VERBUL Cu Exemple 3
VERBUL Cu Exemple 3
VERBUL Cu Exemple 3
Conjugri
Conjugri
Modul conditional
mpul
Modul
indicativ
Viitorul simplu
Conditional prezent
-auxiliare viitor
simplu
-auxiliare-cond.prezent
pectul
ateza
odul
Auxiliareindic-preznt
asificarea
Modaleprezent
uxiliare
Principale
odale
-prezentcomun-activ
be
hve
do
an
ay
ust
all
ill
ught to
are
eed
be to
have (got)
=
zi must
-prezentcontinu-activ
-prezentpasiv-comun
-prezentpasivcontinuu
-reflexiveprezentcomun
-principale comunactiv-viitor
simplu
-principale
continuu-activviitor simplu
-principale pasiv
Viitor anterior
-principale-comun-activa
-principale-continuu-activa
-principale-pasiva
-reflexive-comun
-reflexive-continuu
Conditional perfect
-auxiliare
-modale
-principale viitor
anterior
-principale-activa
Viitor n trecut
-principale-pasiva
Viitor apropiat
-reflexive
Modurile impersonale
-reflexiveprezentcontinuu
Modul subjonctiv
-auxiliare subj
-acuzativ cu infinitiv
Present
perfect
-modale subj
-For+ pronume
-principale-comunactiv
-nominativ+infinitiv
-auxiliareprezentperfect
odul
dicativ
-modaleprezentperfect
a
lativ a
ui
-Principaleactiv-comun
tiv
-modale viitor
simplu
-modale-cond.prezent
-principalepasivcomun
Infinitiv
-I am known
-principale-cont-activa
Participiu
-prezent-cntinuu
-auxiliare-subj. perfect
-trecut
-modale-subj. perfect
-perfect
-principale-com-activ
-acuzativ cu participiu
-principale-cont-activa
Gerunziu
ional
-reflexivecontinuu
nctiv
Present
perfect-com
pasiv
Present
perfectcontinuu
Reflexive-comun
-there is/are
-Reflexivecontinuu
Past tense
-auxiliarepast tense
-Auxiliare-past
perfect
-modale-past
tense
-Modale-past
perfect
-principalecomun-activ
-Principale comunactiv
-principalecomunpasiv
-principalecontinuupasiv
-prezent
-perfect
-principalecontinuuactiv
1.6.
Subjonctiv I,II,III
-Princpale
continuu-activ
-principale comunpasiv
Modul imperativ
Verbul este partea de vorbire care exprim o aciune, o activitate sau un proces i are
urmtoarele categorii gramaticale:
timp, aspect, numr, persoan, diatez i mod.
Timpul verbului este categoria gramatical prin care se precizeaz momentul desfurrii
aciunii.
Exist trei timpuri de baz: prezent, trecut i viitor.
2
Aspectul exprim gradul de ndeplinire a aciunii. n limba englez exist dou aspecte:
a) - aspectul comun, prin care se exprim o aciune general, o aciune terminat sau o
aciune de scurt durat.
I play tennis. = Eu joc tenis (n general sau de obicei).
b) - aspectul continuu, care exprim o aciune n desfurare - deci o aciune neterminat.
I am playing tennis. = Joc tenis (acum).
Modul este categoria gramatical a verbului prin care se precizeaz felul aciunii i
anume dac aciunea este real, sigur, ireal, probabil, posibil, imposibil.
n limba englez exist patru moduri personale (Finite Forms) i trei moduri nepersonale
(Non - Finite Forms).
MODU PERSONA
Conditional - prezent i
perfect
Imperative - prezent
RI
1. auxiliare
2. modale
3.
TRECUT PARTICI
SIMPLU PIU
TRECUT
was / were been
Had
had
did
done
should
would
let
let
could
might
-
to be
to have
to do
shall
will
to let
can (to be able to)
may (to be permitted /
allowed to)
must (to have to) (to be (must)
obliged to)
shall
should
will
ought to
dare
need
to be to
would
(ought to)
need
was, were
to
used to
asked
regulate to ask
4
been to
a fi
a avea
a face
trebuie s
a vrea
a lsa
a putea, a ti
avea voie = a fi
permis
trebuie, (a
trebui s)
a trebui s, a se
cuveni s
a dori, a vrea
ar trebui s
a ndrzni
obinuia s
a urma s
asked
obinuia s
a ntreba
to like
to answer
principal
to use
e
neregul to go
ate
to see
shall
4. auxiliar will
modale
can
liked
answered
used
- went
- saw
should
would
could etc.
liked
answered
used
- gone
- seen
a-i plcea
a rspunde
a ntrebuina
a merge
a vedea
Verbele auxiliare ajut celelalte verbe s-i formeze aspectul continuu, diateza pasiv,
timpurile compuse, unele moduri. Ele devin instrumente gramaticale pierzndu-i sensul
lexical. Eu am o carte = Eu posed o carte.
n exemplul de mai sus verbul am (a avea) n limba romn este verb principal, dar n
exemplul: Eu am citit o carte, verbul am este auxiliar, cci ajut verbul citit s-i formeze
timpul perfect compus. Este clar c nu putem spune: Eu posed citit o carte, n care verbul a
poseda s fie sinonim cu verbul a avea.
Verbele modale dau verbelor principale mpreun cu care se folosesc nuane lexicale
speciale.
n exemplul I must go. = Eu trebuie s merg, verbul must exprim obligaia efecturii
aciunii.
Verbul can implic nuana capabilitii i permisiunii,
iar verbul may ideea de permisiune i posibilitate.
He can speak English. = El tie/poate vorbi englezete;
He may come. = El poate veni. = Lui i este permis s vin.
Verbele modale se mai numesc defective cci
-nu au forme proprii fie pentru infinitiv prezent,
fie pentru trecut,
fie pentru participiul trecut,
situaie n care se nlocuiesc cu sinonimele lor.
Ele nu au particula infinitival to i nu folosesc aceast particul dup ele (excepii:
used to, ought to).
"He won't come with us". = El nu va veni cu noi. "Oh, he won't, won't he" ? = Zu
(dom'le) ? = Chiar aa ?
"John can't give you the money today". "Oh, he can't, can't he" ?
= John nu-i poate da banii astzi.- Nu mai spune !; Cum aa ?; Zu dom'le ?
Verbele modale, ca i verbele auxiliare, nu primesc terminaia s la persoana a III-a
singular i nu au aspectul continuu.
verbul
verbul
TO HAVE = a avea
A || I have = I've = I have got = I've got = eu am
you have = you've = you have got = you've got = tu ai
he/she/it has = he's/she's/it's = he/she/it has got = he's/she's/it's got = el/ea are
we have = we've = we have got = we've got = noi avem
you have = you've = you have got = you've got = voi avei
they have = they've = they have got = they've got = ei/ele au
I - N ||have I not? = haven't I? = have I not (haven't I) got? = do I not (don't I) have?
= eu nu am? = eu n-am ? = nu am eu ?
have you not?=haven't you?=have you not (haven't you) got? =do you not (don't
you) have?
= tu nu ai= tu n-ai? =nu ai tu?
has he/she/it not ? = hasn't he/she/it? = has he/she/it not (hasn't he/she/it) got?
= does he/she/it not (doesn't he/she/it) have ?
= el/ea nu are ? = nu are el/ea ?
have we not? =haven't we? = have we not (haven't we) got? = do we not (don't we)
have ?
= noi nu avem ? = noi n-avem ?
have you not ? = haven't you ? = have you not (haven't you) got ? = do you not
(don't you) have ?
= voi nu avei
have they not ? = haven't they ? = have they not (haven't they) got ? = do they not
(don't they) have ?
= ei/ele nu au ?
Funciile verbului TO HAVE
1. verb auxiliar pentru formarea timpurilor The Present Perfect i The Past Perfect
I have come for two hours.
= Am venit de dou ore.
I had come for two hours.
10
TO DO = a face
A || I do= eu fac
we do = noi facem
you do = tu faci
you do = voi facei
he/she/it does = el/ea face
they do = ei/ele fac
N || I do not do (I don't do) = eu nu fac
11
I || do I do ? = eu fac ?
do you do ? = tu faci ?
does he/she/it do? =el/ea face ?
do we do? = noi facem ?
do you do ? = voi facei ?
do they do? = ei/ele
d) o urare:
May you live long ! = S trieti !
May your dreams come true ! = S i se mplineasc visurile/dorinele !
verbul
MUST= TO HAVE TO = trebuie
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
You must not cross now. = You are not allowed / permitted to cross now
.= Tu nu trebuie s traversezi acum = N-ai voie s traversezi acum.
Must he go now? = Has he to go now?= Does he have to go now?
= Trebuie el s plece / mearg acum ?
- must not exprim interdicia:
"You must not interrupt me", he said.
= Nu trebuie s m ntrerupi, a zis el,
17
verbul
NEED = a fi nevoie/necesar s, a trebui s
N || I need not go = I needn't go
= eu nu este nevoie s merg etc.
I ||Need I go ?
= este nevoie s merg eu? etc.
I-N ||Need I not (needn't I) go ?
= nu este nevoie s merg eu ?= eu nu este nevoie s merg ? etc.
- necesitate/nevoie
La afirmativ need se folosete cu adverbele hardly, scarcely, only:
I need hardly tell you something.
= Simt o mare nevoie s-i spun ceva.
You need only be present.
= Este nevoie s fii doar prezent.
Verbul need la negativ presupune lipsa obligaiei sau necesitii.
I needn't tell you everything.
= Nu este nevoie s-i povestesc totul.
I needn't go yet.
= nc nu este nevoie s plec.
NEEDN'T - n vorbirea indirect:
"You needn't come until I tell you", he said.
= - Nu este nevoie s vii pn nu-i spun eu, a zis el,
devine n vorbire indirect:
He said that I needn't come until he told me.
= El a zis c nu este nevoie s vin pn nu-mi spune el.
verbul
TO BE TO = a fi / trebui / urma s
22
23
I see = eu vd
you see = tu vezi
he /she/it sees = el/ea vede
we see = noi vedem
you see = voi vedei
they see = ei/ele vd
N ||
I ||
do I see? = eu vd ?
do you see? = tu vezi ?
does he/she/it see? = el/ea vede ?
do we see? = noi vedem ?
do you see? = voi vedei ?
do they see? = ei/ele vd ?
I - N ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
A ||
I need = eu am nevoie
you need = tu ai nevoie
he/she/it needs = el/ea are nevoie
we need = noi avem nevoie
you need = voi avei nevoie
they need = ei/ele au nevoie
N ||
I ||
Do I need ?
= eu am nevoie ? = am eu nevoie ? = mie mi trebuie ? = mi trebuie mie ? etc.
I - N ||
= eu nu sunt vzut()
You are not seen = you aren't seen
= tu nu eti vzut()
He/she/it is not seen = he/she/it isn't seen
= el/ea nu este vzut()
We are not seen = we aren't seen
= noi nu suntem vzui/vzute
You are not seen = you aren't seen
= voi nu suntei vzui/vzute
They are not seen = they aren't seen = ei/ele nu sunt vzui/vzute
I ||
Am I seen ?
28
I am being looked at
29
= eu sunt privit()
You are being looked at
= tu eti privit()
He/she/it is being looked at
= el/ea este privit()
We are being looked at
= noi suntem privii/privite
You are being looked at
= voi suntei privii/private
They are being looked at
= ei/ele sunt privii/privite
N ||
= eu nu sunt privit()
You are not being looked at = you aren't being looked at
= tu nu eti privit()
He/she/it is not being looked at = he/she/it isn't being looked at
= el/ea nu este privit() etc.
I ||
Am I being looked at ?
I ||
I - N ||
I am enjoying myself
= eu nu m distrez/amuz etc.
I ||
Am I enjoying myself ?
NEGATIV
(N)
INTEROGATI
V
INTEROGATIVNEGATIV (I-N)
(I)
VERBE
I am = eu
I am not = eu nu Am I ? = eu
31
Am I not ? = eu
AUXILIARE
sunt etc.
sunt
VERBE
I can (go) =
eu pot s
(merg) etc.
I go = eu
merg etc
I do not go = I
Do I go ? =
don't go = eu nu eu merg ? =
merg etc.
etc.
Do I not go ? =
Don't I go ? = eu
nu merg ? etc.
MODALE
VERBE
PRINCIPALE
sunt ?
nu sunt ?
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR
AUXILIARE LA TIMPUL
has he/she/it not been? = hasn't he/she/it been? = el/ea nu este? = nu este el/ea?
have we not been ? = haven't we been? = noi nu suntem? = nu suntem noi?
have you not been ? = haven't you been? = voi nu suntei? = nu suntei voi?
have they not been? = haven't they been? = ei/ele nu sunt? = nu sunt ei/ele?
I have had = eu am ; eu am avut etc.
I have done = am fcut etc.
verbul
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR
MODALE LA TIMPUL
verbul
TO HAVE - HAD - HAD
A || I had = eu am avut, eu aveam
you had = tu ai avut, tu aveai
he /she/it had = el/ea a avut, el/ea avea
we had = noi am avut, noi aveam
you had = voi/dv. ai avut, voi/dv. Aveai
they had = ei/ele au avut, ei/ele aveau
N || I had not = I hadn't = eu nu am avut = eu n-am avut = eu nu aveam etc
I || had I? = eu am avut?, eu aveam? etc.
I N || had I not ? = hadn't I ? = eu nu am avut ? = eu nu aveam ? etc.
TO DO - DID - DONE
A || I did = eu am fcut, eu fceam
you did = tu ai fcut, tu fceai
he/she/it did = el / ea a fcut, el/ea fcea
we did = noi am fcut, noi fceam
you did = voi/dv. ai fcut, voi / dv. fceai
they did = ei/ele au fcut, ei / ele fceau
N || I did not do = I didn't do = eu nu am fcut, eu nu fceam etc.
I || Did I do? = eu am fcut ?, eu fceam ? etc.
I N || Did I not do? = didn't I do? = eu nu am fcut ?, eu nu fceam ? etc.
SHOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past, persoana I singular i plural,
precum i pentru formarea modului condiional (prezent i perfect)
WOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past pers. II - III i condiional.
El l poate nlocui pe should la pers. I sg. i pl. att la timpul The Future in the Past ct
i la modul condiional.
verbul
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA PAST TENSE
40
COULD
A || I could (go) = I was able to (go)
= eu puteam/eram n stare s (merg)
You could (go) = you were able to (go)
= tu puteai/erai n stare s (mergi)
He/she/it could (go) = he/she/it was able to (go)
= el/ea putea/era n stare s (mearg) etc.
N || I could not (go)=I couldn't (go)=I was not able to (go)=I wasn't able to (go)
=eu nu puteam (..)=eu nu eram n stare s
I || could I (go)? = was I able to (go) ?
= eu puteam s (..)? = puteam eu s (..)? = eu eram n stare s (..)? = eram eu
n stare.
I N || could I not (go)? = couldn't I (go)? = was I not able to (go)? = wasn't I able to
(go)?
= eu nu puteam (merge)?
Verbul COULD exprim:
1. abilitatea n trecut;
I could speak German last year = I was able to speak German last year
= tiam s vorbesc germana anul trecut.
b) o invitaie sau o rugminte (condiional prezent)
Could you (possibly) come to my birthday party?
= Ai putea ( puteai ) veni la petrecerea de ziua mea de natere?
Could you lend me your umbrella? = Ai putea s-mi mprumui umbrela ta ?
c) permisiunea / posibilitatea n trecut
They could go on a trip. = Ei puteau merge n excursie.
MIGHT= TO BE ALLOWED
Verbul might, adic a II a form de baz a verbului may care la timpul prezent printre
41
altele exprim i permisiunea, poate exprima permisiunea la trecut atunci cnd may devine
might transformat din vorbire direct n vorbire indirect.
"May I go on the trip", asked Mary.
= - Pot merge n excursie, ntreb Mary. devine n vorbirea indirect:
Mary asked if she might go on the trip. = Mary asked if she was allowed to go on
the trip.
= Mary a ntrebat dac poate s mearg n excursie.
= Mary a ntrebat dac i este ngduit s mearg n excursie.
Verbul MIGHT exprim:
a) posibilitatea n prezent (might fiind auxiliar modal la condiional prezent):
He might be there. = Ar putea fi acolo.
Might he still be there ?
= Ar putea fi acolo nc ? = Ar putea fi tot acolo ?
b) posibilitatea n trecut : You might have succeeded if you had tried.
= Tu ai fi putut reui dac ai fi ncercat. = S-ar fi putut s reueti dac ai fi ncercat.
I knew he might be late.
= tiam c este posibil s ntrzie.
c) interdicia n trecut: She said that we might not go on that trip.
= She said that we were not allowed to go on that trip.
= Ea a zis c noi nu putem merge n excursia aceea.
= Ea a zis c nou nu ne este ngduit / permis s mergem n excursia aceea.
d) o manier politicoas de a cere permisiunea : (folosit la condiional prezent)
Might I ask you something ?
= A putea s te/v ntreb ceva ?
Might I use your phone ?
= A putea folosi telefonul tu ?
verbul
42
HAD TO = A TREBUI SA
A || I had to (go) = eu trebuia s (merg)
you had to (go) = tu trebuia s (mergi)
he/she/it had to (go) = el/ea trebuia s (mearg) etc
N || I had not to (go) = I hadn't to (go) = I did not (didn't) have to (go)
= eu nu trebuia s (..) = eu nu a (n-a) trebuit s (..)
I || had I to (go) ? = did I have to (go) ?
= eu trebuia s (merg) ? etc
I-N || had I not to (go) ? = did I not have to (go) ?
= eu nu trebuia s (merg) ? etc.
SHOULD = trebuia, se cuvenea s
Should este a doua form de baz (adic Past Tense) a verbului shall i exprim o
obligaie, sau o recomandare n trecut.
We should learn. = Trebuia s nvm. = Se cuvenea s nvm.
n aceast situaie should este sinonim cu ought to.
A || I should (go) = eu trebuia s (merg) (se cuvenea s merg)
you should (go) = tu trebuia s (mergi)
he /she/it should (go) = el/ea trebuia s (mearg) etc
N || I should not (go) = I shouldn't (go) = eu nu trebuia s (merg) etc.
I || should I (go) ? = trebuia eu s (merg) ? etc.
I-N || should I not (go) ? = shouldn't I (go) ? = nu trebuia eu s (merg) ? etc.
verbul
WOULD = a voi
A || I would (see) = eu voiam s (..) ; eu vedeam, obinuiam s (..)
you would (see)
= tu voiai s (..) ; tu vedeai, obinuiai
he/she/it would (see)
= el/ea voia s (vad) ; el/ea vedea, obinuia s (vad) etc
N || I would not (see) = I wouldn't (see)
= eu nu voiam s (vd); eu nu vedeam etc.
I || would I (see) ?
= voiam eu s (vd) ? ; obinuiam eu s (vd) ?, vedeam eu ? eu vedeam? etc.
I - N || would I not (see) ? = wouldn't I (see) ?
= eu nu voiam s (vd) ? = nu voiam eu s (vd)?; eu nu obinuiam s (vd)?
Would este a II-a form de baz a verbului will.
I understood he would not see them.
= Am neles c nu voia s-i vad .
Verbul WOULD exprim:
a) - aciune repetat n trecut (would = used to)
He would go swimming with other boys. = He used to go swimming with other boys .
= El obinuia s noate cu ali biei.
b) - dorin n trecut He would go on the trip.
= El dorea s mearg n excursie.
NEED
Se folosete la negativ i interogativ urmat de infinitiv fr particula to.
Needn't urmat de infinitiv perfect exprim c s-a petrecut ceva nenecesar.
You needn't have gone there.
= Nu era necesar/nevoie s fi mers acolo.
44
verbul
H. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE - ASPECTUL CONTINUU
TO ENJOY ONESELF = a se distra
A || I was enjoying myself
= eu m distram/amuzam
you were enjoying yourself
= tu te distrai/amuzai
he was enjoying himself
= el se distra/amuza
she was enjoying herself
= ea se distra/amuza
it was enjoying itself
= el/ea se distra/amuza
we were enjoying ourselves
= noi ne distram/amuzam
you were enjoying yourselves
= voi v distrai/amuzai
they were enjoying themselves
= ei/ele se distrau/amuzau
N || I was not (wasn't) enjoying myself
= eu nu m distram etc.
I || was I enjoying myself ?
= eu m distram? = m distram eu ? etc.
I - N || was I not (wasn't I) enjoying myself ?
= eu nu m distram ? etc.
I saw him a moment ago.
= L-am vzut acum o clip. = L-am vzut mai nainte.
51
TO DO - DID - DONE
A || I had done = eu fcusem
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR
MODALE LA TIMPUL
A || I shall/will do = I'll do
= eu voi face = eu o s fac
you will do= you'll do
= tu vei face = tu o s faci
he/she/it will do = he'll/she'll/it'll do
= el/ea o s fac
we shall/will do= we'll do
=noi vom face=o s facem
they will do = they'll do =
ei/ele vor face=ei/ele o s fac
N || I shall/will not do = I shan't/won't do
= eu nu voi face = eu n-o s fac
you will not do = you won't do
= tu nu vei face = tu n-o s faci
he/she/it will not do = he/she/it won't do
= el/ea nu va face = el/ea n-o s fac etc.
I || shall/will I do ?
= eu voi face ? = voi face eu ? = eu o s fac ? = o s fac eu ? etc.
I - N || shall/will I not do ? = shan't/ won't I do ?
= eu nu voi face ? = nu voi face eu ? = eu n-o s fac ? = n-o s fac eu ?
verbul
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA TIMPUL VIITOR SIMPLU
CAN - COULD - 0 = TO BE ABLE TO
A ||I shall/will be able to (swim) = I'll be able to (swim)
= eu voi putea/ti s (not) = eu fi voi n stare s (not)
you will be able to (swim) = you'll be able to (swim)
= tu vei putea/ti s (noi) = tu vei fi n stare s (noi)
59
shall/will I dare ?
trebuiasc
they will need = they'll need
= ei/ele vor avea nevoie = lor le va trebui = ei/ele o s aib nevoie = lor o s le
trebuiasc
N ||
= eu nu voi avea nevoie = mie nu-mi va trebui = mie n-o s-mi trebuiasc
I ||
shall/will I need ?
I || shall/will I be admired?
= eu voi fi admirat? = voi fi eu admirat? = eu o s fiu admirat? = o s fiu eu admirat?
I-N ||shall/will I not be admired ? = shan't/won't I be admired ?
= eu nu voi fi admirat ? = nu voi fi eu admirat ?
verbul
1.6.2.1.6. VIITORUL ANTERIOR (THE FUTURE PERFECT)
Exprim o aciune viitoare care se petrece naintea altei aciuni viitoare. Se
formeaz cu auxiliarele shall/will plus infinitivul scurt perfect al verbului de conjugat.
By five o'clock, when you come, I shall have written the letter.
= Pn la ora cinci, cnd vei veni tu, eu voi fi scris scrisoarea.
I shall/will have been
= eu voi fi fost
I shall/will not have been
= eu nu voi fi fost
Shall/Will I have been ?
= voi fi fost eu ? = eu voi fi fost ?
I shall/will have had to
= eu va fi trebuit s etc.
Shall/Will I not have been?=
eu nu voi fi fost?=nu voi fi fost eu?
CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA VIITOR ANTERIOR
TO COME = a veni
A || I shall/will have come = eu voi fi venit
you will have come = tu vei fi venit
he/she/it will have come = el/ea va fi venit
we shall/will have come = noi vom fi venit
you will have come = voi vei fi venit
67
c) o dorin:
He wished he had more friends .
= Ar dori s aib mai muli prieteni.
I wish I were there.
= A dori s fiu acolo.
Se ntrebuineaz:
- Dup conjuncii ca :
if = dac,
if only = numai dac,
even if = chiar dac,
as if = ca i cnd/cum, de parc,
as though = ca i cum,
lest = ca s nu,
however = orict de,
however (little) = orict de (puin),
however (much) = orict de (mult),
however (few) = orict de (puini),
however (many) = orict de (muli),
however (late) = orict de (trziu),
whatever = orice, indiferent care, oricare,
if need be = dac e nevoie/necesar etc.
- Dup verbul wish sau expresiile it's time (or it's high time) = este timpul s,
it is necessary = este necesar,
it is probable/likely = este probabil,
it is possible = este posibil,
it is right = este drept/corect,
it is wrong = este greit/nedrept etc.
71
indicativ
if they were here = dac ei/ele ar fi aici if they were here = dac ei/ele erau aici
He does not remember if/whether I was there.
= El nu-i amintete dac eu eram acolo.
If I were there I should/would play tennis.
= Dac a fi acolo a juca tenis.
If need be I would come earlier. = If it were necesary I would come earlier.
= Dac ar fi necesar a veni mai devreme.
verbul
1.6.2.2.1. SUBJONCTIVUL II (THE SUBJUNCTIVE II)
n limba romn se traduce prin condiional optativ prezent i exprim un fapt
ireal. (ex.
If I had money I would buy a car.
= Dac a avea bani a cumpra o main.
Se nelege din acest exemplu c nu pot cumpra main pentru c nu am bani.)
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA SUBJUNCTIVE II
TO BE = a fi
A || if I were = dac eu a fi
had he/she/it = s aib el/ea, de-ar avea el/ea had they = s aib ei/ele = de-ar avea
ei/ele
N || if I had not = if I hadn't = dac eu nu a avea = dac eu n-a avea etc.
I-N ||had I not = hadn't I = s n-am eu = de n-a avea eu etc.
TO DO = a face
A || if I did = dac eu a face
MODALE LA
SUBJUNCTIVE II
75
= dac eu n-a avea voie s (merg) = dac mie nu mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg)
I-N ||if might I not (go) = mightn't I (go) = were I not permitted/allowed to (go) =
weren't I permitted/allowed to(go)
= s nu am eu voie s (merg) = s nu-mi fie mie permis/ngduit s (merg) = de n-a avea
eu voie s (merg) = de nu mi-ar fi mie permis / ngduit s (merg ) etc.
verbul
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
A || if I had to (go) = dac eu ar trebui s (merg)
if you had to (go) = dac tu ar trebui s (mergi)
if he/she/it had to (go) = dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
if we had to (go) = dac noi ar trebui s (mergem)
if you had to (go) = dac voi ar trebui s (mergei)
if they had to (go) = dac ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
I || had I to (go)
= s trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
had you to (go)
= s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) = de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it to (go)
= s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg)
had we to (go)
= s trebuiasc noi s (mergem) = de-ar trebui noi s (mergem)
had you to (go) =
s trebuiasc voi s (mergei) = de-ar trebui voi s (mergei)
had they to (go)
= s trebuiasc ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar trebui ei/ele s (mearg)
N || if I had not to (go) = if I hadn't to (go)
= dac eu nu ar trebui s (merg) = dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N ||had I not to (go) = hadn't I to (go)
77
I ||would I (go)
= s vreau eu s (merg) = de-a vrea eu s (merg)
would you (go)
= s vrei tu s (mergi) = de-ai vrea tu s (mergi)
would he/she/it (go)
= s vrea el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar vrea el/ea s (mearg)
would we (go)
= s vrem noi s (mergem) = de-am vrea noi s (mergem)
would you (go)
= s vrei voi s (mergei) = de-ai vrea voi s (mergei)
would they (go)
= s vrea ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar vrea ei/ele s (mearg)
N || if I would not (go) = if I wouldn't (go)
= dac eu nu a vrea s (merg) = dac eu n-a vrea s (merg) etc.
I-N ||would I not (go) = wouldn't I (go)
= s nu vreau eu s (merg) etc.
verbul
TO BE TO - WAS /WERE TO - BEEN TO
A || if I were to (go) = dac eu ar fi/urma s (merg)
if you were to (go) = dac tu ar fi/urma s (mergi)
if he/she/it were to (go) = dac el/ea ar fi/urma s (mearg)
if we were to (go) = dac noi ar fi/urma s (mergem)
if you were to (go) = dac voi ar fi/urma s (mergei)
if they were to (go) = dac ei/ele ar fi/urma s (mearg)
I || were I to (go) = s fie eu s (merg) = de-ar fi s (merg) eu
were you to (go) = s fie tu s (mergi) = de-ar fi s (mergi) tu
were he/she/it to (go) = s fie el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar fi s (mearg) el/ea
79
cuprins
verbul
MODALE LA
SUBJUNCTIVE III
permis/ngduit s (merg)
if you had been permitted/allowed to (go)
= dac tu ai fi avut voie s (mergi) = dac tu ai fi putut s (mergi) = dac ie i-ar fi
fost permis/ngduit s (mergi)
if he/she/it had been permitted/allowed to (go)
= dac el/ea ar fi avut voie s (mearg ) = dac el/ea ar fi putut s (..) = dac lui/ei i-ar fi
fost permis/ ngduit s (mearg)
if we had been permitted/allowed to (go)
= dac noi am fi avut voie s (mergem) = dac noi am fi putut s (mergem)
=
COMUN,
DIATEZA ACTIV
if he/she/it had seen = dac el/ea ar fi vzut if they had seen = dac ei/ele ar fi vzut
I || had I seen
= s fi vzut eu = de-a fi vzut eu
had you seen
= s fi vzut tu = de-ai fi vzut tu
had he/she/it seen
= s fi vzut el/ea = de-ar fi vzut el/ea
had we seen
= s fi vzut noi = de-am fi vzut noi
had you seen
87
TO SING = a cnta
A || if I had been singing = dac eu a fi cntat
if you had been singing = dac tu ai fi cntat
if he/she/it had been singing = dac el/ea ar fi cntat
if we had been singing = dac noi am fi cntat
if you had been singing = dac voi ai fi cntat
if they had been singing = dac ei/ele ar fi cntat
I || had I been singing ?
= s fi cntat eu = de-a fi cntat eu ?
had you been singing
= s fi cntat tu = de-ai fi cntat tu
had he/she/it been singing
= s fi cntat el/ea = de-ar fi cntat el/ea
had we been singing
= s fi cntat noi = de-am fi cntat noi
had you been singing
= s fi cntat voi = de-ai fi cntat voi
88
am cumprat biletele.
b) - necesitatea sau sfatul:
You should go to the dentist now.
= Ar trebui s te duci la dentist acum.
You shouldn't waste your time.
= N-ar trebui s-i iroseti timpul.
WILL - WOULD - 0 = a vrea
A || I would (go) = eu a vrea s (merg)
we would (go) = noi am vrea s (mergem)
you would (go) = tu ai vrea s (mergi)
you would (go) = voi ai vrea s (mergei)
he/she/it would (go) = el/ea ar vrea s (mearg)
they would (go) = ei/ele ar vrea s (mearg)
N || I would not (go) = I wouldn't (go)
= eu nu a vrea s (merg) = eu n-a vrea s (merg) etc.
I || would I (go) ?
= a vrea eu s (merg) ? = eu a vrea s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||would I not (go) ? = wouldn't I (go) ?
= eu nu a vrea s (merg) ? = n-a vrea eu s (merg) ? etc.
Verbul WOULD exprim:
- dorin n prezent:
He would go on the trip.
= El ar vrea s mearg n excursie.
- comenzi politicoase:
Would you open that door, please ?
= Ai vrea s deschidei ua aceea, v rog ?
- Would + mind:
95
TO BE SEEN = a fi vzut
A || I should/would have been seen
= eu a fi fost vzut()
you would have been seen
110
= tu ai fi fost vzut()
he/she/it would have been seen
= el/ea ar fi fost vzut()
we should/would have been seen
= noi am fi fost vzui
you would have been seen
= voi ai fi fost vzui/vzute
they would have been seen
= ei/ele ar fi fost vzui
N || I should/would not have been seen = I shouldn't/wouldn't have been seen
= eu nu a (eu n-a) fi fost vzut() etc.
I || should/would I have been seen ?
= eu a fi fost vzut() ? = a fi fost eu v- zut() ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have been seen ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have been seen ?
= eu nu a (eu n-a) fi fost vzut() ? = nu a (n-a) fi fost eu vzut() ? etc.
verbul
E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT
TO ENJOY ONESELF = a se distra
A || I should/would have enjoyed myself
= eu m-a fi distrat
you would have enjoyed yourself
= tu te-ai fi distrat
he would have enjoyed himself
= el s-ar fi distrat
she would have enjoyed herself
= ea s-ar fi distrat
we should/would have enjoyed ourselves
111
If he hadn't told me the truth, I shouldn't/wouldn 't have given him anything.= Dac
nu mi-ar fi spus adevrul, nu i-a fi dat nimic.
He wishes he were rich. = El ar vrea s fie bogat. (dar nu este)
verbul
1.6.3.1.1.
CLASIFICAREA INFINITIVULUI
INFINI
TIV
diateza
activ
Scurt
diateza
pasiv
Prez
ent
diateza
activ
Lung
diateza
pasiv
Perfe Scurt
ct
diateza
activ
diateza
pasiv
aspectul
comun
aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun
aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun
aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun
look (privi)
aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun
aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun
aspectul
continuu
116
be looking (privi)
be looked at (fi privit)
be being looked at (fi privit)
to look (a privi)
to be looking (a privi)
to be looked at (a fi privit)
diateza
activ
Lung
diateza
pasiv
aspectul
comun
aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun
aspectul
continuu
to feel (a simi),
to hear (a auzi),
to let (a lsa),
to make (a face),
to notice (a observa),
to see (a vedea),
to watch (a privi/viziona), se folosete infinitiv scurt cnd sunt folosite la diateza activ,
i infinitiv lung dac sunt la diateza pasiv.
I felt the wind blow.
= Am simind vntul suflnd.
Did you hear him say that ?
= L-ai auzit spunnd-o ?
Why don't you let me solve the problem by myself ?
= De ce nu m lai s rezolv problema singur ?
Who makes you laugh ?
= Cine te face s rzi ?
I noticed him enter (into) the bookshop.
= L-am zrit intrnd n librrie.
They saw us buy some books.
= Ne-au vzut cumprnd nite cri.
You can watch us swim.
= Poi s ne priveti notnd.
He was heard to say something.
= El a fost auzit zicnd ceva.
Someone was heard to sing a song.
= Cineva a fost auzit cntnd un cntec.
He was allowed to do what he wanted.
121
D. NOMINATIV CU INFINITIV
Este varianta pasiv a acuzativului cu infinitiv, i se folosete dup aceleai grupe de
123
verbe.
1 : I want him to play the piano.
= Vreau ca el s cnte la pian.
- este acuzativ cu infinitiv. Iat cum se transform el n nominativ cu infinitiv :
2 : He is wanted to play the piano by me.
= Se dorete ca el s cnte la pian de ctre mine.
Subiectul din exemplul 1adic I devine n exemplul 2 complement de agent (deci subiect
logic).
Verbul want din exemplul 1 i schimb diateza din activ n pasiv.
Pronumele him din exemplul 1, care era la acuzativ trece n exemplul 2 la cazul nominativ
i devine subiectul propoziiei.
by me = de (ctre) mine
by us = de (ctre) noi
by you = de (ctre) tine
by you = de (ctre) voi/dv.
by him/her/it = de (ctre) el/ea
by them = de (ctre) ei/ele
by whom? = de (ctre) cine ?
By whom was he wanted to play the piano? = Who(m) was he wanted to play the
piano by?
= De (ctre) cine s-a dorit s cnte el la pian ?
They were expected to come much earlier.
= Erau ateptai s soseasc mult mai devreme.
Dup verbele
to prove (a dovedi, a se dovedi),
to turn out (a se dovedi),
to happen (a se ntmpla) i
to seem (a se prea) nominativul cu infinitiv este o construcie activ, nu pasiv.
124
LA PREZENT
A || I am known to be...
= se tie/cunoate c eu sunt... = eu sunt cunoscut a fi... = eu sunt cunoscut ca fiind...
you are known to be...
= se tie/cunoate c tu eti... = tu eti cunoscut a fi... = tu eti cunoscut ca fiind..
he is known to be...
= se tie/cunoate c el este... = el este cunoscut a fi... = el este cunoscut ca fiind...
she is known to be... =
se tie/cunoate c ea este... = ea este cunoscut a fi... = ea este cunoscut ca fiind...
it is known to be...
= se tie/cunoate c el/ea este... = el/ea este cunoscut() a fi.. = el/ea este cunoscut() ca
fiind...
125
etc.
I || am I known to be...?
= eu se tie/cunoate c sunt...? = se cunoate/tie c eu sunt...? = sunt eu cunoscut ca
fiind...? etc.
I - N || am I not known to be..?
=eu nu se tie/cunoate c sunt. ? = nu sunt eu cunoscut a fi..? = eu nu sunt cunoscut ca
fiind...?
I was known to be...
= se tia/cunotea c eu sunt... = eu eram cunoscut a fi... = eu eram cunoscut ca fiind...
I had been known to be...
= se tiuse/cunoscuse c eu sunt... = eu fusesem cunoscut a fi...
if I were known to be...
= dac s-ar ti/cunoate c eu sunt....
if I had been known to be... = dac s-ar fi tiut/cunoscut c eu sunt... = dac eu a fi fost
cunoscut ca fiind...
verbul
126
DIATEZA ACTIV
PREZE
NT
DIATEZA PASIV
seeing = vznd
speaking = vorbind -
seen = vzut
having been seen =
fiind vzut
-
vorbind
Din schema i exemplificarea de mai sus se vede c participiul are trei timpuri, iar
pentru unele verbe are forme pentru diatezele activ i pasiv.
1. PARTICIPIUL PREZENT mpreun cu verbul TO BE, care se conjug, formeaz,
aa cum s-a artat, ASPECTUL CONTINUU AL VERBELOR.
I am speaking. = Eu vorbesc (acum).
Participiul prezent se mai traduce n limba romn i prin modul gerunziu.
We watched them playing football. = I-am privit jucnd fotbal.
The boy running is John = The boy, who is running, is John.
= Biatul, care alearg/alergnd, este John.
We came to know each other playing tennis.
= Am ajuns s ne cunoatem jucnd tenis.
Participiul prezent este un adjectiv verbal.
127
Geru
nd
DIATEZA ACTIV
prezen seeing = vznd
t
DIATEZA PASIV
being seen = fiind vzut
to succeed in = a reui s
He succeeded in learning the poem by heart.
= El a reuit s nvee poezia pe de rost.
to thank for = a mulumi pentru
Thank you for comming.
= Mulumesc c ai venit.
to think of = a se gndi la
We are thinking of going on a trip.
= Ne gndim s mergem ntr-o excursie.
1.6.3.3.1. GERUND PREZENT (THE PRESENT GERUND)
Gerund prezent (sau indefinit) este, cum s-a putut observa i n exemplele
de mai sus, precedat :
a) fie de adjective posesive, ca n structurile :
my coming = venirea mea
my being late = ntrzierea mea etc.
b) fie de unele substantive cu prepoziii :
He is known for his art of writing. =
El este cunoscut pentru arta lui de a scrie.
Let me tell you about their surprise at seeing us!
= S-i povestesc despre surpriza lor la vederea noastr.
I know his interest in learning.
= i cunosc interesul pentru nvtur.
I like the idea of building a house here.
= mi place ideea de a construi o cas aici.
Alte astfel de substantive cu prepoziii dup care se poate folosi
gerund-ul sunt:
the art of (living) = arta de a (tri)
astonishment at = uimire fa de
confidence in = ncredere n
dependence on = dependen fa de
disappointment at = dezamgire la
experience in = experien n
fear of = team de
idea of = idee de a
interest in = interes fa de
risk of = riscul de a
mode of (living) = modul de a (tri)
surprise at = surpriz la
Gerund-ul prezent se traduce
fie prin gerunziu,
fie printr-un substantiv,
fie prin infinitiv sau conjunctiv.
I prefer watching football matches.
= Eu prefer vizionarea meciurilor de fotbal.
He went on smoking and drinking coffee.
El a continuat s fumeze i s bea cafea.
Please excuse my saying so.
= Te rog s m scuzi c zic/spun aa.
Do you mind opening the window ?
= Te/V deranjeaz dac deschid fereastra ?
Did you mind my opening the window ?
= Te-a/V-a deranjat c am deschis fereastra ?
Do you enjoy dancing ? = i place mult s dansezi ?
Willing and wishing are two different things, aren't they ?
to hate = a ur,
to imagine = a imagina,
to intend = a inteniona,
to like = a-i plcea,
to love = a iubi, a-i fi drag,
to mean = a nsemna; a vrea s spun,
to mind = a supra,
to miss = a pierde; a-i fi dor de,
to postpone = a amna,
to prefer = a prefera,
to propose = a propune,
to regret = a regreta,
to remember = a-i aminti,
to risk =a risca,
to start = a porni,
to stop = a opri,
to suggest = a sugera,
to try = a ncerca,
used to = obinuia s.
Tot gerund se mai folosete dup expresii ca :
it's no use = it's no good = n-are rost/sens s
It's no use going now. = N-are rost s mergem acum.
can't stand = a nu suferi/nghii/suporta
I can't stand wasting time. = Nu pot suferi irosirea timpului.
can't help = a nu putea s nu, a nu avea ncotro
I can't help laughing when I see you making faces.
= Nu pot s nu rd cnd te vd strmbndu-te.
II
III
IV
PRESENT
INFINITIVE
PAST
TENSE
PAST
PARTICIPLE
PRESENT
PARTICIPLE/GERUND
to see
saw
seen
seeing
verbul