
∘
2) ==
∘
3 + (
∘
3)(
x
∘
2) + >
y
+ (
∘
3)(
z
∘
2) =
∘
3
∘
3
x
+ 3
∘
3
z
+ 3 = 3
∘
3
x
∘
3
z .
3.2.8 - @kljrjeckbks
Cdmj¿cbmds jstb sj¿c˙bd rjcdr`be`d d cdecjktd `j `kljrjeckbi pbrb lue¿c˙djs `j umb vbrk°bvji. Cdmj¿cbmds
rjcdr`be`d d quj °j b vbrkb¿c˙bd ∌
l
`j umb lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x
) qube`d sub vbrk°bvji ke`jpje`jetj mu`b jm ∌
x
, quj °j`b`b pdr∌
l
=
l
(
x
+ ∌
x
)
∘
l
(
x
)
.
B
`kljrjeckbi
`l
pd`j sjr vkstb cdmd umb bprdxkmb¿c˙bd ikejbr `b vbrkb¿c˙bd ∌
l
qube`d jssb vbrkb¿c˙bd ldr muktdpjqujeb. Jib °j b vbrkb¿c˙bd e˙bd `b lue¿c˙bd, mbs `j sub rjtb tbegjetj jm um `jtjrmkeb`d pdetd
x
>
.D prkmjkrd gr°bflcd b sjgukr mdstrb b vbrkb¿c˙bd ∌
l
`j umb lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x
) mj`kbetj umb mu`be¿cb ∌
x
eb vbrk°bvji
x
. D sjgue`d gr°bflcd mdstrb b `kljrjeckbi
`l
`jcdrrjetj `j umb vbrkb¿c˙bd
`x
= ∌
x
eb vbrk°bvji ke`jpje`jetj.Edtj quj umb °j hbsjb`b eb rjtb sjcbetj jetrj
x
j
x
+∌ j b dutrb eb rjtb tbegjetj nb lue¿c˙bd ed pdetd (
x,l
(
x
)).Jmhdrb ∌
l
j
`l
e˙bd sjfbm kgubks, jssbs vbrkb¿c˙djs s˙bd hbstbetj pr°dxkmbs sj ∌
x
tje`jr b zjrd.
yx
l
(
x
+ ∌
x
)
l
(
x
)
x x
+ ∌
x
∌
l yx
l
(
x
) +
`l l
(
x
)
x x
+
`x`l
C°bicuid 8 - Cbp°IJtuid 3.2 - Bprdxkmb¿c˙ bd ikejbr j `kljrjeckbks
0^brb mdetbrmds umb jqub¿c˙bd quj `jtjrmkej b `kljrjeckbi, ijmhrjmds quj d cdjflckjetj beguibr `b rjtbtbegjetj nb lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x
) jm (
x,l
(
x
)) °j `b`d pdr
b
=
l
‸
(
x
). Ed jetbetd, `d gr°bflcd `jssb rjtb tbegjetj mdstrb`dbckmb pd`jmds vjr quj d cdjflckjetj beguibr `b rjtb tbegjetj pd`j sjr jscrktd
b
=
`l `x
⇐
`l
=
b`x ,
de`j eb jqub¿c˙bd bckmb
`l `x
°j um qudckjetj j e˙bd b `jrkvb`b jscrktb eb edtb¿c˙bd `j Ijkhekz. Cdmd
b
=
l
‸
(
x
),cdesjgukmds b l°drmuib
`l
=
l
‸
(
x
)
`x .
B jxprjss˙bd bckmb rjibckdeb d quj cobmbmds `j `kljrjeckbi `j
l
cdm b `kljrjeckbi `j
x
. \jfbmds um jxjmpid.
Jxjmpid 26
cbicuij b `kljrjeckbi `b lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x
) =
x
8
.
Sdiu¿c˙ bd6
tjmds quj
`l
=
l
‸
(
x
)
`x
⇐
`l
= 8
x`x
.
Ed cbsd `j lue¿c˙djs `j `ubs vbrk°bvjks, vbmds `jflekr b vbrkb¿c˙bd `j
l
(
x,y
) qube`d
x
vbrkb jm ∌
x
j
y
vbrkbjm
y
+ ∌
y
cdmd sje`d `b`b pdr∌
l
=
l
(
x
+ ∌
x,y
+ ∌
y
)
∘
l
(
x,y
)
.
B vbrkb¿c˙bd `d pibed tbegjetj bd pdetd (
x
>
,y
>
) flcb∌
z
=
z
(
x
+ ∌
x,y
+ ∌
y
)
∘
z
(
x,y
) = Q
l
(
x
>
,y
>
) +
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)(
x
+ ∌
x
∘
x
>
) +
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)(
y
+ ∌
y
∘
y
>
)]
∘
Q
l
(
x
>
,y
>
) +
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)(
x
∘
x
>
) +
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)(
y
∘
y
>
)] ==
l
(
x
>
,y
>
) +
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)(
x
∘
x
>
) +
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)∌
x
+
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)(
y
∘
y
>
) +
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)∌
y
∘
l
(
x
>
,y
>
)
∘∘
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)(
x
∘
x
>
)
∘
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)(
y
∘
y
>
) =
l
x
(
x
>
,y
>
)∌
x
+
l
y
(
x
>
,y
>
)∌
y .
Bs `ubs flgurbs b sjgukr mdstrbm b `kljrje¿cb jetrj b vbrkb¿c˙bd ∌
l
pbrb umb `jtjrmkeb`b lue¿c˙bd j b vbrkb¿c˙bd
∌
z
`d pibed tbegjetj b jib jm um pdetd (
x
>
,y
>
).
xyz
∌
x
∌
y
∌
l
xyz
∌
x
∌
y
∌
z
Jxjmpid 86
cbicuij b vbrkb¿c˙bd ∌
l
`b lue¿c˙bd
l
(
x,y
) = 0
∘
x
8
∘
y
8
qube`d
x
vbrkb `j
x
= > bt°j
x
= >
,
7 j
y
vbrkb `j
y
= 2 bt°j
y
= 2
,
3. @jpdks, cbicuij b vbrkb¿c˙bd `d pibed tbegjetj b
l
(
x,y
) jm (
x
>
,y
>
) = (>
,
2) qube-`d
x
j
y
sdlrjm bs mjsmbs vbrkb¿c˙djs.
Sdiu¿c˙ bd6
tjmds∌
l
=
l
(
x
+ ∌
x,y
+ ∌
y
)
∘
l
(
x,y
) = 0
∘
(
x
+ ∌
x
)
8
∘
(
y
+ ∌
y
)
8
∘
0 +
x
8
+
y
8
==
∘
x
8
+ 8∌
x
+ (∌
x
)
8
∘
y
8
+ 8∌
y
+ (∌
y
)
8
+
x
8
+
y
8
==
∘
x
8
∘
8∌
x
∘
(∌
x
)
8
∘
y
8
∘
8∌
y
∘
(∌
y
)
8
+
x
8
+
y
8
=
∘
8∌
x
∘
(∌
x
)
8
∘
8∌
y
∘
(∌
y
)
8
.
D pibed tbegjetj b jssb lue¿c˙bd ed pdetd (>
,
2) f°b ldk cbicuib`d ed jxjmpid 8 `b sj¿c˙bd pbssb`b. D rjsuitb`d °j
z
= :
∘
8
y
. ^brb jssj pibed tbegjetj, tjmds∌
z
=
z
(
x
+ ∌
x,y
+ ∌
y
)
∘
z
(
x,y
) = :
∘
8(
y
+ ∌
y
)
∘
: + 8
y
=
∘
8
y
∘
8∌
y
+ 8
y
=
∘
8∌
y .