rbul

Conjugri

Conjugri

Modul conditional

mpul

Modul
indicativ

Viitorul simplu

Conditional prezent

-auxiliare viitor
simplu

-auxiliare-cond.prezent

pectul

ateza

odul

Auxiliareindic-preznt

asificarea

Modaleprezent

uxiliare

Principale

odale

-prezentcomun-activ

be
hve
do

an

ay

ust

all

ill

ught to

are

eed
be to

have (got)
=

zi must

-prezentcontinu-activ
-prezentpasiv-comun
-prezentpasivcontinuu
-reflexiveprezentcomun

-principale comunactiv-viitor
simplu
-principale
continuu-activviitor simplu
-principale pasiv
Viitor anterior

-principale-comun-activa
-principale-continuu-activa
-principale-pasiva
-reflexive-comun
-reflexive-continuu
Conditional perfect
-auxiliare
-modale

-principale viitor
anterior

-principale-activa

Viitor n trecut

-principale-pasiva

Viitor apropiat

-reflexive

Modurile impersonale

-reflexiveprezentcontinuu

Modul subjonctiv
-auxiliare subj

-acuzativ cu infinitiv

Present
perfect

-modale subj

-For+ pronume

-principale-comunactiv

-nominativ+infinitiv

-auxiliareprezentperfect

odul
dicativ

-modaleprezentperfect

a
lativ a
ui

-Principaleactiv-comun

tiv

-modale viitor
simplu

-modale-cond.prezent

-principalepasivcomun

Infinitiv

-I am known

-principale-cont-activa

Participiu

Subjonctiv perfect III

-prezent-cntinuu

-auxiliare-subj. perfect

-trecut

-modale-subj. perfect

-perfect

-principale-com-activ

-acuzativ cu participiu

-principale-cont-activa

Gerunziu

ional

-reflexivecontinuu

nctiv

Present
perfect-com

pasiv

Present
perfectcontinuu

Reflexive-comun

-there is/are

-Reflexivecontinuu

-there is cu past tense

Past tense
-auxiliarepast tense

-Auxiliare-past
perfect

-modale-past
tense

-Modale-past
perfect

-principalecomun-activ

-Principale comunactiv

-principalecomunpasiv
-principalecontinuupasiv

-prezent
-perfect

Mai mult ca perf

(past perfect)

-principalecontinuuactiv

1.6.

Subjonctiv I,II,III

-there is cu future tense

-there is cu conditional
-there is cu subjonctiv

-Princpale
continuu-activ
-principale comunpasiv

Modul imperativ

VERBUL (THE VERB)

Verbul este partea de vorbire care exprim o aciune, o activitate sau un proces i are
urmtoarele categorii gramaticale:
timp, aspect, numr, persoan, diatez i mod.
Timpul verbului este categoria gramatical prin care se precizeaz momentul desfurrii
aciunii.
Exist trei timpuri de baz: prezent, trecut i viitor.
2

Aspectul exprim gradul de ndeplinire a aciunii. n limba englez exist dou aspecte:
a) - aspectul comun, prin care se exprim o aciune general, o aciune terminat sau o
aciune de scurt durat.
I play tennis. = Eu joc tenis (n general sau de obicei).
b) - aspectul continuu, care exprim o aciune n desfurare - deci o aciune neterminat.
I am playing tennis. = Joc tenis (acum).

Diateza realizeaz relaia dintre subiect i complementul direct.

Exist trei diateze: activ, pasiv i reflexiv.
n cazul diatezei active aciunea subiectului se ndreapt asupra complementului direct.;
The boy is reading the lesson. = Biatul citete lecia.
n cadrul diatezei pasive aciunea svrit de subiectul logic se rsfrnge asupra
subiectului gramatical.
The lesson is read by the boy. = Lecia este citit de biat.
Din exemplul de mai sus se observ c n limba englez diateza pasiv se formeaz cu
verbul auxiliar to be plus participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat (adic a III-a form
de baz a verbului de conjugat).
Verbul to be se conjug, iar verbul de conjugat la participiul trecut nu-i modific forma.
La diateza reflexiv aciunea se rsfrnge asupra autorului ei, adic asupra subiectului.
The cat washes itself. = Pisica se spal.
verbul

Modul este categoria gramatical a verbului prin care se precizeaz felul aciunii i
anume dac aciunea este real, sigur, ireal, probabil, posibil, imposibil.
n limba englez exist patru moduri personale (Finite Forms) i trei moduri nepersonale
(Non - Finite Forms).

MODU PERSONA

Indicative - are toate timpurile

3

Subjunctive - prezent, past i

past perfect
LE

Conditional - prezent i
perfect
Imperative - prezent

RI

Infinitive - prezent i perfect

NEPERSON Participle - prezent, past i
ALE
perfect
Gerund - prezent i perfect

1.6.1. Clasificarea verbelor

INFINITIV
PREZENT

1. auxiliare

2. modale

3.

TRECUT PARTICI
SIMPLU PIU
TRECUT
was / were been
Had
had
did
done
should
would
let
let
could
might
-

to be
to have
to do
shall
will
to let
can (to be able to)
may (to be permitted /
allowed to)
must (to have to) (to be (must)
obliged to)
shall
should
will
ought to
dare
need
to be to

would
(ought to)
need
was, were
to
used to
asked

regulate to ask
4

been to

a fi
a avea
a face
trebuie s
a vrea
a lsa
a putea, a ti
avea voie = a fi
permis
trebuie, (a
trebui s)
a trebui s, a se
cuveni s
a dori, a vrea
ar trebui s
a ndrzni
obinuia s
a urma s

asked

obinuia s
a ntreba

to like
to answer
principal
to use
e
neregul to go
ate
to see
shall
4. auxiliar will
modale
can

liked
answered
used
- went
- saw
should
would
could etc.

liked
answered
used
- gone
- seen

a-i plcea
a rspunde
a ntrebuina
a merge
a vedea

Verbele auxiliare ajut celelalte verbe s-i formeze aspectul continuu, diateza pasiv,
timpurile compuse, unele moduri. Ele devin instrumente gramaticale pierzndu-i sensul
lexical. Eu am o carte = Eu posed o carte.
n exemplul de mai sus verbul am (a avea) n limba romn este verb principal, dar n
exemplul: Eu am citit o carte, verbul am este auxiliar, cci ajut verbul citit s-i formeze
timpul perfect compus. Este clar c nu putem spune: Eu posed citit o carte, n care verbul a
poseda s fie sinonim cu verbul a avea.
Verbele modale dau verbelor principale mpreun cu care se folosesc nuane lexicale
speciale.
n exemplul I must go. = Eu trebuie s merg, verbul must exprim obligaia efecturii
aciunii.
Verbul can implic nuana capabilitii i permisiunii,
iar verbul may ideea de permisiune i posibilitate.
He can speak English. = El tie/poate vorbi englezete;
He may come. = El poate veni. = Lui i este permis s vin.
Verbele modale se mai numesc defective cci
-nu au forme proprii fie pentru infinitiv prezent,
fie pentru trecut,
fie pentru participiul trecut,
situaie n care se nlocuiesc cu sinonimele lor.
Ele nu au particula infinitival to i nu folosesc aceast particul dup ele (excepii:
used to, ought to).

Ca i verbele auxiliare ele formeaz interogativul schimbndu-i locul cu subiectul

propoziiei.
Verbele auxiliare i modale din limba englez au i forme prescurtate/contrase. Unii
gramaticieni includ verbele auxiliare i modale ntr-o singur categorie - aceea de verbe
speciale.
Ele formeaz negativul prin simpla adugare a negaiei not dup ele i interogativul
schimbndu-i locul cu subiectul n propoziie.
Verbele can, may, must, ought to, dare, need i used to sunt auxiliare n ntrebrile
disjunctive.
I am not at home. = Eu nu sunt acas.
I cannot go. = Eu nu pot merge.
Verbele auxiliare i modale contribuie la formarea ntrebrilor disjunctive (Tag/Tail
Questions), cele care se traduc n limba romn prin nu-i aa ?, aa-i ?
You are at home, aren't you ? = Eti acas, nu-i aa ?
You are not at home, are you ? = Nu eti acas, nu-i aa ?
He learns English, doesn't he ? = nva englezete, nu-i aa ?
Tot ele particip la formularea rspunsurilor scurte ale ntrebrilor generale. ntrebrile
generale sunt cele care pot primi rspunsuri scurte: da, nu.
"Are they at home " ? "Yes"; "Yes, they are". = Sunt ei acas ? Da. ; Da, sunt.
Particip la completarea structurii and so...
"They are in the park"."And so are we". = Ei sunt n parc. i noi.
"Paul can speak English""And so can Alice" "And so can we"
=Paul tie s vorbeasc englezete.i Alice (tie)i noi (tim).
"Paul cannot ski". "Neither can we". = "We can't either". = Paul nu tie s schieze.
Nici noi (nu tim).
"They saw the house". "But I didn't".
= Ei au vzut casa. Dar/ns eu nu. Dar eu n-am vzut-o.
Verbele auxiliare i cele modale, mult folosite n vorbire, se ntlnesc i n limbajul
care exprim o surpriz (mai ales neplcut).
6

"He won't come with us". = El nu va veni cu noi. "Oh, he won't, won't he" ? = Zu
(dom'le) ? = Chiar aa ?
"John can't give you the money today". "Oh, he can't, can't he" ?
= John nu-i poate da banii astzi.- Nu mai spune !; Cum aa ?; Zu dom'le ?
Verbele modale, ca i verbele auxiliare, nu primesc terminaia s la persoana a III-a
singular i nu au aspectul continuu.
verbul

1.6.2. MODURILE PERSONALE ALE VERBELOR

1.6.2.1. MODUL INDICATIV
1.6.2.1.1. TIMPUL PREZENT (THE PRESENT TENSE)
Este forma I de baz a verbelor. Exprim aciuni generale repetate, stri, un obicei
prezent etc. Se folosete i n propoziiile condiionale de tipul I. Normal timpul prezent
coincide cu momentul vorbirii.
Uneori, prezentul simplu se poate referi la viitor: Tommorow is Ann's birthday. =
Mine este ziua de natere a Anei.
verbul

A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA INDICATIV PREZENT

TO BE = a fi
( A = afirmativ, N = negativ, I = interogativ )
A || I am = I'm= eu sunt = eu s
you are = you're = tu eti
he/she/it is = he's/she's/it's = el/ea este = el/ea e
we are = we're = noi suntem
you are= you're = voi suntei
they are = they're = ei/ele sunt
7

N || I am not = I aren't = eu nu sunt

you are not = you aren't = tu nu eti
he/she/it is not= he/she/it isn't = l/ea nu este
we are not = we aren't = noi nu suntem
you are not = you aren't = voi nu suntei
they are not = they aren't = ei /ele nu sunt
I || am I ? = eu sunt ?
are you ? = tu eti ?
is he/she/it? = el/ea este ?
are we? = noi suntem ?
are you? =voi suntei ?
are they? =ei/ele sunt ? I - N
am I not ? = aren't I ? = nu sunt eu ?= eu nu-s ?
are you not ? = aren't you ? = nu eti tu ?
is he/she/it not ? = isn't he/she/it ? = nu este el/ea ?
are we not ? = aren't we ? = nu suntem noi ?
are you not ? = aren't you ? = nu suntei voi ?
are they not ? = aren't they ? = nu sunt ei/ele ?
Funciile verbului TO BE
1. a) verb auxiliar pentru formarea aspectului continuu :
I am reading. = Eu citesc (acum).
b) verb auxiliar pentru formarea diatezei pasive
I am seen. = Eu sunt vzut.
2. verb modal: to be to = a urma / trebui s = a fi s;
I am to read. = Trebuie/urmeaz s citesc.
3. verb principal - atunci cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc;
We are at home. = Noi suntem acas.
8

They are in the park. = Ei/Ele sunt n parc.

verbul
TO HAVE = a avea
A || I have = I've = I have got = I've got = eu am
you have = you've = you have got = you've got = tu ai
he/she/it has = he's/she's/it's = he/she/it has got = he's/she's/it's got = el/ea are
we have = we've = we have got = we've got = noi avem
you have = you've = you have got = you've got = voi avei
they have = they've = they have got = they've got = ei/ele au

N || I have not= (I haven't) = I have not (haven't) got = eu nu am

you have not= (you haven't) = you have not (haven't) got = tu nu ai
he/she/it has not= (he/she/it hasn't) = he/she/it has not (hasn't) got = el/ea nu are
we have not= (we haven't) = we have not (haven't) got = noi nu avem
you have not =(you haven't) = you have not (haven't) got = voi nu avei
they have not= (they haven't) = they have not (haven't) got = ei/ele nu au
sau
I do not have = I don't have = eu nu am
you do not have = you don't have = tu nu ai
he/she/it does not have = he/she/it doesn't have = el/ea nu are
we do not have = we don't have = noi nu avem
you do not have = you don't have = voi nu avei
they do not have = they don't have = ei/ele nu au

I || have I? = have I got? = do I have? = eu am ? = am eu ?

9

have you? = have you got? = do you have ? = tu ai ? = ai tu?

has he/she/it? = has he/she/it got? = does he/she/it have? = el/ea are?
have we? = have we got? = do we have? = noi avem? = avem noi?
have you? = have you got? = do you have? = voi avei? = avei voi?
have they? = have they got? = do they have? = ei/ele au? = au ei/ele?

I - N ||have I not? = haven't I? = have I not (haven't I) got? = do I not (don't I) have?
= eu nu am? = eu n-am ? = nu am eu ?
have you not?=haven't you?=have you not (haven't you) got? =do you not (don't
you) have?
= tu nu ai= tu n-ai? =nu ai tu?
has he/she/it not ? = hasn't he/she/it? = has he/she/it not (hasn't he/she/it) got?
= does he/she/it not (doesn't he/she/it) have ?
= el/ea nu are ? = nu are el/ea ?
have we not? =haven't we? = have we not (haven't we) got? = do we not (don't we)
have ?
= noi nu avem ? = noi n-avem ?
have you not ? = haven't you ? = have you not (haven't you) got ? = do you not
(don't you) have ?
= voi nu avei
have they not ? = haven't they ? = have they not (haven't they) got ? = do they not
(don't they) have ?
= ei/ele nu au ?
Funciile verbului TO HAVE
1. verb auxiliar pentru formarea timpurilor The Present Perfect i The Past Perfect
I have come for two hours.
= Am venit de dou ore.
I had come for two hours.
10

=Venisem de dou ore.

2. verb modal:
to have to = must = trebuie
I must sing = I have to sing
= Eu trebuie s cnt. = Eu am de cntat.
He had to learn every day.
= El trebuia s nvee n fiecare zi.
3. verb principal:
a) to have = to possess = a avea/poseda
We have a house. = We possess a house.
= Avem o cas. = Posedm o cas.
They have had that house for ten years.
= Ei au casa aceea de zece ani.
b) to have = a mnca, a bea, a servi, a se distra etc.
We have breakfast at eight o'clock.
= Servim micul dejun la ora opt.
verbul

TO DO = a face
A || I do= eu fac
we do = noi facem
you do = tu faci
you do = voi facei
he/she/it does = el/ea face
they do = ei/ele fac
N || I do not do (I don't do) = eu nu fac
11

you do not do (you don't do) = tu nu faci

he/she/it does not do (doesn't do) = el/ea nu face
we do not do (we don't do) = noi nu facem
you do not do (you don't do) = voi nu facei
they do not do (they don't do) = ei/ele nu fac

I || do I do ? = eu fac ?
do you do ? = tu faci ?
does he/she/it do? =el/ea face ?
do we do? = noi facem ?
do you do ? = voi facei ?
do they do? = ei/ele

I N ||do I not do ? = don't I do ?

= eu nu fac ? = nu fac eu ?
do you not do ? = don't you do ?
= tu nu faci ? = nu faci tu ?
does he/she/it not do? = doesn't he/she/it do?
= ea/el nu face? = nu face el/ea?
Ca verb auxiliar, verbul to do nu se traduce.
Traducerea lui ns, ca i traducerea verbelor to be i to have s-a fcut totui pentru motive
practice.
Funciile verbului TO DO
1. verb auxiliar
Do you understand ? = nelegi ?
He does not understand. = El nu nelege.
12

2. verb de ntrire (emfatic)

I do like grammar. = mi place gramatica foarte mult.
3. verb principal
We did an exercise. = Noi am fcut un exerciiu.
Well begun is half done. (prov.) = Lucrul bine nceput jumtate e fcut.
verbul

B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA TIMPUL PREZENT

La prezent, verbele modale au aceeai form pentru toate persoanele.
CAN = TO BE ABLE TO= a putea, a ti, a fi n stare s
A|| I can (swim) = I am able to (swim)
= eu pot/tiu/sunt n stare s (not) etc.
N || I cannot (swim) = I can't (swim) = I am not able to (swim) = I aren't able to
(swim)
= eu nu pot/tiu/sunt n stare s..
I || Can I (swim) ? = Am I able to (swim) ? = pot/tiu eu s (not) ?
= sunt eu n stare s (not) ? etc.
I - N || Can I not (swim) ? = Can't I (swim) ? = Am I not able to (swim) ? = Aren't I
able to (swim) ?
= eu nu tiu/pot s (not) ? = eu nu sunt n stare s (not) ? etc.
verbul
Verbul CAN exprim:
a) abilitatea sau capacitatea:
can = to be able to = to know how to = to have the ability/power/skill to
= a putea/ti = a fi n stare s = a ti cum s
I can speak five languages.
13

= tiu s vorbesc cinci limbi.

He cannot speak French.
= El nu tie s vorbeasc franuzete.
b) - posibilitatea - la afirmativ i interogativ
They can be in the park.
= Ei pot fi n parc.
They can have been in the park.
= Se poate/Este posibil ca ei s fi fost n parc.
- imposibilitatea - la negativ:
They can't be in the park.
= Ei nu pot fi n parc.
This story cannot be true.
= Povestea aceasta nu poate fi adevrat.
She can't be under thirty.
= Nu poate avea sub treizeci de ani.
He can't have said that.
= El nu poate s fi spus asta. = Nu se poate ca el s fi spus asta.
c) o invitaie sau o rugminte:
Can you shut the window, please?
= Poi, te rog, s nchizi fereastra ?
Can you possibly come to my birthday party ?
= Poi cumva veni la petrecerea de ziua mea de natere ?
How can you possibly ask such a thing ?
= Cum poi ntreba aa ceva ?
d) permisiunea (n limbajul colocvial) i devine sinonim cu may, dar pentru politee se
prefer may.
can = may = to be free to = to have permission to = to be allowed/permitted to
14

= a putea, a fi liber s, a avea permisiunea s

You can/may use my umbrella.
= Poi folosi umbrela mea.
I can swim in that lake. = I am free to swim in that lake.
= Pot nota n lacul acela. = Sunt liber s not n lacul acela.
- la negativ can exprim interdicia sau imposibilitatea
- (can't = be forbidden/ prohibited to)
-cannot = to be incapable/unable to = a fi incapabil s
You can't go on the trip. = Nu poi merge n excursie.
It can't be six o'clock. = Nu poate fi ora ase.
verbul

MAY = TO BE PERMITTED / ALLOWED TO= a avea voie s, a-i fi permis/

ngduit s

A || I may (go) = I am permitted/allowed to (go)

= eu am voie/pot s (merg) = mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg) etc
N|| I may not (go) = I am not permitted/allowed to (go)
= eu nu am voie s (merg) = mie nu-mi este permis/ngduit s
Forma mayn't este considerat desuet i, n consecin, practic nefolosit.
I || May I (go)? = am I permitted/allowed to (go)?
=eu am voie/pot s (merg)? = mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
I-N || May I not (go)?=am I not permitted/allowed to (go)?
=eu nu am voie/nu pot s (..) ? = mie nu-mi este permis s (..)?
Verbul MAY exprim:
a) - permisiunea n prezent 15

"May I come in" ? = Pot intra , Pot s intru ?;

"Yes, you may." = Da, poi;
"Yes, of course" =Da, desigur =Da, bineneles.
"You may leave if you like," John said. = Poi pleca dac doreti, zise el.
devine n vorbire indirect:
John said that I might leave if I liked. = John said that I was allowed to leave if I
liked.
= John a zis c pot pleca dac doresc. = John a zis c-mi este ngduit s plec dac
doresc.
- interdicia se exprim prin may not:
You may not use my umbrella. = Nu poi folosi umbrela mea.
b) posibilitatea:
He may come late if the traffic's heavy.
= El poate veni trziu dac circulaia este intens.
He may have come yesterday.
= Este posibil ca el s fi venit ieri.
She may be learning her lessons.
= Ea poate i nva leciile.
He may not be able to pay his rent.
= Poate c el nu este n stare s-i plteasc chiria.
c) probabilitatea / incertitudinea sau curiozitatea:
What may he be ? = Ce poate fi el ?
I may have left my umbrella on the train. = Probabil/Poate mi-am uitat umbrela n tren.
He may come . = Probably he comes. = El poate veni. = Probabil el vine.
ntrebrile referitoare la posibilitate se formuleaz cu ajutorul verbului can nu al lui
may.
Can he have lost his way ? = Se poate ca el s se fi ratcit ?= Este posibil ca el s se fi
rtcit ?
16

d) o urare:
May you live long ! = S trieti !
May your dreams come true ! = S i se mplineasc visurile/dorinele !
verbul
MUST= TO HAVE TO = trebuie
A ||

I must (speak) = eu trebuie s (vorbesc) etc

N ||

I must not (speak) = I mustn't (speak) = eu nu trebuie s (vorbesc) etc.

I ||

Must I (speak) ? = trebuie eu s (vorbesc) ? etc.

I - N ||

Must I not (speak) ? = mustn't I (speak) ? = eu nu trebuie s (vorbesc) ? etc.

Verbul MUST exprim:

a) obligaia / necesitatea:
You must learn permanently. = Tu trebuie s nvei permanent.
=You must learn. = You have to learn. = You have (you've) got to learn.
ntre must i have to exist ns urmtoarea deosebire:
must exprim o obligaie/necesitate pornit din partea subiectului
(I must go to bed because I am very sleepy. = Trebuie s merg la culcare pentru c
mi este foarte somn.)
Have to exprim o obligaie impus subiectului din afar, deci o obligaie extern
(You have to be there at eight o'clock. = Tu trebuie s fii acolo la ora opt.)

You must not cross now. = You are not allowed / permitted to cross now
.= Tu nu trebuie s traversezi acum = N-ai voie s traversezi acum.
Must he go now? = Has he to go now?= Does he have to go now?
= Trebuie el s plece / mearg acum ?
- must not exprim interdicia:
"You must not interrupt me", he said.
= Nu trebuie s m ntrerupi, a zis el,
17

devine n vorbirea indirect:

He said that I mustn't interrupt him.
= El a zis c nu trebuie s-l ntrerup.
sau: He said that I didn't have to interrupt him.
= El a zis c nu trebuie s-l ntrerup.
b) probabilitatea:
He must know me.
= Probabil / poate (c ) m cunoate. = Trebuie s m tie.
Being late they must be at home.
= Fiind trziu probabil c sunt acas.
You must have paid a lot of money for this car.
= Probabil c ai pltit muli bani pentru maina aceasta. = Trebuie s fi pltit muli bani
pentru maina aceasta.
verbul
SHALL = se cade/cuvine/merit s, trebuie s
A || I shall (intervene) = eu se cade/cuvine s
You shall (intervene) = tu se cade/cuvine s
He/she shall (intervene) = el/ea se cade/cuvine s
We shall (intervene) = noi se cade/cuvine s
You shall (intervene) = voi se cade/cuvine s
They shall (intervene) = ei/ele se cade/cuvine s
N || I shall not (intervene) = I shan't (intervene)
= eu nu se cade s (intervin) = eu nu trebuie s (intervin) etc.
I || Shall I (intervene) ?
=se cade/trebuie s (intervin) eu ? = s (intervin) eu ? etc.
I - N ||Shall I not (intervene) ? = Shan't I (intervene) ?
= eu s nu (intervin) ? = eu nu trebuie s (intervin)? etc.
18

Prin SHALL se exprim:

a) permisiunea/invitaia:
You shall stay here as long as you like.
= S stai aici ct i place. = Poi s stai aici ct i place.
b) promisiunea:
You shall have a holiday in the mountains if you work hard.
= O s ai o vacan la munte dac o s munceti cum trebuie.
c) obligaia:
You shall do as he tells you.
= S faci cum i spune el.
You shall always be punctual.
= S fii totdeauna punctual.
He shall never break his promise !
= S nu-i calce niciodat promisiunea !
What shall I do now ?
= Ce s fac acum ?
verbul
WILL = a vrea, a dori
A || I will (learn) = eu vreau s (nv);
You will (learn) = tu vrei s (nvei)
He/she will (learn) = el/ea vrea s (nvee), etc.
N || I will not (learn) = I won't (learn)
= eu nu vreau s (nv) etc.
I || Will I (learn) ?
= eu vreau s (nv) ? = vreau eu s (nv) ? etc.
I - N ||Will I not (learn) ? = Won't I (learn) ?
= eu nu vreau s (nv) ? etc.
19

Prin verbul modal will se adreseaz o invitaie sau o dorin.

Will you have a cup of tea ?
= Doreti/Vrei o ceac de ceai ?
You may come to see us if you will.
= Poi veni pe la noi dac vrei.
verbul
OUGHT TO = ar trebui s, s-ar cuveni s (obligaie moral)
A || I ought to go
= eu trebuie s merg = eu se cuvine s merg;
You ought to go
= tu ar trebui s mergi = tu s-ar cuveni s mergi;
He/she ought to go
= el/ea ar trebui s mearg = el/ea se cuvine s mearg etc.
N || I ought not to go = I oughtn't to go
= eu nu ar trebui s merg = eu n-ar trebui s merg etc.
I || Ought I to go ?
= ar trebui eu s merg ? = s-ar cuveni eu s merg ? etc.
I - N|| Ought I not (oughtn't I) to go ?
= eu nu ar trebui s merg ? = n-ar trebui eu s merg ? etc.
You ought to tell her the truth.
= Se cuvine s-i spui adevrul.
You ought to have told her the truth.
= S-ar fi cuvenit s-i spui adevrul.
- ought to este sinonim cu should i exprim recomandarea, necesitatea sau obligaia
moral.
You ought to help your parents if they are very old.
= Se cuvine s-i ajui prinii dac sunt foarte btrni.
20

You oughtn't to take his umbrella without asking for permission.

= Tu nu trebuie s-i iei umbrela fr s ceri voie.
He knew he ought to help us.
= tia c trebuie s ne ajute.
verbul
DARE = a ndrzni, a se ncumeta;
(exist ns i verbul principal to dare - dared/durst - dared = a ndrzni)
A || La afirmativ verbul dare se conjug n maniera verbelor principale:
I dare = eu ndrznesc;
you dare = tu ndrzneti
he/she/it dares = el/ea ndrznete etc.

N || I dare not go = I daren't go = I don't dare (to) go

= eu nu ndrznesc s merg etc.
I ||Dare I go ? = do I dare (to) go?
= ndrznesc eu s merg ? = eu ndrznesc s merg ? etc
I-N || Dare I not go ? = don't I dare (to) go?
= nu ndrznesc eu s merg ? = eu nu ndrznesc s merg? etc .
- dare (to) = to be brave enough to = a ndrzni = a fi suficient de curajos pentru a
I dare go there alone. = ndrznesc s merg acolo singur.
- dare = to take the risk of = a ndrzni, a risca s, a nfrunta
They dare all the dangers. = Ei nfrunt toate pericolele.
- dare = to provoke somebody into a demonstration of courage
Dare you jump over that fence ? = ndrzneti s sari peste gardul acela ?
- dare + say = ndrznesc s spun
I dare say you can't swim across that lake.
= ndrznesc s spun c nu poi traversa lacul acela not.
21

verbul
NEED = a fi nevoie/necesar s, a trebui s
N || I need not go = I needn't go
= eu nu este nevoie s merg etc.
I ||Need I go ?
= este nevoie s merg eu? etc.
I-N ||Need I not (needn't I) go ?
= nu este nevoie s merg eu ?= eu nu este nevoie s merg ? etc.
- necesitate/nevoie
La afirmativ need se folosete cu adverbele hardly, scarcely, only:
I need hardly tell you something.
= Simt o mare nevoie s-i spun ceva.
You need only be present.
= Este nevoie s fii doar prezent.
Verbul need la negativ presupune lipsa obligaiei sau necesitii.
I needn't tell you everything.
= Nu este nevoie s-i povestesc totul.
I needn't go yet.
= nc nu este nevoie s plec.
NEEDN'T - n vorbirea indirect:
"You needn't come until I tell you", he said.
= - Nu este nevoie s vii pn nu-i spun eu, a zis el,
devine n vorbire indirect:
He said that I needn't come until he told me.
= El a zis c nu este nevoie s vin pn nu-mi spune el.
verbul
TO BE TO = a fi / trebui / urma s
22

You are to be there at six o'clock.

= S fii acolo la ora ase. = Trebuie / Urmeaz s fii acolo la ora ase.
What am I to do now ?
= Ce urmeaz/trebuie s fac eu acum ?
What is to be done now ?
= Ce este de fcut acum ?
I should have told you if we had been to go there.
= i-a fi spus dac noi ar fi fost s mergem acolo.
TO HAVE GOT TO = trebuie (folosit mult n limbajul colocvial american)
I have got to go now.
= Acum trebuie s plec.
n exemplul I will learn the lesson (Vreau s nv lecia) verbul will se pronun
accentuat, punndu-se astfel n eviden valoarea sa semantic.
n exemplul You will learn the lesson (Tu vei nva lecia) verbul will este auxiliar i
se pronun fr accent. n schimb verbul learn care urmeaz dup el se pronun
accentuat.
n exemplul He may never come (El poate s nu vin niciodat) verbul may exprim
o nuan de posibilitate/ndoial:
El poate veni, dar suntem lsai s credem c mai degrab nu va veni.
He may never come. = It is possible that he will never come.
Concluzie:Verbele can, may, must, shall, will, need, ought to se ntlnesc urmate fie
de infinitiv scurt prezent, fie de infinitiv scurt perfect.
He may have come. = E posibil ca el s fi venit.
He must have been rich. = El trebuie s fi fost bogat.
She can have gone on the trip. = Ea poate s fi mers n excursie.
verbul
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA PREZENT, ASPECTUL COMUN, DIATEZA
ACTIV

23

TO SEE = a vedea (dup acest model se conjug toate verbele principale)

A ||

I see = eu vd
you see = tu vezi
he /she/it sees = el/ea vede
we see = noi vedem
you see = voi vedei
they see = ei/ele vd

N ||

I do not see = I don't see = eu nu vd

you do not see = you don't see = tu nu vezi
he/she/it does not see = he/she/it doesn't see = el/ea nu vede
we do not see = we don't see = noi nu vedem
you do not see = you don't see = voi nu vedei
they do not see = they don't see =ei/ele nu vd, dnii/dnsele nu vd

I ||

do I see? = eu vd ?
do you see? = tu vezi ?
does he/she/it see? = el/ea vede ?
do we see? = noi vedem ?
do you see? = voi vedei ?
do they see? = ei/ele vd ?

I - N ||

do I not see ? = don't I see ? = eu nu vd ? = nu vd eu ?

do you not see ? = don't you see ? = tu nu vezi ? = nu vezi tu ?
does he/she/it not see ? = doesn't he/she/it see ? = el/ea nu vede ? etc.
verbul

TO DARE = a ndrzni, a provoca

A ||

I dare = eu ndrznesc etc.

N ||

I do not (don't) dare = eu nu ndrznesc etc.

I ||

Do I dare? = ndrznesc eu? etc.

24

I - N ||

Do I not (don't I) dare ? = eu nu ndrznesc ? = nu ndrznesc eu ? etc.

He dares many perils.

= El nfrunt multe pericole.
They dare me to do it but I don't dare
= Ei m provoac s-o fac, dar eu nu ndrznesc.
I do not dare to break my promise
= Eu nu ndrznesc s-mi calc promisiunea.
John does not dare to go there, does he ?
= John nu ndrznete s mearg/plece acolo, nu-i aa? = John nu are curaj s mearg
acolo, aa-i?
TO NEED = a fi necesar/nevoie s, a necesita/cere/presupune, a avea nevoie
de etc.
This work needs much skill. = Aceast treab cere/presupune mult ndemnare/
pricepere.

A ||

I need = eu am nevoie
you need = tu ai nevoie
he/she/it needs = el/ea are nevoie
we need = noi avem nevoie
you need = voi avei nevoie
they need = ei/ele au nevoie

N ||

I do not (I don't) need

= eu nu am nevoie = mie nu mi trebuie etc.

I ||

Do I need ?
= eu am nevoie ? = am eu nevoie ? = mie mi trebuie ? = mi trebuie mie ? etc.

I - N ||

Do I not need ? = don't I need ? = eu nu am nevoie ? = nu am eu nevoie ? = mie

nu mi trebuie ? = nu mi trebuie mie ? etc.

They don't need our help, do they ?

25

= Ei nu au nevoie de ajutorul nostru, nu-i aa?

Do they need any help ?
= Au ei nevoie de vreun ajutor ?
Plants need rain.
= Plantele au nevoie de ploaie.
I need much time.
= Am nevoie de mult timp. = mi trebuie mult vreme.
You needed such a book.
= Tu ai avut nevoie de o astfel de carte.
I need to do something.
= Trebuie s fac ceva. = Simt nevoia s fac ceva.
He does not need to work.
= El nu este nevoit s lucreze/munceasc.
Did they need anything ?
= Le trebuia lor ceva ? = Aveau ei nevoie de ceva ?
verbul
D. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR LA PREZENT - ASPECTUL CONTINUU - DIATEZA ACTIV
Aspectul continuu al verbului exprim aciuni de durat sau n desfurare, deci
aciuni neterminate.
Se formeaz cu auxiliarul to be plus participiul prezent al verbului de conjugat.
Aspect continuu au numai verbele principale iar la prezent aceste aciuni neterminate
se efectueaz de regul n momentul vorbirii.
Uneori momentul desfurrii lor este imaginat coinciznd cu prezentul.
I am writing a letter. = Scriu o scrisoare (acum).
I am leaving tomorrow. = Plec mine.
TO SPEAK = a vorbi
A || I am speaking = eu vorbesc
you are speaking = tu vorbeti
26

he/she is speaking = el/ea vorbete

we are speaking = noi vorbim
you are speaking = voi vorbii
they are speaking = ei/ele vorbesc
N || I am not speaking = I aren't speaking = eu nu vorbesc
you are not speaking = you aren't speaking = tu nu vorbeti
he /she is not speaking = he/she/it isn't speaking = el/ea nu vorbete
we are not speaking = we aren't speaking = noi nu vorbim
you are not speaking = you aren't speaking = voi nu vorbii
they are not speaking = they aren't speaking = ei/ele nu vorbesc
I || am I speaking ? = eu vorbesc ?
are you speaking ? = tu vorbeti?
is he/she/it speaking ? = el/ea vorbete?
are we speaking ? = noi vorbim ?
are you speaking ? = voi vorbii ?
are they speaking? = ei/ele vorbesc?
I - N ||am I not speaking ? = aren't I speaking ? = eu nu vorbesc ?
are you not speaking ? = aren't you speaking ? = tu nu vorbeti ?
is he/she not speaking ? = isn't he/she speaking ? = el/ea nu vorbete ?
are we not speaking ? = aren't we speaking ? = noi nu vorbim ?
are you not speaking ? = aren't you speaking ? = voi nu vorbii ?
are they not speaking ? = aren't they speaking ? = ei/ele nu vorbesc ?
verbul
TO WILL = Avrea
A || I am willing to (read)
= eu vreau s (citesc) etc.
N || I am not (I aren't) willing to (read)
27

= eu nu vreau s (citesc) etc.

I || Am I willing to (read)?
= eu vreau s (citesc)? = vreau eu s (citesc) ? etc.
I - N ||Am I not willing to (read)? = aren't I willing to (read)?
= eu nu vreau s (citesc)? = nu vreau eu s (citesc) ?
verbul

E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR LA PREZENT - DIATEZA PASIV - ASPECTUL COMUN

TO BE SEEN = a fi vzut
A || I am seen = eu sunt vzut()
you are seen = tu eti vzut()
he/she/it is seen = el/ea este vzut()
we are seen = noi suntemvzui/vzute
you are seen = voi suntei vzui/vzute
they are seen = ei/ele sunt vzui/vzute
N ||

I am not seen = I aren't seen

= eu nu sunt vzut()
You are not seen = you aren't seen
= tu nu eti vzut()
He/she/it is not seen = he/she/it isn't seen
= el/ea nu este vzut()
We are not seen = we aren't seen
= noi nu suntem vzui/vzute
You are not seen = you aren't seen
= voi nu suntei vzui/vzute
They are not seen = they aren't seen = ei/ele nu sunt vzui/vzute
I ||

Am I seen ?
28

= eu sunt vzut() ? = sunt eu vzut() ?

Are you seen ? =
tu eti vzut() ? = eti tu vzut() ?
Is he/she/it seen ?
= el/ea este vzut() ? = este el/ea vzut() ?
Are we seen ?
= noi suntem vzui/vzute ? = suntem noi vzui/vzute ?
Are you seen ?
= voi suntei vzui/vzute ? = suntei voi vzui/vzute ?
Are they seen ?
= ei/ele sunt vzui/vzute ? = sunt ei/ele vzui/vzute ?
I - N ||

Am I not seen ? = aren't I seen ?

= eu nu sunt vzut/() ? = nu-s eu vzut/() ?

Are you not seen ? = aren't you seen ?
= tu nu eti vzut/() ? = nu eti tu vzut/()?
Is he/she/it not seen ? = isn't he/she/it seen ?
= el /ea nu este vzut() ? = nu-i el/ea vzut() ?
Are we not seen ? = aren't we seen ?
= noi nu suntem vzui/vzute ? = nu suntem noi vzui/vzute?
Are you not seen ? = aren't you seen ?
= voi nu suntei vzui/ ? = nu suntei voi vzui/vzute?
Are they not seen ? = aren't they seen ? =
ei/ele nu sunt vzui/vzute ? = nu-s ei/ele vzui/vzute?
verbul
F. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR LA PREZENT - DIATEZA PASIV - ASPECTUL CONTINUU
TO BE BEING LOOKED AT = a fi privit()
A ||

I am being looked at
29

= eu sunt privit()
You are being looked at
= tu eti privit()
He/she/it is being looked at
= el/ea este privit()
We are being looked at
= noi suntem privii/privite
You are being looked at
= voi suntei privii/private
They are being looked at
= ei/ele sunt privii/privite
N ||

I am not being looked at = I aren't being looked at

= eu nu sunt privit()
You are not being looked at = you aren't being looked at
= tu nu eti privit()
He/she/it is not being looked at = he/she/it isn't being looked at
= el/ea nu este privit() etc.
I ||

Am I being looked at ?

= sunt eu privit() ? etc

I-N ||

Am I not being looked at ?= aren't I being looked at ?

= eu nu sunt privit() ? etc.

Today he is being a good boy.
= Astzi/azi el este biat cuminte.
G. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE LA TIMPUL PREZENT - ASPECTUL COMUN
TO ENJOY ONESELF = a se distra / amuza
A ||

I enjoy myself = eu m distrez

You enjoy yourself = tu te distrezi
30

He enjoys himself = el se distreaz

She enjoys herself = ea se distreaz
we enjoy ourselves = noi ne distrm
you enjoy yourselves = voi v distrai
they enjoy themselves = ei/ele se distreaz
It enjoys itself = el/ea se distreaz
N ||

I do not enjoy myself = I don't enjoy myself = eu nu m distrez etc.

I ||

Do I enjoy myself ? = eu m distrez ? = m distrez eu ? etc.

I - N ||

Do I not enjoy myself ? = don't I enjoy myself ? = eu nu m distrez ? etc.

verbul

H. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE LA TIMPUL PREZENT - ASPECTUL

CONTINUU

TO BE ENJOYING ONESELF = a se distra/amuza

A ||

I am enjoying myself

= eu m distrez/amuz (n acest moment, acum) etc.

N ||

I am not enjoying myself

= eu nu m distrez/amuz etc.
I ||

Am I enjoying myself ?

= eu m distrez/amuz ? = m distrez/amuz eu ? etc.

I - N ||Am I not enjoying myself ? = aren't I enjoying myself ?
eu nu m distrez/amuz ? = nu m distrez/amuz eu ? etc.

RECAPITULARE: SCHEMA CONJUGRII VERBELOR LA

PREZENT, ASPECTUL COMUN.
AFIRMATIV
(A)

NEGATIV
(N)

MODUL INDICATIV, TIMPUL

INTEROGATI
V

INTEROGATIVNEGATIV (I-N)

(I)
VERBE

I am = eu

I am not = eu nu Am I ? = eu
31

Am I not ? = eu

AUXILIARE

sunt etc.

sunt

VERBE

I can (go) =
eu pot s
(merg) etc.

I cannot (go) = I Can I (go) ?

can't (go) = eu
= pot eu s
nu pot s (merg) (merg) ?etc.
etc.

Can I not (go)? =

Can't I (go)? = eu
nu pot s (merg)?
etc.

I go = eu
merg etc

I do not go = I
Do I go ? =
don't go = eu nu eu merg ? =
merg etc.
etc.

Do I not go ? =
Don't I go ? = eu
nu merg ? etc.

MODALE

VERBE
PRINCIPALE

sunt ?

nu sunt ?

VERBELE PRINCIPALE/NOIONALE SE CONJUG LA NEGATIV, INTEROGATIV,

RESPECTIV INTEROGATIV-NEGATIV, CU AJUTORUL VERBULUI TO DO.
verbul
1.6.2.1.2. THE PRESENT PERFECT
Se traduce n limba romn prin prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus.
The Present Perfect se formeaz cu auxiliarul TO HAVE, care se conjug la prezent
plus participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat.
The Present Perfect exprim o aciune:
1.trecut terminat:
I have seen them today. = I-am vzut astzi.
2. trecut terminat n momentul vorbirii:
Where have you been ?
= Unde ai fost (pn acum) ?
3.trecut neterminat:
He has learned English for three years.
= nva englezete de trei ani.
How long have you learned English?
= De ct timp nvei tu englezete?
Since when have you learned English ?
32

= De cnd nvei tu englezete?

verbul

A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR

AUXILIARE LA TIMPUL

THE PRESENT PERFECT

Verbele auxiliare nu se conjug la Present Perfect . Verbele to be, to have i to do se

pot conjuga la acest timp atunci cnd ele sunt verbe principale, aa cum se vede mai jos:
TO BE = a fi
A || I have been = I've been = eu sunt = eu s
you have been = you've been = tu eti
he/she/it has been= he's/she's/it's been = el/ea este = el/ea i/e
we have been = we've been = noi suntem
you have been = you've been = voi suntei
they have been = they've been = ei/ele sunt
N || I have not been = I haven't been = eu nu sunt = eu nu-s
you have not been = you haven't been = tu nu eti
he /she/it has not been = he/she/it hasn't been = el/ea nu este = el/ea nu-i = el/ea nu e
we have not been = we haven't been = noi nu suntem
you have not been = you haven't been = voi nu suntei
they have not been = they haven't been = ei/ele nu sunt = ei/ele nu-s
I || have I been? = eu sunt? = sunt eu?
have you been? = tu eti? = eti tu ?
has he/she/it been? = el/ea este/e/i?
have we been?= noi suntem? = suntem noi?
have you been? = voi suntei? = suntei voi?
have they been? = ei/ele sunt? = sunt ei/ele?
I - N ||have I not been? = haven't I been? = eu nu sunt? = nu sunt eu? = eu nu-s?
have you not been? = haven't you been? = tu nu eti? = nu eti tu?
33

has he/she/it not been? = hasn't he/she/it been? = el/ea nu este? = nu este el/ea?
have we not been ? = haven't we been? = noi nu suntem? = nu suntem noi?
have you not been ? = haven't you been? = voi nu suntei? = nu suntei voi?
have they not been? = haven't they been? = ei/ele nu sunt? = nu sunt ei/ele?
I have had = eu am ; eu am avut etc.
I have done = am fcut etc.
verbul
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR

MODALE LA TIMPUL

THE PRESENT PERFECT

CAN - COULD - O - O = to be able to

A || I have been able to ......
= pot s ...... = sunt n stare s ....etc.
N || I have not been able to ....
= nu pot s .... = nu sunt n stare s ..... etc.
I || Have I been able to ....?
= pot eu s ....? = sunt eu n stare s ...? etc.
I - N ||Have I not been able to ... ?
= nu pot eu s ... ? = nu sunt eu n stare s ...? etc.
How long have you been able to speak English?
= De cnd tii/poi tu s vorbeti englezete?
How long have you been allowed to drive a car?
= De ct timp poi / ai voie tu s conduci maina?

C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA ACTIV, ASPECTUL COMUN

TO COME = A VENI
A || I have come = eu am venit
you have come = tu ai venit
he/she/it has come = el/ea a venit etc.
34

N || I have not come = I haven't come = eu nu am venit etc.

I || have I come ? = am venit eu ? = eu am venit ? etc.
I-N ||have I not come ? = haven't I come ? = eu nu am venit ? etc.
I have come for two hours. = Am venit de dou ore.
How long have I come ? = De ct timp am venit eu ?
I have come since one o'clock. = Am venit de la ora unu.
Since when have I come ? = De cnd am venit eu ?
He has known her since 1970. = El o cunoate din 1970.
Since when has he known her ? = De cnd o cunoate el?
verbul
D. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA PASIV, ASPECTUL COMUN
I have been seen. = Eu sunt vzut. etc.
E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE - ASPECT CONTINUU
I have been enjoying myself = eu m distrez, etc.
TO PLAY = a se juca
A || I have been playing = eu (m) joc
You have been playing = tu (te) joci
He/she/it has been playing = el/ea (se) joac etc.
N || I have not been playing = I haven't been playing = eu nu (m) joc etc.
I || Have I been playing? = eu (m) joc? etc.
I - N || Have I not been playing ? = haven't I been playing ? = eu nu (m) joc ? etc.
How long have you been reading the letter ? = De ct timp citeti scrisoarea ?
I know what he has been doing today. = Eu tiu ce a fcut el azi/astzi.
verbul
F1. PREZENT PERFECT ASPECT COMUN
Where have you been?
= Unde ai fost tu (pn acum)?
35

I have just come.

= Eu tocmai am venit.
I haven't had dinner yet.
= nc n-am servit cina.
I have seen them today.
= Azi i-am vzut. = Eu i-am vzut azi.
He has been busy lately.
= El a fost ocupat n ultimul timp.
We have learned English for one year.
= Noi nvm englezete de un an.
He has known her for a long time.
= El o cunoate de mult timp.
He has been avaricious all his life.
= El a fost zgrcit toat viaa lui.
Have you bought a car yet?
= Ai cumprat deja o main?
Acest timp, The Present Perfect se folosete mult n conversaii, scrisori, ziare i la
radio deoarece faptele relatate au o legtur important cu prezentul.
El apare n propoziiile n care se ntlnesc adverbe de timp ca:
just = tocmai/doar/ abia,
yet = deja/nc,
recently = de curnd/recent,
today = azi/astzi,
lately = n ultimul timp,
this week/month = sptmna/ luna aceasta,
this year = anul acesta,
since/from that hour = de la ora aceea,
36

since /from that day = din ziua aceea,

since/from that moment = din momentul acela,
for a long time = de mult timp, de mult vreme,
for long = de mult,
for a few moments = de cteva clipe,
for a few minutes = de cteva minute,
since/from Sunday = de duminic,
since/from 1989 = din 1989 etc.
They have been friends since recently.
= Ei sunt prieteni de curnd.
I have lived in this town till now/today.
= Am locuit n acest ora pn acum/azi.
verbul
F2. THE PRESENT PERFECT - ASPECTUL CONTINUU
Exprim o aciune trecut neterminat care se poate termina sau nu n prezent.
I have been waiting for you for five minutes.
= Te atept de cinci minute.
I have been waited for for five minutes.
= Sunt ateptat de cinci minute.
Since when have you been waiting for me?
= De cnd m atepi?
How long have you been waiting for me?
= De ct timp m atepi?
I have been waiting for you since ten o'clock.
= Te atept de la ora zece.
I have never seen a live dinosaur, have you?
= N-am vzut niciodat un dinozaur viu, dar tu?
37

We have been living in this city for twenty years.

= Locuim/trim n acest ora de douzeci de ani.
We have been living here ever since then.
=Locuim/trim aici chiar de atunci.
We have been playing tennis for ten minutes.
= Jucm tenis de zece minute.
How long have we been playing tennis?
= De ct timp jucm noi tenis ?
I have been living in Craiova since 1970.
= Eu locuiesc/triesc n Craiova din 1970.
We have been playing tennis since five o'clock.
=Jucm tenis de la ora cinci.
Since when have we been playing tennis?
= De cnd jucm noi tenis ?
The book has been being read for two hours.
= Cartea este citit de dou ore.
The match has been being watched for thirty minutes.
= Meciul este privit de treizeci de minute.
The matter has been being discussed for fifteen minutes.
= Problema se discut de cincisprezece minute.
verbul
1.6.2.1.3. THE PAST TENSE
Se traduce prin imperfect, perfect simplu, perfect compus i exprim o aciune trecut
terminat.
I saw her yesterday. = Am vzut-o ieri.
Este a doua form de baz a verbului (vezi lista de baz a verbelor!).
Verbele principale sunt 1) regulate i 2) neregulate.
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1. regulate - la forma a II-a i a III-a de baz primesc terminaia -ed.

Terminaia -ed se citete:
- [ t ] cnd este precedat de o consoan nesonor/surd;
asked [`Askt], looked [lukt]
- [ d ] cnd este precedat de o consoan sonor;
received [ri`sIvd] , proved [`prUvd]
- [ id ] cnd este precedat de literele t sau d ;
added [`Edid], wanted [`wontid]
2. neregulate (vezi lista la sfritul crii)
verbul
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA PAST TENSE
TO BE - WAS/WERE - BEEN
A || I was = eu am fost, eu eram
you were = tu ai fost, tu erai
he/she/it was = el/ea era/a fost
we were = noi am fost, noi eram
you were = voi/dv. ai fost, voi/dv. erai
they were = ei/ele au fost, ei/ele erau
N || I was not = I wasn't = eu nu am fost = eu nu eram
you were not = you weren't = tu nu ai fost = tu nu erai
he/she/it was not = he/she/it wasn't = el/ea nu a fost = el/ea nu era etc.
I || was I ? = eu am fost? = eu eram ?
were you ? = tu ai fost? = tu erai ?
was he/she/it ? = el/ea a fost ? = el/ea era ? etc.
I N || was I not ? = wasn't I ? = eu nu am fost ? = eu nu eram ?
were you not ? = weren't you ? = tu nu ai fost ? = tu nu erai ?
was he/she/it not ? = wasn't he/she/it ? = el/ea nu a fost ? = el/ea nu era? etc.
39

verbul
TO HAVE - HAD - HAD
A || I had = eu am avut, eu aveam
you had = tu ai avut, tu aveai
he /she/it had = el/ea a avut, el/ea avea
we had = noi am avut, noi aveam
you had = voi/dv. ai avut, voi/dv. Aveai
they had = ei/ele au avut, ei/ele aveau
N || I had not = I hadn't = eu nu am avut = eu n-am avut = eu nu aveam etc
I || had I? = eu am avut?, eu aveam? etc.
I N || had I not ? = hadn't I ? = eu nu am avut ? = eu nu aveam ? etc.
TO DO - DID - DONE
A || I did = eu am fcut, eu fceam
you did = tu ai fcut, tu fceai
he/she/it did = el / ea a fcut, el/ea fcea
we did = noi am fcut, noi fceam
you did = voi/dv. ai fcut, voi / dv. fceai
they did = ei/ele au fcut, ei / ele fceau
N || I did not do = I didn't do = eu nu am fcut, eu nu fceam etc.
I || Did I do? = eu am fcut ?, eu fceam ? etc.
I N || Did I not do? = didn't I do? = eu nu am fcut ?, eu nu fceam ? etc.
SHOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past, persoana I singular i plural,
precum i pentru formarea modului condiional (prezent i perfect)
WOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past pers. II - III i condiional.
El l poate nlocui pe should la pers. I sg. i pl. att la timpul The Future in the Past ct
i la modul condiional.
verbul
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA PAST TENSE
40

COULD
A || I could (go) = I was able to (go)
= eu puteam/eram n stare s (merg)
You could (go) = you were able to (go)
= tu puteai/erai n stare s (mergi)
He/she/it could (go) = he/she/it was able to (go)
= el/ea putea/era n stare s (mearg) etc.
N || I could not (go)=I couldn't (go)=I was not able to (go)=I wasn't able to (go)
=eu nu puteam (..)=eu nu eram n stare s
I || could I (go)? = was I able to (go) ?
= eu puteam s (..)? = puteam eu s (..)? = eu eram n stare s (..)? = eram eu
n stare.
I N || could I not (go)? = couldn't I (go)? = was I not able to (go)? = wasn't I able to
(go)?
= eu nu puteam (merge)?
Verbul COULD exprim:
1. abilitatea n trecut;
I could speak German last year = I was able to speak German last year
= tiam s vorbesc germana anul trecut.
b) o invitaie sau o rugminte (condiional prezent)
Could you (possibly) come to my birthday party?
= Ai putea ( puteai ) veni la petrecerea de ziua mea de natere?
Could you lend me your umbrella? = Ai putea s-mi mprumui umbrela ta ?
c) permisiunea / posibilitatea n trecut
They could go on a trip. = Ei puteau merge n excursie.
MIGHT= TO BE ALLOWED
Verbul might, adic a II a form de baz a verbului may care la timpul prezent printre
41

altele exprim i permisiunea, poate exprima permisiunea la trecut atunci cnd may devine
might transformat din vorbire direct n vorbire indirect.
"May I go on the trip", asked Mary.
= - Pot merge n excursie, ntreb Mary. devine n vorbirea indirect:
Mary asked if she might go on the trip. = Mary asked if she was allowed to go on
the trip.
= Mary a ntrebat dac poate s mearg n excursie.
= Mary a ntrebat dac i este ngduit s mearg n excursie.
Verbul MIGHT exprim:
a) posibilitatea n prezent (might fiind auxiliar modal la condiional prezent):
He might be there. = Ar putea fi acolo.
Might he still be there ?
= Ar putea fi acolo nc ? = Ar putea fi tot acolo ?
b) posibilitatea n trecut : You might have succeeded if you had tried.
= Tu ai fi putut reui dac ai fi ncercat. = S-ar fi putut s reueti dac ai fi ncercat.
I knew he might be late.
= tiam c este posibil s ntrzie.
c) interdicia n trecut: She said that we might not go on that trip.
= She said that we were not allowed to go on that trip.
= Ea a zis c noi nu putem merge n excursia aceea.
= Ea a zis c nou nu ne este ngduit / permis s mergem n excursia aceea.
d) o manier politicoas de a cere permisiunea : (folosit la condiional prezent)
Might I ask you something ?
= A putea s te/v ntreb ceva ?
Might I use your phone ?
= A putea folosi telefonul tu ?
verbul
42

HAD TO = A TREBUI SA
A || I had to (go) = eu trebuia s (merg)
you had to (go) = tu trebuia s (mergi)
he/she/it had to (go) = el/ea trebuia s (mearg) etc
N || I had not to (go) = I hadn't to (go) = I did not (didn't) have to (go)
= eu nu trebuia s (..) = eu nu a (n-a) trebuit s (..)
I || had I to (go) ? = did I have to (go) ?
= eu trebuia s (merg) ? etc
I-N || had I not to (go) ? = did I not have to (go) ?
= eu nu trebuia s (merg) ? etc.
SHOULD = trebuia, se cuvenea s
Should este a doua form de baz (adic Past Tense) a verbului shall i exprim o
obligaie, sau o recomandare n trecut.
We should learn. = Trebuia s nvm. = Se cuvenea s nvm.
n aceast situaie should este sinonim cu ought to.
A || I should (go) = eu trebuia s (merg) (se cuvenea s merg)
you should (go) = tu trebuia s (mergi)
he /she/it should (go) = el/ea trebuia s (mearg) etc
N || I should not (go) = I shouldn't (go) = eu nu trebuia s (merg) etc.
I || should I (go) ? = trebuia eu s (merg) ? etc.
I-N || should I not (go) ? = shouldn't I (go) ? = nu trebuia eu s (merg) ? etc.

Should + infinitiv perfect = obligaie n trecut

You should have told us the truth. = You ought to have told us the truth.
= Ar fi trebuit s ne spui adevrul.
You shouldn't have refused their help.
= N-ar fi trebuit s le fi refuzat ajutorul.
43

verbul
WOULD = a voi
A || I would (see) = eu voiam s (..) ; eu vedeam, obinuiam s (..)
you would (see)
= tu voiai s (..) ; tu vedeai, obinuiai
he/she/it would (see)
= el/ea voia s (vad) ; el/ea vedea, obinuia s (vad) etc
N || I would not (see) = I wouldn't (see)
= eu nu voiam s (vd); eu nu vedeam etc.
I || would I (see) ?
= voiam eu s (vd) ? ; obinuiam eu s (vd) ?, vedeam eu ? eu vedeam? etc.
I - N || would I not (see) ? = wouldn't I (see) ?
= eu nu voiam s (vd) ? = nu voiam eu s (vd)?; eu nu obinuiam s (vd)?
Would este a II-a form de baz a verbului will.
I understood he would not see them.
= Am neles c nu voia s-i vad .
Verbul WOULD exprim:
a) - aciune repetat n trecut (would = used to)
He would go swimming with other boys. = He used to go swimming with other boys .
= El obinuia s noate cu ali biei.
b) - dorin n trecut He would go on the trip.
= El dorea s mearg n excursie.
NEED
Se folosete la negativ i interogativ urmat de infinitiv fr particula to.
Needn't urmat de infinitiv perfect exprim c s-a petrecut ceva nenecesar.
You needn't have gone there.
= Nu era necesar/nevoie s fi mers acolo.
44

I knew I need not repeat the question.

= tiam c nu e nevoie s repet ntrebarea.
You needn't have cooked our dinner because we are going to dine out with friends
tonight.
= Nu era necesar s fi pregtit cina pentru c vom cina cu prietenii n ora disear.
He didn't need to get up so early. = It was not necessary for him to get up so early.
= Nu era necesar/nevoie ca el s se scoale aa devreme.
N || I need not (go) = I needn't (go)
= eu nu era nevoie s (merg) etc.
I || Need I (go) ?
= eu era nevoie/necesar s merg ? = era necesar s (merg)? etc.
I - N || Need I not (go)? =needn't I (go)?
= eu nu era necesar/nevoie s (merg)? = n-aveam eu nevoie s (merg) ?
verbul
USED TO = WOULD
A nu se confunda acest verb cu verbul principal regulat to use - used - used = a
ntrebuina, a folosi. Se traduce n limba romn prin timpul imperfect, iar sensul i este dat
de verbul principal pe lng care funcioneaz n propoziie.
A || I used to (play) = I would (play)
= eu jucam = eu obinuiam s (joc)
You used to (play) = you would (play)
= tu jucai = tu obinuiai s (joci)
He/she used to (play) = he/she would (play)
= el/ea juca = el/ea obinuia s (joace) etc
N || I use(d)n't to (play) = I wouldn't (play)
= eu nu obinuiam s (joc) etc
I || Use(d) I to (play) ? = would I (play) ?
= obinuiam eu s (joc) ? etc
45

I-N ||Use(d)n't I to (play) ? = wouldn't I (play) ?

= eu nu obinuiam s (joc) ? etc
- to be used to = a fi obinuit / nvat cu / s
He was used to their dogs.
= El era obinuit / nvat cu cinii lor.
He was used to catch fish.
= El era nvat / obinuit s prind pete.
- to get used to = a se nva /obinui cu
We got used to these working conditions.
= Trebuia s ne obinuim cu aceste condiii de munc.
There used to be some tents on this ground last summer, use(d)n't there ?
= Erau nite corturi pe terenul acesta vara trecut, nu-i aa ?
- didn't use to - este form colocvial; use(d)n't to este forma literar
Alte structuri modale:
had better = mai bine s
We had better arrived there earlier than later.
Mai bine s ajungem acolo mai devreme dect mai trziu.
would rather ... than...= a prefera s ... dect s ...
I would rather walk than take a taxi.
= A prefera s merg pe jos dect s iau un taxi.
VERBUL

C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - ASPECTUL COMUN, DIATEZA ACTIV

TO SEE - SAW - SEEN (verb principal neregulat)
A || I saw= eu am vzut, eu vedeam
you saw = tu ai vzut, tu vedeai
he/she/it saw = el/ea a vzut, el/ea vedea
we saw = noi am vzut, noi vedeam
46

you saw = voi ai vzut, voi vedeai

they saw = ei/ele au vzut, ei/ele vedeau
N || I did not see = I didn't see = eu nu am vzut
you did not see = you didn't see = tu nu ai vzut
he/she/it did not see = he/she/it didn't see = el/ea nu a vzut etc.
I || did I see ? = eu am vzut ? = am vzut eu ? etc.
I - N || did I not see ? = didn't I see ? = eu nu am (n-am) vzut ? etc.
verbul
TO ANSWER - ANSWERED - ANSWERED = a rspunde (verb regulat)
A || I answered = eu am rspuns

we answered = noi am rspuns

you answered = tu ai rspuns

you answered = voi ai rspuns

he/she/it answered = el/ea a rspuns

they answered = ei/ele au rspuns

N || I did not answer = I didn't answer = eu nu am rspuns

you did not answer = you didn't answer = tu nu ai rspuns
he/she/it did not answer = he/she/it didn't answer = el/ea nu a rspuns etc.
I || did I answer ? = eu am rspuns ? = am rspuns eu ? etc.
I - N || did I not answer ? = didn't I answer ? = eu nu am rspuns ? etc.

TO DARE - DARED - DARED = a indrazni,a provoca

A || I dared = eu am ndrznit

we dared = noi am ndrznit

you dared = tu ai ndrznit

you dared = voi ai ndrznit

he/she/it dared = el/ea a ndrznit

they dared = ei/ele au ndrznit

N || I did not dare = I didn't dare = eu nu am (n-am) ndrznit etc.

I || did I dare ? = eu am ndrznit ? = am ndrznit eu ? etc.
I - N || did I not dare ? = didn't I dare ?
= eu nu am ndrznit ? = n-am ndrznit eu ? etc.
They dared me to do it but I didn't dare.
47

= Ei m-au provocat s-o fac, dar eu n-am avut curajul.

I did not dare to break my promise/word.
= Nu am ndrznit s-mi calc promisiunea/cuvntul.
John did not dare to go there, did he ?
= John n-a ndrznit s mearg/plece acolo, nu-i aa ?
verbul
TO NEED - NEEDED - NEEDED= a necesita, a solicita
This work needed much skill.
= Treaba aceasta a necesitat/ solicitat/ presupus mult ndemnare/ pricepere.
A || I needed = eu am avut nevoie = mie mi-a trebuit
you needed = tu ai avut nevoie = ie i-a trebuit
he/she/it needed = el/ea a avut nevoie = lui/ei i-a trebuit
we needed = noi am avut nevoie = nou ne-a trebuit
you needed = voi ai avut nevoie = vou v-a trebuit
they needed = ei/ele au avut nevoie = lor le-a trebuit
N || I did not need = I didn't need
= eu nu am avut nevoie = mie nu mi-a trebuit etc.
I || did I need ?
= eu am avut nevoie ? = am avut eu nevoie ? = mi-a trebuit mie ? = mie mi-a trebuit? etc.
I - N || did I not need ? = didn't I need ?
= eu nu am avut nevoie ? = n-am avut eu nevoie?
They didnt need our help, did they?
=Ei nu au avut nevoie de ajutorul nostru, nu-i aa?=Lor nu le-a trebuit ajutorul nostru, aa-i
?
Did they need any help ?
= Au avut ei nevoie de vreun ajutor ? = Le-a trebuit lor vreun ajutor ?
Plants and animals needed rain.
48

= Plantele i animalele aveau nevoie de ploaie.

We needed a lot of time
= Am avut nevoie de mult timp. = Ne-a trebuit mult vreme.
verbul
D. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA ACTIV, ASPECTUL CONTINUU
TO SPEAK - SPOKE - SPOKEN = a vorbi
A ||
I was speaking = eu vorbeam

we were speaking = noi vorbeam

you were speaking = tu vorbeai

you were speaking = voi vorbeai

he/she was speaking = el/ea vorbea

they were speaking = ei/ele vorbeau

N || I was not (wasn't) speaking = eu nu vorbeam etc.

I || was I speaking ? = vorbeam/am vorbit eu ? etc.
I-N ||was I not (wasn't I ) speaking ? = nu vorbeam eu ? etc.

E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA PASIV, ASPECTUL COMUN

TO SEE - SAW- SEEN
A ||I was seen = eu am fost vzut()
you were seen = tu ai fost vzut()
he/she/it was seen = el/ea a fost vzut()
we were seen = noi am fost vzui/vzute
you were seen = voi ai fost vzui/vzute
they were seen = ei/ele au fost vzui/vzute
N || I was not seen = I wasn't seen = eu nu am fost vzut() etc.
I || was I seen? = eu am fost vzut? = am fost eu vzut()? etc.
49

I - N || was I not seen? = wasn't I seen? = eu nu am fost vzut()? etc.

verbul
F. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA PASIV, ASPECTUL CONTINUU
TO BE BEING LOOKED AT (by smb.) = a fi privit (de cineva)
A || I was being looked at = eu eram privit()
you were being looked at = tu erai privit()
he/she/it was being looked at = el/ea era privit()
we were being looked at = noi eram privii/privite
you were being looked at = voi erai privii/privite
they were being looked at = ei erau privii/private
N || I was not being looked at = I wasn't being looked at = eu nu eram privit() etc.
I || was I being looked at ? = eram eu privit()? etc.
I-N |was I not being looked at ? = wasn't I being looked at ? = eu nu eram privit()? etc.
verbul

G. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE - ASPECTUL COMUN

TO ENJOY - ENJOYED - ENJOYED ONESELF = a se distra
A || I enjoyed myself = eu m-am distrat/amuzat
you enjoyed yourself = tu te-ai distrat/amuzat
he/she/it enjoyed himself/herself/itself = el/ea s-a distrat/amuzat
we enjoyed ourselves = noi ne-am distrat/amuzat
you enjoyed yourselves = voi v-ai distrat/amuzat
they enjoyed themselves = ei/ele s-au distrat/amuzat
N || I did not enjoy myself = I didn't enjoy myself = eu nu m-am distrat etc.
I || did I enjoy myself ? = eu m-am distrat ? = m-am distrat eu ? etc.
I - N || did I not enjoy myself ? = didn't I enjoy myself ? = eu nu m-am distrat ? etc.
50

verbul
H. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE - ASPECTUL CONTINUU
TO ENJOY ONESELF = a se distra
A || I was enjoying myself
= eu m distram/amuzam
you were enjoying yourself
= tu te distrai/amuzai
he was enjoying himself
= el se distra/amuza
she was enjoying herself
= ea se distra/amuza
it was enjoying itself
= el/ea se distra/amuza
we were enjoying ourselves
= noi ne distram/amuzam
you were enjoying yourselves
= voi v distrai/amuzai
they were enjoying themselves
= ei/ele se distrau/amuzau
N || I was not (wasn't) enjoying myself
= eu nu m distram etc.
I || was I enjoying myself ?
= eu m distram? = m distram eu ? etc.
I - N || was I not (wasn't I) enjoying myself ?
= eu nu m distram ? etc.
I saw him a moment ago.
= L-am vzut acum o clip. = L-am vzut mai nainte.
51

The boys always played tennis in the afternoon.

= Bieii jucau totdeauna tenis dup amiaza/masa.
I met them on Sunday afternoon.
= I-am ntlnit duminic dup amiaz/mas.
I entered the house as soon as it began to rain.
= Am intrat n cas de ndat ce a nceput s plou.
They ate lunch together every day.
= Ei au servit prnzul mpreun n fiecare zi.
The Past Tense apare n propoziiile n care se ntlnesc adverbe de timp ca:
yesterday = ieri,
the day before yesterday = alaltieri,
two days/weeks/months/ ago = acum dou zile/ sptmni/ luni,
last time = ultima dat/oar,
last week/ month = sptmna/luna trecut,
last year = anul trecut etc.
Did you see John earlier this week?
= L-ai vzut pe John mai pe la nceputul sptmnii acesteia?
De reinut urmtoarele perechi de exemple corecte :
I saw John today. = I have seen John today.
= L-am vzut pe John azi.
I saw John this week/month. = I have seen John this week/month.
= L-am vzut pe John sptmna/luna aceasta.
I saw John recently. = I have seen John recently.
= L-am vzut pe John recent.
verbul

1.6.2.1.4. MAI MULT CA PERFECT (THE PAST PERFECT)

52

Exprim o aciune trecut terminat anterioar altei aciuni trecute terminate.

Se formeaz cu had plus participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat.
It had begun to rain (1)/when I entered the house (2).
= ncepuse s plou cnd am intrat n cas.
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA THE PAST PERFECT
TO BE - WAS/WERE - BEEN
A || I had been = eu fusesem

we had been = noi fusesem

you had been = tu fusesei

you had been = voi fusesei

he/she/it had been = el/ea fusese

they had been = ei/ele fuseser

N || I had not been = I hadn't been = eu nu fusesem etc.

I || had I been? = eu fusesem? = fusesem eu? etc.
I - N || had I not been? = hadn't I been? = eu nu fusesem? = nu fusesem eu? etc.

TO HAVE - HAD - HAD

A || I had had = eu avusesem

we had had = noi avusesem

you had had = tu avusesei

you had had = voi avusesei

he/she/it had had = el/ea avusese

they had had = ei/ele avuseser

N || I had not had = I hadn't had = eu nu avusesem etc.

I || had I had ? = eu avusesem ? = avusesem eu ? etc.
I - N || had I not had ? = hadn't I had ? = eu nu avusesem ? = nu avusesem eu ? etc.

TO DO - DID - DONE
A || I had done = eu fcusem

we had done = noi fcusem

you had done = tu fcusei

you had done = voi fcusei

he/she/it had done = el/ea fcuse

they had done = ei/ele fcuser

N || I had not done = I hadn't done = eu nu fcusem etc.

I || had I done ? = eu fcusem ? = fcusem eu ? etc.
53

I - N || had I not done ? = hadn't I done ? = eu nu fcusem ? = nu fcusem eu ? etc.

B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR

MODALE LA TIMPUL

THE PAST PERFECT

CAN - COULD - 0 = TO BE ABLE TO

A || I had been able to (play)
= eu putusem/tiusem/fusesem n stare s (joc)
you had been able to (play)
= tu putusei/tiusei/fusesei n stare s (joci)
he/she/it had been able to (play)
= el/ea putuse/tiuse/fusese n stare s (joace)
we had been able to (play)
= noi putusem/tiusem/fusesem n stare s (jucm)
you had been able to (play)
= voi putusei/tiusei/fusesei n stare s (jucai)
they had been able to (play)
= ei/ele putuser/tiuser/fuseser n stare s (joace)
N || I hadn't been able to (play)
= eu nu putusem/tiusem/fusesem n stare s (joc) etc.
I || had I been able to (play) ?
= eu putusem/tiusem/fusesem n stare s (joc) ? etc.
I - N || had I not been able to (play)?=hadn't I been able to (play)?
=eu nu putusem s (joc)?=eu nu fusesem n stare s (joc) ?
verbul
MAY - MIGHT - 0 = TO BE PERMITED/ALLOWED TO
A || I had been permitted/allowed to (play)
= eu avusesem voie/ putusem s (joc) = mie mi fusese permis ngduit s (joc)
you had been permitted/allowed to (play)
54

= tu avusesei voie/ putusei s (joci) = ie i fusese permis/ngduit s (joci)

he/she/it had been permitted/allowed to (play)
= el/ea avusese voie s (joace) = el/ea putuse s (joace) = lui/ei i fusese
permis/ngduit s (joace)
we had been permitted/allowed to (play)
= noi avusesem voie s (..) = noi putusem s (..) = nou ne fusese permis s
you had been permitted/allowed to (play)
= voi avusesei voie s (jucai) = voi putusei s (jucai) = vou v fusese permis s
(jucai)
they had been permitted/allowed to (play)
= ei/ele avuseser voie s (joace) = ei/ele putuser s (joace) = lor le fusese
permis/ngduit s (joace)
N || I had not been permitted/allowed to (play) = I hadn't been permitted/allowed to
(play)
= eu nu avusesem voie s (..)
I || Had I been permitted/allowed to (play) ?
= avusesem eu voie s (joc) ? = putusem eu s (joc)? = mi fusese mie permis
I - N || had I not been permitted/allowed to (play) ? = hadn't I been permitted/
allowed to (play) ?
= eu nu avusesem voie s (joc) ? = eu nu putusem s (joc) ? = nu-mi fusese mie
permis/ngduit s (joc) ? etc.
verbul
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
A || I had had to (play) = eu trebuise s (joc)
you had had to (play) = tu trebuise s (joci)
he/she/it had had to (play) = el/ea trebuise s (joace)
we had had to (play) = noi trebuise s (jucm)
you had had to (play) = voi trebuise s (jucai)
they had had to (play) = ei/ele trebuise s (joace)
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N || I had not had to (play) = I hadn't had to (play)

= eu nu trebuise s (joc) etc.
I || had I had to (play) ?
= trebuise eu s (joc) ? etc.
I - N || had I not had to (play) ? = hadn't I had to (play) ?
= eu nu trebuise s (joc) ? = nu trebuise eu s (joc) ? etc.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - ASPECTUL COMUN, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SPEAK - SPOKE - SPOKEN
A || I had spoken = eu vorbisem
you had spoken = tu vorbisei
he/she had spoken = el/ea vorbise
we had spoken = noi vorbisem
you had spoken = voi vorbisei
they had spoken = ei/ele vorbiser
N || I had not spoken = I hadn't spoken = eu nu vorbisem etc.
I || had I spoken ? = eu vorbisem ? = vorbisem eu ? etc.
I - N || had I not spoken? = hadn't I spoken?
= eu nu vorbisem? = nu vorbisem eu? etc.
verbul
D. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - ASPECTUL CONTINUU, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SPEAK - SPOKE-SPOKEN
A || I had been speaking = eu vorbisem
you had been speaking = tu vorbisei
he/she had been speaking = el/ea vorbise
we had been speaking = noi vorbisem
you had been speaking = voi vorbisei
they had been speaking = ei/ele vorbiser
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N || I had not been speaking = I hadn't been speaking = eu nu vorbisem etc.

I || had I been speaking ? = eu vorbisem ? = vorbisem eu ? etc.
I - N || had I not been speaking ? = hadn't I been speaking ?
= eu nu vorbisem ? = nu vorbisem eu ? etc.
E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA PASIV, ASPECTUL COMUN
TO BE ASKED = a fi ntrebat
A || I had been asked = eu fusesem ntrebat
you had been asked = tu fusesei ntrebat
he/she had been asked = el/ea fusese ntrebat()
we had been asked = noi fusesem ntrebai
you had been asked = voi fusesei ntrebai
they had been asked = ei/ele fuseser ntrebai(te)
N || I had not been asked = I hadn't been asked = eu nu fusesem ntrebat etc.
I || had I been asked ? = eu fusesem ntrebat ? = fusesem eu ntrebat ? etc.
I - N || had I not been asked ? = hadn't I been asked ? = eu nu fusesem ntrebat ? = nu
fusesem eu ntrebat ? etc.
Exist cazuri cnd The Past Perfect se traduce prin The Past Tense.
I was at home when he had come to see me. = Eram acas cnd a venit el pe la mine.
n exemplul : El a zis c ne ateapt de cinci minute. - verbul ateapt din limba
romn, care este la prezent se traduce n limba englez prin Past Perfect: He said that he
had been waiting for us for five minutes.
verbul
1.6.2.1.5. VIITORUL SIMPLU (THE SIMPLE FUTURE)
Exprim o aciune posterioar timpului prezent (adic momentului vorbirii).
Se formeaz cu auxiliarele shall /will la persoana I singular i plural, i will la celelalte
persoane, plus infinitivul scurt prezent al verbului de conjugat.
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA VIITOR SIMPLU
TO BE = a fi
57

A || I shall/will be = I'll be = eu voi fi = eu o s fiu

you will be = you'll be = tu vei fi = tu o s fii
he/she/it will be = he'll/she'll/it'll be = el/ea o s fie
we shall/will be = we'll be = noi vom fi = o s fim
you will be = you'll be = voi vei fi = voi o s fii
they will be = they'll be = ei/ele vor fi = ei/ele o s fie
N || I shall/will not be = I shan't be = eu nu voi fi = eu n-o s fiu
you will not be = you won't be = tu nu vei fi = tu n-o s fii
he/she/it will not be = he/she/it won't be = el/ea nu va fi = el/ea n-o s fie etc.
I || shall/will I be ? = eu voi fi ? = eu o s fiu ? = voi fi eu ? = o s fiu eu ? etc.
I - N || shall/will I not be ? = shan't/won't I be ?
= eu nu voi fi ? = nu voi fi eu ? = eu n-o s fiu ? etc.
verbul
TO HAVE
A || I shall/will have = I'll have = eu voi avea = eu o s am
you will have = you'll have = tu vei avea = tu o s ai
he/she/it will have = he'll/she'll/it'll have = el/ea va avea = el/ea o s aib
we shall/will have = we'll have = noi vom avea = noi o s avem
you will have=you'll have=voi vei avea=voi o s avei
they will have = they'll have = ei/ele vor avea = ei/ele o s aib
N || I shall/will not have = I shan't/won't have = eu nu voi avea = n-o s am
you will not have = you won't have = tu nu vei avea = tu n-o s ai
he/she/it will not have = he/she/it won't have = el/ea nu va avea = n-o s aib etc.
I || shall/will I have ? = eu voi avea ? = voi avea eu ? = eu o s am ? etc.
I - N || shall/will I not have?= shan't/won't I have?
=eu nu voi avea?=nu voi avea eu? = eu n-o s am? = n-o s am eu ?
TO DO
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A || I shall/will do = I'll do
= eu voi face = eu o s fac
you will do= you'll do
= tu vei face = tu o s faci
he/she/it will do = he'll/she'll/it'll do
= el/ea o s fac
we shall/will do= we'll do
=noi vom face=o s facem
they will do = they'll do =
ei/ele vor face=ei/ele o s fac
N || I shall/will not do = I shan't/won't do
= eu nu voi face = eu n-o s fac
you will not do = you won't do
= tu nu vei face = tu n-o s faci
he/she/it will not do = he/she/it won't do
= el/ea nu va face = el/ea n-o s fac etc.
I || shall/will I do ?
= eu voi face ? = voi face eu ? = eu o s fac ? = o s fac eu ? etc.
I - N || shall/will I not do ? = shan't/ won't I do ?
= eu nu voi face ? = nu voi face eu ? = eu n-o s fac ? = n-o s fac eu ?
verbul
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA TIMPUL VIITOR SIMPLU
CAN - COULD - 0 = TO BE ABLE TO
A ||I shall/will be able to (swim) = I'll be able to (swim)
= eu voi putea/ti s (not) = eu fi voi n stare s (not)
you will be able to (swim) = you'll be able to (swim)
= tu vei putea/ti s (noi) = tu vei fi n stare s (noi)
59

he/she/it will be able to (swim) = he'll/she'll/it'll be able to (swim)

= el/ea va putea/ti s (noate) = el/ea va fi n stare s
we shall/will be able to (swim) = we'll be able to (swim)
= noi vom putea/ti s (notm) = noi vom fi n stare s (notm)
you will be able to (swim) = you'll be able to (swim)
= voi vei putea/ti s (notai) = voi vei fi n stare s (notai)
they will be able to (swim) = they'll be able to (swim)
= ei/ele vor putea/ti s (noate) = ei/ele vor fi n stare s (noate)
N ||I shall/will not be able to (swim) = I shan't/won't be able to (swim)
= eu nu voi putea/ti s (not) = eu nu voi fi n stare s
you will not be able to (swim) = you won't be able to (swim)
= tu nu vei putea/ti s (noi) = tu nu vei fi n stare s (noi)
he/she/it will not be able to (swim) = he/she/it won't be able to (swim)
= el/ea nu va putea/ti s (noate)
I || shall/will I be able to (swim) ?
= eu voi putea/ti s (not) ? = eu voi fi n stare s (not) ? etc.
I-N ||shall/will I not be able to (swim) ? = shan't/won't I be able to (swim) ?
= eu nu voi putea/ti s (not) ? = eu nu voi fi n stare s (not) ? = eu n-o s fiu n stare s
(not) ? etc.
verbul
MAY-MIGHT - 0 = TO BE PERMITTED/ALLOWED TO
A ||I shall/will be permitted/allowed to (go)
= eu voi avea voie s (merg) = mie mi va fi permis/ngduit s (merg) = eu o s pot s
you will be permitted/allowed to (go)
= tu vei avea voie s (mergi) = ie i va fi permis/ngduit s (mergi) = tu o s poi s
he/she/it will be permitted/allowed to (go)
= el/ea va avea voie s (mearg) = lui/ei i va fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
60

we shall/will be permitted/allowed to (go)

= noi vom avea voie s (mergem) = nou ne va fi permis/ngdui s (mergem)
you will be permitted/allowed to (go)
= voi vei avea voie s (mergei) = vou v va fi permis/ngduit s (mergei)
they will be permitted/allowed to (go)
= ei/ele vor avea voie s (mearg) = lor le va fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)

N ||I shall/will not be permitted/allowed to (go) = I shan't/won't be permitted/ allowed

to (go)
= eu nu voi avea voie s (merg) = eu nu voi putea s (merg) = mie nu-mi va fi
permis/ngduit s (merg) = eu n-o s am voie s (merg)
you will not be permitted/allowed to (go) = you won't be permitted/allowed to (go)
= tu nu vei avea voie s (mergi) = tu nu vei putea s (mergi) = ie nu-i va fi
permis/ngduit s (mergi) = tu n-o s ai voie s (mergi)
he/she/it will not be permitted/allowed to (go) = he/she/it won't be permitted/ allowed
to (go)
= el/ea nu va avea voie s (mearg) = el/ea nu va putea s (mearg) = lui/ei nu-i va fi
permis/ngduit s (mearg) = el/ea n-o s aib voie s (mearg) etc.
I ||shall/will I be permitted/allowed to (go) ?
= eu voi avea voie s (merg) ? = voi avea eu voie s (merg) ? = mi va fi mie
permis/ngduit s (merg) ? =eu o s pot (merge) ? etc.
I-N ||shall/will I not be permitted/allowed to (go) ? = shan't/won't I be permitted/
allowed to (go) ?
= eu nu voi avea voie s (merg) ? = eu nu voi putea s (merg) ? = eu nu voi putea
(merge) ? = mie nu-mi va fi permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
MUST - MUST - 0 = TO HAVE TO
A ||I shall/will have to (go) = I'll have to (go)
= eu va trebui s (merg) = eu o s trebuiasc s (merg)
you will have to (go) = you'll have to (go)
= tu va trebui s (mergi) = tu o s trebuiasc s (mergi)
61

he/she/it will have to (go) = he'll/she'll/it'll have to (go)

= el/ea va trebui s (mearg) = el/ea o s trebuiasc s (mearg)
we shall/will have to (go) = we'll have to (go)
= noi va trebui s (mergem) = noi o s trebuiasc s (mergem)
you will have to (go) = you'll have to (go)
= voi va trebui s (mergei) = voi o s trebuiasc s (mergei)
they will have to (go) = they'll have to (go)
= ei/ele va trebui s (mearg) = ei/ele o s trebuiasc s (mearg)
N ||I shall/will not have to (go) = I shan't/won't have to (go)
= eu nu va trebui s (merg) = eu n-o s trebuiasc s (merg)
you will not have to (go) = you won't have to (go)
= tu nu va trebui s (mergi) = tu n-o s trebuiasc s (mergi)
he/she/it will not have to (go) = he/she/it won't have to (go)
= el/ea nu va trebui s (mearg) = el/ea n-o s trebuiasc s.
I || shall/will I have to (go) ?
= eu va trebui s (merg) ? = va trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
I - N ||shall/will I not have to (go) ? = shan't/won't I have to (go) ?
= eu nu va trebui s (merg) ? = nu va trebui eu s (merg) ?
verbul
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA ACTIV, ASPECTUL
COMUN
TO SPEAK
A ||

I shall/will speak = I'll speak

= eu voi vorbi = eu o s vorbesc

you will speak = you'll speak
= tu vei vorbi = tu o s vorbeti
he/she will speak = he'll/she'll speak
62

= el/ea va vorbi = el/ea o s vorbeasc

we shall/will speak = we'll speak
= noi vom vorbi = noi o s vorbim
you will speak = you'll speak
= voi vei vorbi = voi o s vorbii
they will speak = they'll speak
= ei/ele vor vorbi = ei/ele o s vorbeasc
N || I shall/will not speak = I shan't/won't speak
= eu nu voi vorbi = eu n-o s vorbesc
you will not speak = you won't speak
= tu nu vei vorbi = tu n-o s vorbeti
he/she will not speak = he/she won't speak
= el/ea nu va vorbi = el/ea n-o s vorbeasc etc.
I || shall/will I speak ?
= eu voi vorbi ? = voi vorbi eu ? = eu o s vorbesc ? etc.
I-N || shall/will I not speak ? = shan't/won't I speak ?
= eu nu voi vorbi ? = nu voi vorbi eu ? = eu n-o s vorbesc ?
verbul
TO DARE - DARED - DARED
A || I shall/will dare = I'll dare
= eu voi ndrzni = eu o s ndrznesc
you will dare = you'll dare
= tu vei ndrzni = tu o s ndrzneti
he/she/it will dare = he'll/she'll/it'll dare
= el/ea va ndrzni = el/ea o s ndrz- neasc
we shall/will dare = we'll dare
63

= noi vom ndrzni = noi o s ndrznim

you will dare = you'll dare
= voi vei ndrzni = voi o s ndrznii
they will dare = they'll dare
= ei/ele vor ndrzni = ei/ele o s ndrzneasc
N ||

I shall/will not dare = I shan't/won't dare

= eu nu voi ndrzni = eu n-o s ndrznesc etc.

I ||

shall/will I dare ?

= eu voi ndrzni ? = voi ndrzni eu? = o s ndrznesc eu? etc.

I-N || shall/will/will I not dare?=shan't/won't I dare?
= eu nu voi ndrzni?=nu voi ndrzni eu?=eu n-o s ndrznesc ?
They will not dare to break their word.
= Ei nu vor ndrzni s-i calce cuvntul.
I shall/will not dare to go there alone
=Eu nu voi ndrzni s merg acolo singur()=Eu nu voi avea curaj s merg acolo singur()
verbul
TO NEED - NEEDED - NEEDED
A ||

I shall/will need = I'll need

= eu voi avea nevoie = mie mi va trebui = eu o s am nevoie = mie o s-mi trebuiasc

you will need = you'll need
= tu vei avea nevoie = ie i va trebui = tu o s ai nevoie = ie o s-i trebuiasc
he/she/it will need = he'll/she'll/it'll need
= el/ea va avea nevoie = lui/ei i va trebui = el/ea o s aib nevoie
we shall/will need = we'll need
= noi vom avea nevoie = nou ne va trebui = noi o s avem nevoie
you will need = you'll need
= voi vei avea nevoie = vou v va trebui = voi o s avei nevoie = vou o s v
64

trebuiasc
they will need = they'll need
= ei/ele vor avea nevoie = lor le va trebui = ei/ele o s aib nevoie = lor o s le
trebuiasc
N ||

I shall/will not need = I shan't/won't need

= eu nu voi avea nevoie = mie nu-mi va trebui = mie n-o s-mi trebuiasc
I ||

shall/will I need ?

= eu o s am nevoie ? = o s am eu nevoie ? = mi va trebui mie ? = mie o s-mi trebuiasc

I-N || shall/will I not need ? = shan't/won't I need ?
= nu voi avea eu nevoie ? = n-o s am eu nevoie ? = mie nu-mi va trebui ? = nu-mi va
trebui mie ? = mie n-o s-mi trebuiasc ? = n-o s-mi trebu-iasc mie ? etc.
Plants and animals will always need rain.
= Plantele i animalele vor avea totdeauna nevoie de ploaie.
Will you need any help ?
= Vei avea tu nevoie de vreun ajutor ?
What will you need ?
= De ce vei avea nevoie ? = Ce v va trebui ?
verbul
D. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA ACTIV, ASPECTUL CONTINUU
TO SPEAK
A || I shall/will be speaking = I'll be speaking
= eu voi vorbi = eu o s vorbesc
you will be speaking = you'll be speaking
= tu vei vorbi = tu o s vorbeti
he/she will be speaking = he'll/she'll be speaking
= el/ea va vorbi = el/ea o s vorbeasc
we shall/will be speaking = we'll be speaking
= noi vom vorbi = noi o s vorbim
65

you will be speaking = you'll be speaking

= voi vei vorbi = voi o s vorbii
they will be speaking = they'll be speaking
= ei/ele vor vorbi = ei/ele o s vorbeasc
N || I shall/will not be speaking = I shan't/won't be speaking
= eu nu voi vorbi = eu n-o s vorbesc etc.
I || shall/will I be speaking ?
= eu voi vorbi ? = voi vorbi eu ? = eu o s vorbesc? etc.
I-N ||shall/will I not be speaking ? = shan't/won't I be speaking ?
= eu nu voi vorbi ? etc.
verbul
E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA PASIV
TO BE ADMIRED
A || I shall/will be admired = I'll be admired
= eu voi fi admirat = eu o s fiu admirat
you will be admired = you'll be admired
= tu vei fi admirat = tu o s fii admirat
he/she/it will be admired = he'll/she'll/it'll be admired
= el/ea va fi admirat() = el/ea o s fie admirat()
we shall/will be admired = we'll be admired
= noi vom fi admirai = noi o s fim admirai
you will be admired = you'll be admired
= voi vei fi admirai = voi o s fii admirai
they will be admired = they'll be admired
= ei/ele vor fi admirai/admirate = ei/ele o s fie admirai/admirate
N || I shall/will not be admired = I shan't/won't be admired
= eu nu voi fi admirat = eu n-o s fiu admirat etc.
66

I || shall/will I be admired?
= eu voi fi admirat? = voi fi eu admirat? = eu o s fiu admirat? = o s fiu eu admirat?
I-N ||shall/will I not be admired ? = shan't/won't I be admired ?
= eu nu voi fi admirat ? = nu voi fi eu admirat ?
verbul
1.6.2.1.6. VIITORUL ANTERIOR (THE FUTURE PERFECT)
Exprim o aciune viitoare care se petrece naintea altei aciuni viitoare. Se
formeaz cu auxiliarele shall/will plus infinitivul scurt perfect al verbului de conjugat.
By five o'clock, when you come, I shall have written the letter.
= Pn la ora cinci, cnd vei veni tu, eu voi fi scris scrisoarea.
I shall/will have been
= eu voi fi fost
I shall/will not have been
= eu nu voi fi fost
Shall/Will I have been ?
= voi fi fost eu ? = eu voi fi fost ?
I shall/will have had to
= eu va fi trebuit s etc.
Shall/Will I not have been?=
eu nu voi fi fost?=nu voi fi fost eu?
CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA VIITOR ANTERIOR
TO COME = a veni
A || I shall/will have come = eu voi fi venit
you will have come = tu vei fi venit
he/she/it will have come = el/ea va fi venit
we shall/will have come = noi vom fi venit
you will have come = voi vei fi venit
67

they will have come = ei/ele vor fi venit

N || I shall/will not have come = I shan't/won't have come
= eu nu voi fi venit etc.
I || shall/will I have come ?
= eu voi fi venit ? = voi fi venit eu ? etc.
I-N ||shall/will I not have come ? = shan't/won't I have come ?
= eu nu voi fi venit ? etc.
verbul
1.6.2.1.7. VIITOR N TRECUT (THE FUTURE IN THE PAST)
Exprim o aciune viitoare comunicat ntr-un moment trecut i se folosete n
fraze. Se traduce n limba romn prin timpul viitor simplu.
Se formeaz cu auxiliarele should/would la persoana I singular i plural i would la
celelalte persoane plus infinitivul scurt prezent al verbului de conjugat.
You told me (1) that you would come (2).
= Mi-ai spus c vei veni.
Did I tell you that I should/would come ?
= i-am spus eu c voi veni ?
TO COME = a veni
A || I should/would come = eu voi veni
you would come = tu vei veni
he/she/it would come = el/ea va veni
we should/would come = noi vom veni
you would come = voi vei veni
they would come = ei/ele vor veni
N || I should/would not come = I shouldn't/wouldn't come = eu nu voi veni
you would not come = you wouldn't come
= tu nu vei veni = tu n-o s vii
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he/she/it would not come = he/she/it wouldn't come

= el/ea nu va veni = el/ea n-o s vin etc.
I || should/would I come ? = eu voi veni ? etc.
I-N ||should/would I not come ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I come ?
= eu nu voi veni ? etc.
verbul
1.6.2.1.8. VIITORUL APROPIAT (THE NEAR FUTURE = THE FUTURE OF
INTENTION)
Se formeaz cu construcia to be going to (a avea de gnd s = a inteniona s) din
care verbul to be se conjug la Prezent, Past Tense i Past Perfect, mpreun cu
infinitivul scurt prezent al verbului de conjugat.
Aceast construcie exprim o aciune ce urmeaz s aib loc la scurt timp dup ce a fost
anunat. Se traduce i prin viitor.
1) I am going to play tennis.
= Am de gnd s joc tenis.= voi juca tenis.
2) I was going to play tennis.
= Aveam de gnd s joc tenis.
3) I had been going to play tennis.
= Avusesem de gnd s joc tenis.
Alte modaliti de exprimare a viitorului:
a) prin intermediul adverbelor de timp care conin ideea de viitor
They are coming tomorrow, not tonight.
= Ei vin (vor veni) mine, nu disear.
b) cu ajutorul verbului to be to = a urma s
When are they to be married ?
= Cnd urmeaz ei s se cstoreasc ?
They are to be married in August.
= Ei urmeaz s se cstoreasc n august.
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What are you to do after that ?

= Ce vei face dup aceea ?
What was I to do ?
= Ce era s fac ? = Ce aveam de fcut ? = Ce trebuia s fac ?
I did not know what they were to do.
= Eu nu am tiut ce urma s fac ei.
We are to pay the cost of the ticket.
= Urmeaz s pltim costul biletului.
c) cu construcia/structura to be about to = a fi pe punctul de a, a fi gata s
They are about to leave.
= Ei sunt gata s plece. = Sunt gata de plecare. = Sunt pe punctul de plecare. = Ei stau s
plece.
d) cu ajutorul structurii to be going to = a avea de gnd s, a inteniona s :
He is going to be 25 years old next year.
= El va avea 25 de ani anul urmtor.
Do you think it is going to rain ?
= Crezi c va ploua ?
I suppose this house is going to be expensive. = Presupun c aceast cas va fi scump.
verbul
1.6.2.2. MODUL SUBJONCTIV (THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD)
Se folosete n propoziii cu sensuri negative. Exprim :
a) o condiie ireal, care se poate realiza sau nu
If I were there, I should help you.
= Dac a fi acolo, te-a ajuta.
b) o concesie probabil:
He wouldn't find me even if he came earlier.
= Nu m-ar gsi chiar dac ar veni mai devreme.
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c) o dorin:
He wished he had more friends .
= Ar dori s aib mai muli prieteni.
I wish I were there.
= A dori s fiu acolo.
Se ntrebuineaz:
- Dup conjuncii ca :
if = dac,
if only = numai dac,
even if = chiar dac,
as if = ca i cnd/cum, de parc,
as though = ca i cum,
lest = ca s nu,
however = orict de,
however (little) = orict de (puin),
however (much) = orict de (mult),
however (few) = orict de (puini),
however (many) = orict de (muli),
however (late) = orict de (trziu),
whatever = orice, indiferent care, oricare,
if need be = dac e nevoie/necesar etc.
- Dup verbul wish sau expresiile it's time (or it's high time) = este timpul s,
it is necessary = este necesar,
it is probable/likely = este probabil,
it is possible = este posibil,
it is right = este drept/corect,
it is wrong = este greit/nedrept etc.
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It was ordered that computers be used.

= S-a ordonat s se foloseasc /ntrebuineze calculatoarele.
"Come what may", he said.
= S se ntmple ce s-o ntmpla, a zis el. Fie ce-o fi, a zis el.
"So be it", Mary repeated.
= Aa s fie, a repetat Mary.
"If need be, we send you a coach", he said.
= Dac este necesar, v trimitem un autocar, a zis el.
Iat o subdiviziune a subjonctivului din punct de vedere formal:
1) Subjonctiv prezent (The Present Subjunctive or Subjunctive I)
Se traduce prin conjunctiv prezent sau condiional-optativ prezent.
Ca form coincide cu infinitiv scurt prezent - toate persoanele avnd aceeai form.
Exemplu:
It is vital that you go there now
=Este vital ca tu s mergi acolo acum
So be it. = Aa s fie
if need be = dac este nevoie
2) Subjonctiv trecut (The Simple Past Subjunctive or Subjunctive II)
It's time we went home. = E timpul s mergem acas.
I wish I were there .= A vrea s fiu acolo.
3) Subjonctiv perfect ( The Past Perfect Subjunctive or Subjunctive III)
If I had bought the book I should have read it.
= Dac a fi cumprat cartea a fi citit-o.
Comparai cele dou moduri :
subjonctiv

indicativ

if I were here = dac a fi aici

if I was here = dac eu eram aici

if you were here = dac tu ai fi aici

if you were here = dac tu erai aici

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if he/she/it were here=dac el/ea ar fi aici

if he/she/it was here = dac el/ea era

aici

if we were here = dac noi am fi aici

if we were here = dac noi eram aici

if you were here = dac voi ai fi aici

if you were here = dac voi erai aici

if they were here = dac ei/ele ar fi aici if they were here = dac ei/ele erau aici
He does not remember if/whether I was there.
= El nu-i amintete dac eu eram acolo.
If I were there I should/would play tennis.
= Dac a fi acolo a juca tenis.
If need be I would come earlier. = If it were necesary I would come earlier.
= Dac ar fi necesar a veni mai devreme.
verbul
1.6.2.2.1. SUBJONCTIVUL II (THE SUBJUNCTIVE II)
n limba romn se traduce prin condiional optativ prezent i exprim un fapt
ireal. (ex.
If I had money I would buy a car.
= Dac a avea bani a cumpra o main.
Se nelege din acest exemplu c nu pot cumpra main pentru c nu am bani.)
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA SUBJUNCTIVE II
TO BE = a fi
A || if I were = dac eu a fi

if we were = dac noi am fi

if you were = dac tu ai fi

if you were = dac voi ai fi

if he/she/it were = dac el/ea ar fi

if they were = dac ei/ele ar fi

I || were I ... = s fiu eu, de-a fi eu ...

were we ... = s fim noi, de-am fi noi ...
were you ... = s fii voi, de-ai fi voi ...
were you ... = s fii tu, de-ai fi tu ...
were they ... = s fie ei/ele, de-ar fi ei/ele ...
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were he/she/it ... = s fie el/ea, de-ar fi el/ea ...

N ||if I were not = if I weren't = dac eu nu a fi = dac eu n-a fi etc.
I-N ||were I not = weren't I = s nu fiu eu = de n-a fi eu etc.
TO HAVE = a avea
A || if I had = dac eu a avea

if we had = dac noi am avea

if you had = dac tu ai avea

if you had = dac voi ai avea

if he/she/it had = dac el/ea ar avea

if they had = dac ei/ele ar avea

I || had I = s am eu = de-a avea eu

had we = s avem noi = de-am avea noi

had you = s ai tu = de-ai avea tu

had you = s avei voi = de-ai avea voi

had he/she/it = s aib el/ea, de-ar avea el/ea had they = s aib ei/ele = de-ar avea
ei/ele
N || if I had not = if I hadn't = dac eu nu a avea = dac eu n-a avea etc.
I-N ||had I not = hadn't I = s n-am eu = de n-a avea eu etc.
TO DO = a face
A || if I did = dac eu a face

if we did = dac noi am face

if you did = dac tu ai face

if you did = dac voi ai face

if he/she/it did = dac el/ea ar face

if they did = dac ei/ele ar face

I || did I do = s fac eu = de-a face eu etc.

N || if I did not do = if I didn't do
= dac eu nu a face = dac eu n-a face etc.
I-N ||did I not do = didn't I do = s nu fac eu = de n-a face eu etc.
verbul
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR

MODALE LA

SUBJUNCTIVE II

CAN - COULD - 0 = TO BE ABLE TO

A || if I could (go) = if I were able to (go)
= dac eu a putea (merge) = dac eu a fi n stare s (merg)
if you could (go) = if you were able to (go)
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= dac tu ai putea (merge) = dac tu ai fi n stare s (mergi)

if he/she/it could (go) = if he/she/it were able to (go)
= dac el/ea ar putea (merge) = dac el/ea ar fi n stare s
if we could (go) = if we were able to (go)
= dac noi am putea (merge) = dac noi am fi n stare s (mergem)
if you could (go) = if you were able to (go)
= dac voi ai putea (merge) = dac voi ai fi n stare s (mergei)
if they could (go) = if they were able to (go)
= dac ei/ele ar putea (merge) = dac ei/ele ar fi n stare s
I || could I (go) = were I able to (go)
= s pot eu (merge) = s pot eu s (merg) = de-a putea eu (merge)
could you (go) = were you able to (go)
= s poi tu (merge)
could he/she/it (go) = were he/she/it able to (go)
= s poat el/ea (merge)
could we (go) = were we able to (go)
= s putem noi (merge)
could you (go) = were you able to (go)
= s putei voi (merge)
could they (go) = were they able to (go) = s poat ei/ele (merge)
N || if I could not (go) = if I couldn't (go) = if I were not able to go = if I weren't able to
(go)
= dac eu n-a putea s ..
I-N ||could I not (go) = couldn't I (go) = weren't I able to (go)
= s nu pot eu s (merg)= de n-a putea eu s (merg) etc.
verbul

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MAY - MIGHT - 0 = TO BE PERMITTED/ALLOWED TO

A || if I might (go) = if I were permitted/allowed to (go)
= dac eu a avea voie s (merg) = dac mie mi-ar fi permis s
if you might (go) = if you were permitted/allowed to (go)
= dac tu ai avea voie s (mergi) = dac ie i-ar fi permis s
if he/she/it might (go)=if he/she/it were permitted/allowed to (go)
=dac el/ea ar avea voie s (mearg)=dac lui/ei i-ar fi permis s (mearg)
if we might (go) = if we were permitted/allowed to (go)
= dac noi am avea voie s (mergem) = dac nou ne-ar fi permis /ngduit s (mergem)
if you might (go)=if you were permitted/allowed to (go)
=dac voi ai avea voie s (mergei)=dac vou v-ar fi permis s
if they might (go)=if they were permitted/allowed to (go)
=dac ei/ele ar avea voie s (mearg)=dac lor le-ar fi permis
I || if might I (go) = were I permitted/allowed to (go)
= s am eu voie s (merg) = de mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg)
if might you (go) = were you permitted/allowed to (go)
= s ai tu voie s (mergi) = de i-ar fi ie permis/ngduit s
if might he/she/it (go)= were he/she/it permitted/allowed to (go)
=s aib el/ea voie s (mearg)=de i-ar fi lui/ei permis
if might we (go) = were we permitted/allowed to (go)
= s avem noi voie s (mergem) = de ne-ar fi nou ngduit s
if might you (go) = were you permitted/allowed to (go)
= s avei voi voie s (mergei) = de v-ar fi vou ngduit s
if might they (go) = were they permitted/allowed to (go)
= s aib ei/ele voie s (mearg) = de le-ar fi lor permis s
N || if I might not (go) = if I mightn't (go) = if I were not permitted/allowed to (go) = if
I weren't permitted/allowed to (go)
76

= dac eu n-a avea voie s (merg) = dac mie nu mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg)
I-N ||if might I not (go) = mightn't I (go) = were I not permitted/allowed to (go) =
weren't I permitted/allowed to(go)
= s nu am eu voie s (merg) = s nu-mi fie mie permis/ngduit s (merg) = de n-a avea
eu voie s (merg) = de nu mi-ar fi mie permis / ngduit s (merg ) etc.
verbul
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
A || if I had to (go) = dac eu ar trebui s (merg)
if you had to (go) = dac tu ar trebui s (mergi)
if he/she/it had to (go) = dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
if we had to (go) = dac noi ar trebui s (mergem)
if you had to (go) = dac voi ar trebui s (mergei)
if they had to (go) = dac ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
I || had I to (go)
= s trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
had you to (go)
= s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) = de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it to (go)
= s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg)
had we to (go)
= s trebuiasc noi s (mergem) = de-ar trebui noi s (mergem)
had you to (go) =
s trebuiasc voi s (mergei) = de-ar trebui voi s (mergei)
had they to (go)
= s trebuiasc ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar trebui ei/ele s (mearg)
N || if I had not to (go) = if I hadn't to (go)
= dac eu nu ar trebui s (merg) = dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N ||had I not to (go) = hadn't I to (go)
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= s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.

verbul
SHALL - SHOULD - 0
A || if I should (go)
= dac eu ar trebui s (merg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (merg) eu
if you should (go)
= dac tu ar trebui s (mergi) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mergi) tu
if he/she/it should (go)
= dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mearg) el/ea etc.
I || should I (go)
= s trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
should you (go)
= s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) = de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
should he/she/it (go)
= s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg) etc.
N || if I should not (go) = if I shouldn't (go)
= dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N ||should I not (go) = shouldn't I (go)
= s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
verbul
WILL - WOULD - 0
A || if I would (go) = dac eu a vrea s (merg)
if you would (go) = dac tu ai vrea s (mergi)
if he/she/it would (go) = dac el/ea ar vrea s mearg
if we would (go) = dac noi am vrea s (mergem)
if you would (go) = dac voi ai vrea s (mergei)
if they would (go) = dac ei/ele ar vrea s (mearg)
78

I ||would I (go)
= s vreau eu s (merg) = de-a vrea eu s (merg)
would you (go)
= s vrei tu s (mergi) = de-ai vrea tu s (mergi)
would he/she/it (go)
= s vrea el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar vrea el/ea s (mearg)
would we (go)
= s vrem noi s (mergem) = de-am vrea noi s (mergem)
would you (go)
= s vrei voi s (mergei) = de-ai vrea voi s (mergei)
would they (go)
= s vrea ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar vrea ei/ele s (mearg)
N || if I would not (go) = if I wouldn't (go)
= dac eu nu a vrea s (merg) = dac eu n-a vrea s (merg) etc.
I-N ||would I not (go) = wouldn't I (go)
= s nu vreau eu s (merg) etc.
verbul
TO BE TO - WAS /WERE TO - BEEN TO
A || if I were to (go) = dac eu ar fi/urma s (merg)
if you were to (go) = dac tu ar fi/urma s (mergi)
if he/she/it were to (go) = dac el/ea ar fi/urma s (mearg)
if we were to (go) = dac noi ar fi/urma s (mergem)
if you were to (go) = dac voi ar fi/urma s (mergei)
if they were to (go) = dac ei/ele ar fi/urma s (mearg)
I || were I to (go) = s fie eu s (merg) = de-ar fi s (merg) eu
were you to (go) = s fie tu s (mergi) = de-ar fi s (mergi) tu
were he/she/it to (go) = s fie el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar fi s (mearg) el/ea
79

were we to (go) = s fie noi s (mergem) = de-ar fi s (mergem) noi

were you to (go) = s fie voi s (mergei) = de-ar fi s (mergei) voi
were they to (go) = s fie ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar fi s (mearg) ei/ele
N || if I were not to (go) = if I weren't to (go)
= dac eu nu ar fi s (merg) = dac eu n-ar fi s (merg) etc.
I-N ||were I not to (go) = weren't I to (go)
= s nu fie eu s (merg/plec) = de n-ar fi s (merg/plec) eu etc.
verbul
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA SUBJUNCTIVE II - ASPECTUL COMUN,
DIATEZA ACTIV

TO SEE - SAW - SEEN

A || if I saw = dac eu a vedea

if we saw = dac noi am vedea

if you saw = dac tu ai vedea

if you saw = dac voi ai vedea

if he/she/it saw = dac el/ea ar vedea

if they saw = dac ei/ele ar vedea

N || if I did not see = if I didn't see

= dac eu nu a vedea = dac eu n-a vedea etc.
Modul subj

cuprins

verbul

D. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA SUBJUNCTIVE II- ASPECTUL

CONTINUU, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SING
A || if I were singing = dac eu a cnta
if you were singing = dac tu ai cnta
if he/she/it were singing = dac el/ea ar cnta
if we were singing = dac noi am cnta
if you were singing = dac voi ai cnta
if they were singing = dac ei/ele ar cnta
I || were I singing = de-a cnta eu = s cnt eu
were you singing = de-ai cnta tu = s cni tu
80

were he/she/it singing = de-ar cnta el/ea = s cnte el/ea

were we singing = de-am cnta noi = s cntm noi
were you singing = de-ai cnta voi = s cntai voi
were they singing = de-ar cnta ei/ele = s cnte ei/ele
N || if I were not singing = if I weren't singing
= dac eu nu a cnta = dac eu n-a cnta etc.
I-N ||were I not singing = weren't I singing
= de n-a cnta eu = s nu cnt eu etc.
verbul
1.6.2.2.2. SUBJONCTIVUL PERFECT (THE PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE OR
SUBJUNCTIVE III)
Se traduce prin conjunctiv /condiional perfect.
If I had gone home. = Dac eu a fi mers acas.
Had I gone home. = S fi mers eu acas. = De-a fi mers eu acas.
Subjonctivul perfect exprim o presupunere sau un fapt care nu concord cu
realitatea. Se folosete n subordonata condiional de tipul III.
verbul
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA SUBJUNCTIVE III
TO BE - WAS/WERE - BEEN
A || if I had been = dac eu a fi fost
if we had been = dac noi am fi fost
if you had been = dac tu ai fi fost
if you had been = dac voi ai fi fost
if he/she/it had been= dac el/ea ar fi fost
if they had been = dac ei/ele ar fi fost
I || had I been = s fi fost eu = de-a fi fost eu
had we been = s fi fost noi = de-am fi fost noi
had you been = s fi fost tu = de-ai fi fost tu
81

had you been = s fi fost voi = de-ai fi fost voi

had he/she/it been = s fi fost el/ea = de-ar fi fost el/ea
had they been = s fi fost ei/ele = de-ar fi fost e
N || if I had not been = if I hadn't been
= dac eu nu a fi fost = dac eu n-a fi fost etc.
I-N ||had I not been = hadn't I been
= s nu fi fost eu = de n-a fi fost eu etc.
TO HAVE - HAD - HAD
A || if I had had = dac eu a fi avut
if we had had = dac noi am fi avut
if you had had = dac tu ai fi avut
if you had had = dac voi ai fi avut
if he/she/it had had = dac el/ea ar fi avut
if they had had = dac ei/ele ar fi avut
I || had I had = s fi avut eu = de-a fi avut eu
had we had = s fi avut noi = de-am fi avut noi
had you had = s fi avut tu = de-ai fi avut tu
had you had = s fi avut voi = de-ai fi avut voi
had he/she/ had = s fi avut el/ea = de-ar fi avut el/ea
had they had = s fi avut ei/ele = de-ar fi avut ei/ele
N || if I had not had = if I hadn't had
= dac eu nu a fi avut = dac eu n-a fi avut etc.
I-N ||had I not had = hadn't I had =
s nu fi avut eu = de n-a fi avut eu etc.
TO DO - DID - DONE
A || if I had done = dac eu a fi fcut
if we had done = dac noi am fi fcut
82

if you had done = dac tu ai fi fcut

if you had done = dac voi ai fi fcut
if he/she/it had done = dac el/ea ar fi fcut
if they had done = dac ei/ele ar fi fcut
I || had I done = s fi fcut eu = de-a fi fcut eu
had we done = s fi fcut noi = de-am fi fcut noi
had you done = s fi fcut tu = de-ai fi fcut tu
had you done = s fi fcut voi = de-ai fi fcut voi
had he done = s fi fcut el/ea = de-ar fi fcut el/ea
had they done = s fi fcut ei/ele = de-ar fi fcut ei/ele
N || if I had not done = if I hadn't done
= dac eu nu a fi fcut = dac eu n-a fi fcut etc.
I-N ||had I not done = hadn't I done
= s nu fi fcut eu = de n-a fi fcut eu etc.
verbul
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR

MODALE LA

SUBJUNCTIVE III

CAN - COULD - 0 = TO BE ABLE TO

A || if I had been able to (go)
= dac eu a fi putut s (merg) = dac eu a fi fost n stare s (merg)
if you had been able to (go)
= dac tu ai fi putut s (mergi) = dac tu ai fi fost n stare s (mergi)
if he/she/it had been able to (go)
= dac el/ea ar fi putut s (mearg) = dac el/ea ar fi fost n stare s (mearg)
if we had been able to (go)
= dac noi am fi putut s (mergem) = dac noi am fi fost n stare s (mergem)
if you had been able to (go)
= dac voi ai fi putut s (mergei)
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= dac voi ai fi fost n stare s (mergei)

if they had been able to (go)
= dac ei/ele ar fi putut s (mearg) = dac ei/ele ar fi fost n stare s (mearg)
I || had I been able to (go)
=s fi fost eu n stare s (..)=de-a fi putut eu s (..)=s fi putut eu s (..)=de-a fi fost eu n
stare s
had you been able to (go)
=s fi fost tu n stare s (..)=de-ai fi putut tu s (..)=s fi putut tu s (..)=de-ai fi fost tu n
stare s
had he/she/it been able to (go)
= s fi fost el/ea n stare s (..) = de-ar fi putut el/ea s (..) = s fi putut el/ea s (..) =
de-ar fi fost el/ea n stare s (mearg)
had we been able to (go)
= s fi fost noi n stare s (..) = de-am fi putut noi s (..) = s fi putut noi s (..) = de-am fi
fost noi n stare s (mergem)
had you been able to (go)
=s fi fost voi n stare s =de-ai fi putut voi s =s fi putut voi s=de-ai fi fost voi n stare
s (.)
had they been able to (go)
= s fi fost ei/ele n stare s (mearg) = de-ar fi putut ei/ele s (mearg) = s fi putut ei/ele
s (mearg) = de-ar fi fost ei/ele n stare s (mearg)
N || if I had not been able to (go)=if I hadn't been able to (go)
=dac eu nu a fi putut s = dac eu nu a fi fost n stare s
I-N ||had I not been able to (go) = hadn't I been able to (go)
= s nu fi fost eu n stare s = de n-a fi putut eu s = s nu fi putut eu s (..) = de n-a fi
fost eu n stare s (..) etc.
verbul
MAY - MIGHT = TO BE PERMITTED/ALLOWED TO
A || if I had been permitted/allowed to (go)
= dac eu a fi avut voie s (..) = dac eu a fi putut s (..) = dac mie mi-ar fi fost
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permis/ngduit s (merg)
if you had been permitted/allowed to (go)
= dac tu ai fi avut voie s (mergi) = dac tu ai fi putut s (mergi) = dac ie i-ar fi
fost permis/ngduit s (mergi)
if he/she/it had been permitted/allowed to (go)
= dac el/ea ar fi avut voie s (mearg ) = dac el/ea ar fi putut s (..) = dac lui/ei i-ar fi
fost permis/ ngduit s (mearg)
if we had been permitted/allowed to (go)
= dac noi am fi avut voie s (mergem) = dac noi am fi putut s (mergem)
=

dac nou ne-ar fi fost permis/ngduit s (mergem)

if you had been permitted/allowed to (go)

= dac voi ai fi avut voie s (mergei) = dac voi ai fi putut s (mergei)

= dac vou v-ar fi fost permis/ngduit s (mergei)
if they had been permitted/allowed to (go)
= dac ei/ele ar fi avut voie s (mearg) = dac ei/ele ar fi putut s (mearg) =dac lor
le-ar fi fost permis/ngduit s (mearg)
I || had I been permitted/allowed to (go)
= s fi avut eu voie s (merg) = s fi putut eu s (merg) = s-mi fi fost mie permis
s (merg) = de-a fi avut eu voie s (merg) = de-a fi putut eu s merg = de mi-ar fi fost
mie permis s (..)
had you been permitted/allowed to (go)
= s fi avut tu voie s (mergi) = s fi putut tu s (mergi) = s-i fi fost ie permis s (mergi)
= de-ai fi avut tu voie s (mergi) = de-ai fi putut tu s (mergi) = de i-ar fi fost ie
permis/ngduit s (mergi)
had he/she/it been permitted/allowed to (go)
= s fi avut el/ea voie s (..) = s fi putut el/ea s (..) = s-i fi fost lui/ei permis s (..) = dear fi avut el/ea voie s (..) = de-ar fi putut el/ea s (..) = de i-ar fi fost lui/ei permis s ()
had we been permitted/allowed to (go)
= s fi avut noi voie s (..) = s fi putut noi s (..) = s ne fi fost nou permis s (..) = de-am
fi avut noi voie s (..) = de-am fi putut noi s (..) = de ne-ar fi fost nou permis/ngduit s
(mergem)
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had you been permitted/allowed to (go)

= s fi avut voi voie s (..) = s fi putut voi s (..i) = s v fi fost vou permis s (..) = de-ai
fi avut voi voie s (mergei) = de-ai fi putut voi s mergei= de v-ar fi fost vou
permis/ngduit s (mergei)
had they been permitted/allowed to (go)
= s fi avut ei/ele voie s (..) = s fi putut ei/ele s (..) = s le fi fost lor permis s (..) =
de-ar fi avut ei/ele voie s (..) = de-ar fi putut ei/ele s mearg = de le-ar fi fost lor
permis/ngduit s (mearg)
N || if I had not been permitted/allowed to (go) = if I hadn't been permitted/ allowed
to (go)
= dac eu nu a (n-a) fi avut voie s merg = dac eu nu a (n-a) fi putut s (merg) = dac
mie nu mi-ar fi fost permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
I-N ||had I not been permitted/allowed to (go) = hadn't I been permitted/allowed to
(go)
= s nu fi avut eu voie s (..) = s nu fi putut eu s (..) = s nu-mi fi fost mie permis s (..)
= de n-a fi avut eu voie s (..) = de n-a fi putut eu s (..) = de nu mi-ar fi fost mie
permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
verbul
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
A || if I had had to (go) = dac eu ar fi trebuit s (..)
if you had had to (go) = dac tu ar fi trebuit s (..)
if he/she/it had had to (go) = dac el/ea ar fi trebuit s (..)
if we had had to (go) = dac noi ar fi trebuit s ()
if you had had to (go) = dac voi ar fi trebuit s (mergei)
if they had had to (go) = dac ei/ele ar fi trebuit s ()
I || had I had to (go)
= s fi trebuit eu s (..) = de-ar fi trebuit eu s (..)
had you had to (go)
= s fi trebuit tu s (mergi) = de-ar fi trebuit tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it had to (go)
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= s fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg)

had we had to (go)
= s fi trebuit noi s (mergem) = de-ar fi trebuit noi s (mergem)
had you had to (go)
= s fi trebuit voi s (mergei) = de-ar fi trebuit voi s (mergei)
had they had to (go) = s fi trebuit ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar fi trebuit ei/ele s
(mearg)
N || if I had not had to (go) = if I hadn't had to (go)
= dac eu nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit s (merg) etc.
I-N ||had I not had to (go) = hadn't I had to (go)
= s nu fi trebuit eu s (merg) = de n-ar fi trebuit eu s (merg) etc.
verbul
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA SUBJUNCTIVE III - ASPECTUL

COMUN,

DIATEZA ACTIV

TO SEE - SAW - SEEN

A || if I had seen = dac eu a fi vzut

if we had seen = dac noi am fi vzut

if you had seen = dac tu ai fi vzut

if you had seen = dac voi ai fi vzut

if he/she/it had seen = dac el/ea ar fi vzut if they had seen = dac ei/ele ar fi vzut
I || had I seen
= s fi vzut eu = de-a fi vzut eu
had you seen
= s fi vzut tu = de-ai fi vzut tu
had he/she/it seen
= s fi vzut el/ea = de-ar fi vzut el/ea
had we seen
= s fi vzut noi = de-am fi vzut noi
had you seen
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= s fi vzut voi = de-ai fi vzut voi

had they seen
= s fi vzut ei/ele = de-ar fi vzut ei/ele
N || if I had not seen = if I hadn't seen
= dac eu nu a (n-a) fi vzut etc.
I-N ||had I not seen = hadn't I seen
= s nu fi vzut eu = de n-a fi vzut eu etc.
VERBUL

D. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA SUBJUNCTIVE III - DIATEZA ACTIV,

ASPECTUL CONTINUU

TO SING = a cnta
A || if I had been singing = dac eu a fi cntat
if you had been singing = dac tu ai fi cntat
if he/she/it had been singing = dac el/ea ar fi cntat
if we had been singing = dac noi am fi cntat
if you had been singing = dac voi ai fi cntat
if they had been singing = dac ei/ele ar fi cntat
I || had I been singing ?
= s fi cntat eu = de-a fi cntat eu ?
had you been singing
= s fi cntat tu = de-ai fi cntat tu
had he/she/it been singing
= s fi cntat el/ea = de-ar fi cntat el/ea
had we been singing
= s fi cntat noi = de-am fi cntat noi
had you been singing
= s fi cntat voi = de-ai fi cntat voi
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had they been singing

= s fi cntat ei/ele = de-ar fi cntat ei/ele
N || if I had not been singing = if I hadn't been singing
= dac eu nu a (n-a) fi cntat etc.
I-N ||had I not been singing = hadn't I been singing
= s nu fi cntat eu = de n-a fi cntat eu etc.
You would have found us at home if you had come to see us.
= Ne-ai/ai fi gsit acas dac ai/ai fi venit pe la noi.
verbul
Modul subjonctiv (I) apare dup verbe care exprim sugestii, propuneri, comenzi
sau ordine:
I suggest that he begin(s) to learn his lessons.
= Sugerez ca el s-i nvee leciile.
I suggest(ed) that he should (ought to) go tomorrow.
= Sugerez (Am sugerat) ca el s plece mine.
I suggested that they come/came/should come at six o'clock.
= Am sugerat ca ei s vin la ora ase.
It was necessary (that) he be/was/should be there.
= Era necesar ca el s fie acolo.

Subjunctive II i Subjunctive III se folosesc dup verbul wish i dup if only.

I wish you had much money.
= A vrea ca tu s ai bani muli.
I wish you had had much money.
= A vrea ca tu s fi avut bani muli.
If only you had much money.
= Mcar dac ai avea bani muli.
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If only you were with us here now.

= Mcar dac ai fi cu noi aici.
verbul
1.6.2.3. MODUL CONDIIONAL (THE CONDITIONAL MOOD)
1.6.2.3.1. CONDIIONALUL PREZENT (THE PRESENT CONDITIONAL)
Se formeaz cu auxiliarele should (pentru persoana I singular i plural) i would
(pentru celelalte persoane) plus infinitivul scurt prezent al verbului de conjugat. Se traduce
n limba romn prin optativ prezent.
n zilele noastre auxiliarul would se folosete la toate persoanele nlocuindu-l astfel pe
should i exprim o opiune, o dorin sau o invitaie la timpul prezent.
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA CONDIIONAL PREZENT
TO BE = a fi
A || I should/would be = I'd be = eu a fi
we should/would be = we'd be = noi am fi
you would be = you'd be = tu ai fi
you would be = you'd be = voi ai fi
he/she/it would be = he'd/she'd/it'd be = el/ea ar fi
they would be = they'd be = ei/ele ar fi
N || I should/would not be = I shouldn't/wouldn't be
= eu nu a fi = eu n-a fi etc.
I || should/would I be ?
= eu a fi ? = a fi eu ? etc.
I-N ||should/would I not be ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I be ?
= eu nu a (n-a) fi ? = nu a (n-a) fi eu ? etc.
TO HAVE = a avea
A || I should/would have = I'd have = eu a avea
we should/would have = we'd have = noi am avea
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you would have = you'd have = tu ai avea

you would have = you'd have = voi ai avea
he/she/it would have = he'd/she'd/it'd have = el/ea ar avea
they would have = they'd have = ei/ele ar avea
N || I should/would not have = I shouldn't/wouldn't have
= eu nu a (n-a) avea etc.
I || should/would I have ? = eu a avea ? = a avea eu ? etc.
I-N ||should/would I not have ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have ?
= eu nu a (n-a) avea? etc.
TO DO = a face
A || I should/would do = I'd do = eu a face
we should/would do = we'd do = noi am face
you would do = you'd do = tu ai face
you would do = you'd do = voi ai face
he/she/it would do = he'd/she'd/it'd do = el/ea ar face
they would do = they'd do = ei/ele ar face
N || I should/would not do = I shouldn't/wouldn't do
= eu nu a (n-a) face etc.
I || should/would I do ? = eu a face ? = a face eu ? etc.
I-N || should/would I not do ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I do ?
= eu nu a (n-a) face ? = nu a (n-a) face eu ? etc.
verbul
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA CONDIIONAL PREZENT
CAN - COULD - 0 = TO BE ABLE TO
A || I could (go)=I should/would be able to (go)
=eu a putea s (merg)=eu a putea (merge)=eu a fi n stare s
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you could (go) = you would be able to (go)

= tu ai putea s (mergi) = tu ai putea (merge) = tu ai fi n stare s
he/she/it could (go) = he/she/it would be able to (go)
= el/ea ar putea s (..)= el/ea ar putea (..) = el/ea ar fi n stare s (..)
we could (go) = we should/would be able to (go)
= noi am putea s (..) = noi am putea (..) = noi am fi n stare s (..)
you could (go) = you would be able to (go)
= voi ai putea s (..) = voi ai putea (..) = voi ai fi n stare s (mergei)
they could (go) = they would be able to (go)
= ei/ele ar putea s (..) = ei/ele ar putea (..) = ei/ele ar fi n stare s (mearg)
N || I could not (go) = I couldn't (go) = I should/would not be able to (go)
= I shouldn't/wouldn't be able to (go)
= eu nu a (n-a) putea s (merg) = eu nu a fi n stare s (merg) etc.
I || could I (go) ? = should/would I be able to (go) ?
= a putea eu s (..) ? = a putea eu (merge) ? = a fi eu n stare s (..) ?
I-N || could I not (go)? = couldn't I (go) ? = should/would I not be able to (go) ? =
shouldn't/wouldn't I be able to (go) ?
= eu nu a putea s (..) ? = n-a putea s (..) eu ? = eu nu a fi n stare s (..) ? = n-a fi eu n
stare s (merg) ? etc.
n exemplul : I could go verbul could exprim i permisiunea, nu numai capabilitatea.
n acest caz could = might. n limbajul colocvial can l nlocuiete des pe may.
MAY - MIGHT - 0 = TO BE PERMITTED/ALLOWED TO
A || I might (go)=I should/would be permitted/allowed to (go)
=eu a avea voie s =eu a putea s (..)=mie mi-ar fi permis
you might (go)=you would be permitted/allowed to (go)
=tu ai avea voie s=tu ai putea s (..)= ie i-ar fi permis s (..)
he/she/it might (go) = he/she/it would be permitted/allowed to (go)
= el/ea ar avea voie s (..) = el/ea ar putea s (..)=lui/ ei i-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
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we might (go) = we should/would be permitted/allowed to (go)

= noi am avea voie s (mergem) = noi am putea s (..)
= nou ne-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergem)
you might (go) = you would be permitted/allowed to (go)
= voi ai avea voie s (..) = voi ai putea s (..) = vou v-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergei)
they might (go) = they would be permitted/allowed to (go)
= ei/ele ar avea voie s (..) = ei/ele ar putea s (..) = lor le-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
N || I might not (go) = I mightn't (go) = I should/would not be permitted/allowed to
(go) = I shouldn't / wouldn't be permitted /allowed to (go)
= eu nu a avea voie s (..) = eu nu a putea s (..) = mie nu mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (..)
I || might I (go) ? = should/would I be permitted/allowed to (go) ?
= a avea eu voie s (..) ? = a putea eu s (..) ? = a putea eu (merge) ? = mi-ar fi mie
permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||might I not (go) ? = mightn't I (go) ? = should/would I not be permitted/ allowed
to (go) ? = shouldn't/ wouldn't I be permitted/allowed to (go) ?
= nu a (n-a) avea eu voie s (..) ? = nu a (n-a) putea eu s () ? = nu mi-ar fi mie permis
/ngduit s (merg) ? = mie nu mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
VERBUL
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
A || I should/would have to (go) = I'd have to (go)
= eu ar trebui s (merg)
you would have to (go) = you'd have to (go)
= tu ar trebui s (mergi) = voi ar trebui s (mergei)
he/she/it would have to (go) = he'd/she'd/it'd have to (go)
= el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should/would have to (go) = we'd have to (go)
noi ar trebui s (mergem)
they would have to (go) = they'd have to (go)
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= ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)

N || I should/would not have to (go) = I shouldn't/wouldn't have to (go)
= eu nu ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I || should/would I have to (go) ?
= eu ar trebui s (merg) ? = ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||should/would I not have to (go) ?
= eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? = n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
SHALL - SHOULD = a trebui s, a se cuveni/cdea s . . .
A || I should (go) = eu ar trebui s (merg)
you should (go) = tu ar trebui s (mergi)
he/she/it should (go) = el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should go = noi ar trebui s (mergem)
you should (go) = voi ar trebui s (mergei)
they should (go) = ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
N || I should not (go) = I shouldn't (go)
= eu nu ar trebui s (merg) = eu n-ar trebui s (merg), etc.
I || should I (go) ? = ar trebui eu s (merg) ?, etc.
I-N ||should I not (go) ? = shouldn't I (go) ?
= eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? = n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
Verbul should se foloseste dup how , why i when.
How should they know ? = De unde s tie ei ?
Verbul SHOULD exprim:
a) - probabilitatea:
They should be in the mountains.
= Ar trebui s fie la munte. = Probabil sunt la munte.
If he should come, tell him I've bought the tickets.
= Dac cumva vine spune-i c am cumprat biletele.= Dac se ntmpl s vin spune-i c
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am cumprat biletele.
b) - necesitatea sau sfatul:
You should go to the dentist now.
= Ar trebui s te duci la dentist acum.
You shouldn't waste your time.
= N-ar trebui s-i iroseti timpul.
WILL - WOULD - 0 = a vrea
A || I would (go) = eu a vrea s (merg)
we would (go) = noi am vrea s (mergem)
you would (go) = tu ai vrea s (mergi)
you would (go) = voi ai vrea s (mergei)
he/she/it would (go) = el/ea ar vrea s (mearg)
they would (go) = ei/ele ar vrea s (mearg)
N || I would not (go) = I wouldn't (go)
= eu nu a vrea s (merg) = eu n-a vrea s (merg) etc.
I || would I (go) ?
= a vrea eu s (merg) ? = eu a vrea s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||would I not (go) ? = wouldn't I (go) ?
= eu nu a vrea s (merg) ? = n-a vrea eu s (merg) ? etc.
Verbul WOULD exprim:
- dorin n prezent:
He would go on the trip.
= El ar vrea s mearg n excursie.
- comenzi politicoase:
Would you open that door, please ?
= Ai vrea s deschidei ua aceea, v rog ?
- Would + mind:
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Would you mind opening that door, please ?

= V-ar deranja/supra dac ai deschide ua aceea, v rog ?
Would you mind my smoking ?
= V deranjeaz dac fumez ?
I should/would go home
= a merge acas = condiional prezent;
aici should/ would este auxiliar
I should/would go home
= ar trebui s merg acas;
aici should/would este auxiliar modal, modul condiional
I should/would go home = trebuia s merg acas;
aici should/would este modal, modul indicativ
if I should/would go home = dac ar trebui s merg acas;
aici should/would este auxiliar modal, modul subjonctiv prezent
if I should/would go home = dac trebuia s merg acas;
should/would este modal, modul indicativ
if I should/would go home = dac s-ar ntmpla s merg;
should/would este auxiliar modal, condiional prezent
I would go home = a vrea s merg acas;
would aici este auxiliar modal, modul condiional
I would go home = obinuiam s merg acas = mergeam acas;
would este aici modal, modul indicativ
I would go home = voiam s merg acas;
a fel would este modal, modul indicativ, Past Tense
if I would go home = dac a vrea s merg acas;
would este auxiliar modal
if I would go home = dac voiam s merg acas;
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would este modal, modul indicativ, Past Tense

if I would go home=dac obinuiam s merg acas= dac mergeam acas
= la fel would este modal, modul indicativ, Past Tense
I might go home = a avea voie s merg acas;
aici might este auxiliar modal, modul condiional
I might go home = aveam voie s merg acas;
might este modal, Past Tense
OUGHT TO - 0 - 0
A || I ought to (go)
= eu ar trebui s (merg/plec) = eu s-ar cuveni/cdea s (merg/plec)
you ought to (go)
= tu ar trebui s (mergi/pleci) = tu s-ar cuveni/cdea s (mergi/ pleci)
he/she/it ought to (go)
= el/ea ar trebui s (mearg/plece) = el/ea s-ar cuveni/ cdea s (mearg/plece)
we ought to (go)
= noi ar trebui s (mergem/plecm) = noi s-ar cuveni/cdea s (mergem/plecm)
you ought to (go) = voi ar trebui s (mergei/plecai) = voi s-ar cuveni/cdea s
(mergei/plecai)
they ought to (go)
= ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg/plece) = ei/ele s-ar cuveni/cdea s (mearg/plece)
N || I ought not to (go) = I oughtn't to (go)
= eu nu ar trebui s (merg/plec) = eu nu s-ar cuveni/cdea s (merg)
I || ought I to (go) ?
= eu ar trebui s (merg/plec) ? = eu s-ar cuveni/cdea s (merg/plec) ? = s-ar cuveni eu s
I-N ||ought I not to (go) ? = oughtn't I to (go) ?
= eu nu ar trebui s (merg/plec) ? = eu nu s-ar cuveni s (merg ) ?
verbul
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C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA ACTIV, ASPECTUL COMUN

TO SEE = a vedea
La condiional i la viitorul n trecut, la persoana I-a singular i plural se folosete att
auxiliarul should [~ud] ct i would [wud], iar la persoanele a II-a i a III-a se folosete
doar would.
A || I should /would see = I'd see = eu a vedea
you would see = you'd see = tu ai vedea
he/she/it would see = he'd/she'd/it'd see = el/ea ar vedea
we should/would see = we'd see = noi am vedea
you would see = you'd see = voi ai vedea
they would see = they'd see = ei/ele ar vedea
N || I should/would not see = I shouldn't/wouldn't see = eu nu a vedea etc.
I || should/would I see ? = eu a vedea ? = a vedea eu ? etc.
I - N ||should/would I not see ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I see ?
= eu nu a (n-a) vedea ? etc.
verbul
D. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA ACTIV, ASPECTUL CONTINUU
TO PLAY = a (se) juca
A || I should/would be playing = eu a juca
we should/would be playing = noi am juca
you would be playing = tu ai juca
you would be playing = voi ai juca
he/she/it would be playing = el/ea ar juca
they would be playing = ei/ele ar juca
N || I should/would not be playing = I shouldn't/wouldn't be playing
= eu nu a (n-a) juca etc.
I || should/would I be playing ?
= a juca eu ? = eu a juca ? etc
98

.I - N || should/would I not be playing ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I be playing ?

= eu nu a (n-a) juca ? etc.
TO DARE = a ndrzni
A || I should/would dare = I'd dare
= eu a ndrzni = eu m-a ncumeta
you would dare = you'd dare
= tu ai ndrzni = tu te-ai ncumeta
he/she would dare = he'd/she'd dare
= el/ea ar ndrzni = el/ea s-ar ncumeta
we should/would dare = we'd dare
= noi am ndrzni = noi ne-am ncumeta
you would dare = you'd dare
= voi ai ndrzni = voi v-ai ncumeta
they would dare = they'd dare = ei/ele ar ndrzni = ei/ele s-ar ncumeta
N || I should/would not dare = I shouldn't/wouldn't dare
= eu nu a (n-a) ndrzni = eu nu m-a ncumeta etc.
I || should/would I dare ?
= a ndrzni eu ? = eu a ndrzni ? = eu m-a ncumeta ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not dare ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I dare ?
= eu nu a (n-a) ndrzni ? = eu nu m-a ncumeta
TO NEED = a avea nevoie
A || I should/would need = I'd need
= eu a avea nevoie = mie mi-ar trebui
you would need = you'd need
= tu ai avea nevoie = ie i-ar trebui
he/she/it would need = he'd/she'd/it'd need
= el/ea ar avea nevoie = lui/ei i-ar trebui
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we should/would need = we'd need

= noi am avea nevoie = nou ne-ar trebui
you would need = you'd need
= voi ai avea nevoie = vou v-ar trebui
they would need = they'd need
= ei/ele ar avea nevoie = lor le-ar trebui
N || I should/would not need=I shouldn't/wouldn't need
=eu nu a avea nevoie=mie nu mi-ar trebui=mie nu mi-ar fi necesar
I || should/would I need?
=eu a avea nevoie?=a avea eu nevoie?=mie mi-ar trebui?=mi-ar trebui mie?=mie mi-ar fi
necesar?
I - N || should/would I not need?=shouldn't/wouldn't I need?
=eu nu a (n-a) avea nevoie?=nu a (n-a) avea eu nevoie?
verbul
E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA PASIV
TO BE SEEN = a fi vzut;
(to be invited = a fi invitat etc.)
A || I should/would be seen = I'd be seen
= eu a fi vzut()
you would be seen = you'd be seen
= tu ai fi vzut()
he/she/it would be seen = he'd/she'd/it'd be seen
= el/ea ar fi vzut()
we should/would be seen = we'd be seen
= noi am fi vzui/vzute
you would be seen = you'd be seen
= voi ai fi vzui/vzute
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they would be seen = they'd be seen

= ei/ele ar fi vzui/vzute
N || I should/would not be seen = I shouldn't/wouldn't be seen
= eu nu a (n-a) fi vzut() etc.
I || should/would I be seen ?
= eu a fi vzut() ? = a fi eu vzut() ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not be seen ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I be seen ?
= eu nu a (n-a) fi vzut() ? etc.
verbul

F. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE - ASPECTUL COMUN

TO ENJOY ONESELF = a se distra
A || I should/would enjoy myself = I'd enjoy myself
= eu m-a distra
you would enjoy yourself = you'd enjoy yourself
= tu te-ai distra
he would enjoy himself = he'd enjoy himself
= el s-ar distra
she would enjoy herself = she'd enjoy herself
= ea s-ar distra
it would enjoy itself = it'd enjoy itself
= el/ea s-ar distra
we should/would enjoy ourselves = we'd enjoy ourselves
= noi ne-am distra
you would enjoy yourselves = you'd enjoy yourselves
= voi v-ai distra
101

they would enjoy themselves = they'd enjoy themselves

= ei/ele s-ar distra
N || I should/would not enjoy myself = I shouldn't/wouldn't enjoy myself
= eu nu m-a distra etc.
I || should/would I enjoy myself ?
= eu m-a distra ? = m-a distra eu ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not enjoy myself ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I enjoy myself ?
= eu nu m-a distra ? etc.

G. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE - ASPECTUL CONTINUU

TO ENJOY ONESELF = a se distra
A || I should/would be enjoying myself = I'd be enjoying myself
= eu m-a distra
you would be enjoying yourself = you'd be enjoying yourself
= tu te-ai distra
he would be enjoying himself = he'd be enjoying himself
= el s-ar distra
she would be enjoying herself = she'd be enjoying herself
= ea s-ar distra
we should/would be enjoying ourselves = we'd be enjoying ourselves
= noi ne-am distra
you would be enjoying yourselves = you'd be enjoying yourselves
= voi v-ai distra
they would be enjoying themselves = they'd be enjoying themselves
=ei/ele s-ar distra
N || I should/would not be enjoying myself = I shouldn't/wouldn't be enjoying myself
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= eu nu m-a distra etc.

I || should/would I be enjoying myself ?
= eu m-a distra ? = m-a distra eu ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not be enjoying myself ?
= shouldn't/wouldn't I be enjoying myself ? = eu nu m-a distra ?
verbul
1.6.2.3.2. CONDIIONALUL PERFECT (THE PERFECT CONDITIONAL)
Se formeaz cu auxiliarele should/would (pers. I singular i plural) i would (pers. a
II-a i a III-a singular si plural) plus infinitivul perfect al verbului de conjugat i se traduce
prin optativ perfect n limba romn.
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT
TO BE - WAS - BEEN = a fi
A || I should/would have been = eu a fi fost
we should/would have been = noi am fi fost
you would have been = tu ai fi fost
you would have been = voi ai fi fost
he/she/it would have been = el/ea ar fi fost
they would have been = ei/ele ar fi fost
N || I should/would not have been = I shouldn't/wouldn't have been
= eu nu a (n-a) fi fost etc.
I || should/would I have been ?
= eu a fi fost ? = a fi fost eu ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have been?=shouldn't/wouldn't I have been?=eu nu a (n-a)
fi fost?=nu a (n-a) fi fost eu ? etc.
TO HAVE - HAD - HAD = a avea
A || I should/would have had = eu a fi avut
we should/would have had = noi am fi avut
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you would have had = tu ai fi avut

you would have had = voi ai fi avut
he/she/it would have had = el/ea ar fi avut
they would have had = ei/ele ar fi avut
N || I should/would not have had = I shouldn't/wouldn't have had
= eu nu a (n-a) fi avut etc.
I || should/would I have had ?
= eu a fi avut ? = a fi avut eu ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have had ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have had ?
= eu nu a (n-a) fi avut? = nu a (n-a) fi avut eu ?
TO DO - DID - DONE = a face
A || I should/would have done = eu a fi fcut
we should/would have done = noi am fi fcut
you would have done = tu ai fi fcut
you would have done = voi ai fi fcut
he/she/it would have done = el/ea ar fi fcut
they would have done = ei/ele ar fi fcut
N || I should/would not have done = I shouldn't/wouldn't have done
= eu nu a (n-a) fi fcut etc.
I || should/would I have done ? = eu a fi fcut ? = a fi fcut eu ?
I-N ||should/would I not have done ? = shoulnd't/wouldn't I have done ?
= eu n-a fi fcut ? = nu a fi fcut eu ?
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT
CAN - COULD - O = TO BE ABLE TO
A || I should/would have been able to (go)
= eu a fi fost n stare s (merg)
you would have been able to (go)
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= tu ai fi fost n stare s (mergi)

he/she/it would have been able to (go)
= el/ea ar fi fost n stare s (mearg)
we should/would have been able to (go)
= noi am fi fost n stare s (mergem)
you would have been able to (go)
= voi ai fi fost n stare s (mergei)
they would have been able to (go)
= ei/ele ar fi fost n stare s (mearg)
I could have gone = eu puteam s fi mers
we could have gone = noi puteam s fi mers
you could have gone = tu puteai s fi mers
you could have gone = voi puteai s fi mers
he/she/it could have gone = el/ea putea s fi mers
they could have gone = ei/ele puteau s fi mers
N || I should/would not have been able to (go) = I shouldn't/wouldn't have been able to
(go)
= eu nu a (n-a) fi fost n stare s (merg) = eu nu a fi putut s (merg) etc.
I could not have gone = I couldn't have gone
= eu nu puteam s fi mers etc.
I || should/would I have been able to (go) ?
= a fi fost eu n stare s (merg) ? etc.
could I have gone ?
= puteam eu s fi mers ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have been able to (go)?=shouldn't/wouldn't I have been
able to (go)?
= nu a (n-a) fi fost eu n stare s (merg) ? = n-a fi putut eu s (merg) ? etc.
could I not have gone ? = couldn't I have gone?
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= nu puteam eu s fi mers ? etc.

MAY - MIGHT - O = TO BE PERMITTED / ALLOWED TO
A || I should/would have been permitted/allowed to (go)
=eu a fi avut voie s (..)=a fi putut s (..)=mie mi-ar fi fost permis
you would have been permitted/allowed to (go)
= tu ai fi avut voie s (..) = tu ai fi putut s (..) = ie i-ar fi fost permis s
he/she/it would have been permitted/allowed to (go)
= el/ea ar fi avut voie s (..) = el/ea ar fi putut s (..) = lui i-ar fi fost permis s (..)
we should/would have been permitted/allowed to (go)
= noi am fi avut voie s (..) = noi am fi putut s (..) = nou ne-ar fi fost permis s (..)
you would have been permitted/allowed to (go)
=voi ai fi avut voie s (..)=voi ai fi putut s (..)=vou v-ar fi fost permis s (mergei)
they would have been permitted/allowed to (go)
= ei/ele ar fi avut voie s (mearg) = ei/ele ar fi putut s (mearg) = lor le-ar fi fost
permis/ngduit s (mearg)
I might have gone = eu puteam s fi mers
you might have gone = tu puteai s fi mers
he/she/it might have gone = el/ea putea s fi mers
we might have gone = noi puteam s fi mers
you might have gone = voi puteai s fi mers
they might have gone = ei/ele puteau s fi mers
N || I should/would not (shouldn't) have been permited/allowed to (go)
= eu nu a fi avut voie s (merg) = eu nu a fi putut s (merg) = mie nu mi-ar fi fost permis/
ngduit s (merg) etc.
I might not (I mightn't) have gone
= eu nu puteam s fi mers etc.
I || should/would I have been permitted/allowed to (go) ?
= eu a fi avut voie s (merg) ? = eu a fi putut s (merg) ? = eu a fi putut (merge) ? = mie
106

mi-ar fi fost permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.

might I have gone ?
= puteam eu s fi mers ? = eu puteam s fi mers ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not (shouldn't/wouldn't I) have been permitted/allowed to (go)?
=eu nu a fi avut voie s (..) ? = nu a (n-a) fi avut eu voie s (..)? =eu nu a (n-a) fi
putut s (..)?=eu nu a (n-a) fi putut (..)? =mie nu mi-ar fi fost permis s (..)? = nu mi-ar fi
fost mie permis s ?
might I not have gone ? = mightn't I have gone ?
= nu puteam eu s fi mers ? = eu nu puteam s fi mers ?
MUST - O - O = TO HAVE TO
A || I should/would have had to (go) = eu ar fi trebuit s (..)
you would have had to (go) = tu ar fi trebuit s (..)
he/she/it would have had to (go) = el/ea ar fi trebuit s (..)
we should/would have had to (go) = noi ar fi trebuit s
you would have had to (go) = voi ar fi trebuit s (..)
they would have had to (go) = ei/ele ar fi trebuit s (..)
N || I should/would not have had to (go)
= eu nu ar fi trebuit s (merg) etc.
I || should/would I have had to (go) ?
= eu ar fi trebuit s (merg) ? = ar fi trebuit eu s (merg) ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have had to (go)? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have had to (go)? =
eu nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit s (merg) ? = nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit eu s (merg) ? etc.
SHALL - SHOULD - O
A || I should have (come)
= eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come)
= tu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
he/she/it should have (come)
107

= el/ea se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)

we should have (come)
= noi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come)
= voi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
they should have (come)
= ei/ele se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
N || I should not (shouldn't) have (come)
= eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) etc.
I || should I have (come) ?
= eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) ? = se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) eu ? etc.
I - N ||should I not (shouldn't I) have (come) ?
= eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) ? = nu trebuia (nu se cuvenea) s fi
(venit) eu ? etc.
WILL - WOULD - O
A || I would have (come) = eu voiam s fi (venit)
you would have (come) = tu voiai s fi (venit)
he/she/it would have (come) = el/ea voia s fi (venit)
we would have (come) = noi voiam s fi (venit)
you would have (come) = voi voiai s fi (venit)
they would have (come) = ei/ele voiau s fi (venit)
N || I would not (wouldn't) have (come) = eu nu voiam s fi (venit) etc.
I || would I have (come) ? = voiam eu s fi (venit) ? etc.
I - N || would I not (wouldn't I) have (come) ? = eu nu voiam s fi (venit) ? etc.
OUGHT TO
A || I ought to have come
= eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = eu se cuvenea s fi venit
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you ought to have come

= tu s-ar fi cuvenit s vii = tu se cuvenea s fi venit
he/she/it ought to have come
= el/ea s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = el/ea se cuvenea s fi venit
we ought to have come
= noi s-ar fi cuvenit s venim = noi se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come
= voi s-ar fi cuvenit s venii = voi se cuvenea s fi venit
they ought to have come
= ei/ele s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = ei/ele se cuvenea s fi venit
N || I ought not (oughtn't) to have come
= eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit etc.
I || ought I to have come ?
= eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? = eu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
I - N || ought I not (oughtn't I) to have come ?
= eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? = eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
Did he/she tell you why you ought to do it ?
= i-a spus el/ea ie de ce trebuie (se cuvine/cade) s-o faci ? = i-a spus el/ea ie de ce
trebuia (se cuvenea/cdea) s-o faci ?
Did he/she tell you that you ought to have done it ?
i-a spus el/ea ie c se cuvine/cuvenea s-o fi fcut ?
Ought your friend to have been an engineer ?
= Se cuvenea prietenul tu s fie inginer? = Se cuvenea prietenul tu s fi fost inginer ?
If I were you I should/would learn more.
= Dac a fi n locul tu a nva mai mult.
If I had seen you I might have helped you.
= Dac te-a fi vzut a fi putut s te ajut.
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Had I known him I should/would have helped him.

= S-l fi cunoscut, l-a fi ajutat.
Even if they had been there, they couldn't have helped us.
= Chiar dac ei ar fi fost acolo nu ar fi putut s ne ajute.
verbul
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT - DIATEZA ACTIV
TO READ = a citi
A || I should/would have read = eu a fi citit
we should/would have read = noi am fi citit
you would have read = tu ai fi citit
you would have read = voi ai fi citit
he/she would have read = el/ea ar fi citit
they would have read = ei/ele ar fi citit
N || I should/would not have read = I shouldn't/wouldn't have read
= eu nu a fi citit = eu n-a fi citit etc.
I || should/would I have read ?
= eu a fi citit ? = a fi citit eu ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have read? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have read?
= eu nu a (eu n-a) fi citit? = nu a (n-a) fi citit eu
verbul
D. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT- DIATEZA
PASIV

TO BE SEEN = a fi vzut
A || I should/would have been seen
= eu a fi fost vzut()
you would have been seen
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= tu ai fi fost vzut()
he/she/it would have been seen
= el/ea ar fi fost vzut()
we should/would have been seen
= noi am fi fost vzui
you would have been seen
= voi ai fi fost vzui/vzute
they would have been seen
= ei/ele ar fi fost vzui
N || I should/would not have been seen = I shouldn't/wouldn't have been seen
= eu nu a (eu n-a) fi fost vzut() etc.
I || should/would I have been seen ?
= eu a fi fost vzut() ? = a fi fost eu v- zut() ? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have been seen ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have been seen ?
= eu nu a (eu n-a) fi fost vzut() ? = nu a (n-a) fi fost eu vzut() ? etc.
verbul
E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT
TO ENJOY ONESELF = a se distra
A || I should/would have enjoyed myself
= eu m-a fi distrat
you would have enjoyed yourself
= tu te-ai fi distrat
he would have enjoyed himself
= el s-ar fi distrat
she would have enjoyed herself
= ea s-ar fi distrat
we should/would have enjoyed ourselves
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= noi ne-am fi distrat

you would have enjoyed yourselves
= voi v-ai fi
they would have enjoyed themselves
= ei/ele s-ar fi distrat
N || I should/would not (I shouldn't/wouldn't) have enjoyed myself
= eu nu m-a fi distrat etc.
I || should/would I have enjoyed myself?
= eu m-a fi distrat? = m-a fi distrat eu? etc.
I - N || should/would I not have enjoyed myself ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have enjoyed
myself ?
= eu nu m-a fi distrat ?= nu m-a fi distrat eu ? etc.
Exemple care conin verbe la subjonctiv i condiional:
I should/would come if I could come.
= A veni dac a putea s vin.
We should/would come if we should/would come.
= Am veni dac ar trebui s venim.
They would come if they might come.
= Ei ar veni dac le-ar fi permis s vin.
I should/would have come if I had had time.
= Eu a fi venit dac a fi avut timp.
We should/would have come if we had had to come.
= Noi am fi venit dac ar fi trebuit s venim.
He would have come if it had not been so late.
= El ar fi venit dac n-ar fi fost aa trziu.
We should/would have given you the books if we have found you at home.
= V-am fi dat crile dac v-am fi gsit acas.
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If he hadn't told me the truth, I shouldn't/wouldn 't have given him anything.= Dac
nu mi-ar fi spus adevrul, nu i-a fi dat nimic.
He wishes he were rich. = El ar vrea s fie bogat. (dar nu este)
verbul

1.6.2.4. MODUL IMPERATIV (THE IMPERATIVE MOOD)

Exprim un sfat, un ndemn, un ordin, o sugestie, o recomandare, o rugminte, o
dorin, o urare etc.
Come here! = Vino/Venii aici!
Wait a moment! = Ateapt/Ateptai o clip !
Speak louder! = Vorbete/Vorbii mai tare !
Rugmini, ordine, recomandri, urri sau comenzi pot fi adresate i persoanelor I i
III. n acest caz se apeleaz la auxiliarul let care este urmat de un pronume sau substantiv
n acuzativ i apoi de un verb la infinitiv scurt prezent.
A || let me go!
= s merg/plec eu! = s m duc eu!
go!
= mergi/pleac! = du-te!
let him go!
= s mearg/plece el! = s se duc el!
let her go!
= s mearg/plece ea! = s se duc ea!
let it go! = s mearg/plece el/ea! = s se duc el/ea!
let us go!=let's go!
= s mergem/plecm noi! = s ne ducem noi!
go!
= mergei/plecai! = ducei-v!
let them go!
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= s mearg/plece ei/ele! = s se duc ei/ele!

N || do not (don't) let me go! = let me not go!
= s nu merg/plec eu!
do not (don't) go!
= nu te duce! = nu pleca!
do not (don't) let him go! = let him not go!
= s nu mearg/plece el! = el s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let her go! = let her not go!
= s nu mearg/plece ea!= ea s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let it go! = let it not go!
= s nu mearg/plece el/ea! = el/ea s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let us go!
= s nu plecm/mergem! = s nu ne ducem!
do not (don't) go!
= nu plecai/mergei! = (s) nu v ducei!
do not (don't) let them go! = let them not go!
= s nu plece/mearg ei/ele! = s nu se duc!
Modul imperativ are doar timpul prezent.
Do come to see us!
= Insist s vii pe la noi! este o form accentuat de imperativ.
Do be careful what you are doing!
= Fii foarte atent ce faci!
Trust in God and He will watch over you! = Crede n Dumnezeu, iar El va veghea asupra
ta!
verbul

1.6.3. MODURILE IMPERSONALE ALE VERBULUI

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(THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB = THE VERBALS)

Modurile impersonale ale verbului sunt: INFINITIV, GERUND I PARTICIPIU.

1.6.3.1. MODUL INFINITIV (THE INFINITIVE MOOD)

Se traduce prin infinitiv, conjunctiv, gerunziu, supin, iar n limba englez
substituie subjonctivul.
They asked me to do it (Mi-au cerut s-o fac),
n loc de They asked me that I (should) do it.
Infinitivul exprim scopul i se traduce prin conjunctivul romnesc.
He has come to give me a book.
= El a venit s-mi dea mie o carte.
We have come to school to learn.
= Am venit la coal s nvm.
We go to church to pray.
= Mergem la biseric s ne rugm.
They have a lot of books to read.
= Ei/Ele au o mulime de cri de citit (n acest exemplu se traduce prin supin).
To be or not to be, this is the question (Shakespeare : Hamlet).
= A fi sau a nu fi, aceasta-i ntrebarea.
n aceste ultime dou exemple infinitivul din limba englez s-a tradus n limba romn
tot prin infinitiv.
Exist posibilitatea de a intercala ntre particula infinitival to i verb un adverb.
to greatly influence = a influena mult
to humbly thank = a mulumi umil
to again express = a exprima din nou
to rightly intervene = a interveni corect.
Aceast form se numete n limba englez The Split Infinitive.
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Unele verbe la infinitiv pot fi ntlnite, ca i n limba romn, la nceputul unor

proverbe.
To go through fire and water. = A trece prin foc i ap.
To be in the ninth heaven. = A fi n al noulea cer.
To kill two birds with one stone. = A nimeri doi iepuri dintr-o lovitur.
To go to the dogs. = A se duce de rp, a se ruina.
To hang by a hair. = A atrna de un fir de pr.

1.6.3.1.1.

CLASIFICAREA INFINITIVULUI

INFINI
TIV

diateza
activ
Scurt
diateza
pasiv
Prez
ent

diateza
activ
Lung
diateza
pasiv

Perfe Scurt
ct

diateza
activ
diateza
pasiv

aspectul
comun
aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun
aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun
aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun

look (privi)

aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun

to be being looked at (a fi privit)

aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun

have been looking at (fi privit)

aspectul
continuu

have been being looked at (fi

fost privit)

116

be looking (privi)
be looked at (fi privit)
be being looked at (fi privit)
to look (a privi)
to be looking (a privi)
to be looked at (a fi privit)

have looked at (fi privit)

have been looked at (fi fost

privit)

diateza
activ
Lung
diateza
pasiv

aspectul
comun

to have looked at ( a fi privit)

aspectul
continuu
aspectul
comun

to have been looking at (a fi

privit)
to have been looked at (a fi fost
privit)

aspectul
continuu

to have been being looked at (a

fi fost privit)

1.6.3.1.2. CONSTRUCII INFINITIVALE

A. ACUZATIV CU INFINITIV
I want him to come earlier.
= Vreau ca el s vin mai devreme.
I want the boy to come earlier.
= Vreau ca biatul s vin mai devreme.
n exemplele de mai sus pronumele him i substantivul the boy sunt n cazul acuzativ
i sunt urmate de verbul to come la modul infinitiv. Aceast structur este posibil numai
dup verbe care exprim :
percepii ale simurilor:
1. to feel (a simi),
to hear (a auzi),
to notice (a observa),
to see (a vedea),
to watch (a urmari) etc.
I saw him enter the house.
= L-am vzut c intr n cas.
He heard her play the piano.
= El a auzit-o cntnd la pian.
You will watch us play tennis.
117

= Ne vei privi pe noi jucnd tenis.

2. ordin, permisiune, intenie, obligaie etc. :
to allow (a ngdui/admite, a da voie),
to command (a comanda),
to compel (a obliga/fora /sili),
to let (a lsa), to make (a face),
to order (a ordona/porunci),
to permit (a permite),
to persuade (a convinge /determina),
to request (a pretinde/ cere) etc.
I permit them to play in the garden.
= Le permit s se joace n grdin.
I want him to learn, not to play.
= Vreau ca el s nvee, nu s se joace.
Will you allow us to visit the museum ?
= Ne permitei s vizitm muzeul ?
John didn't allow them to make any noise.
= John nu le-a permis s fac nici un zgomot.
He let them walk in the park.
= El i-a lsat s se plimbe n parc.
Don't make us laugh!
= Nu ne face/facei s rdem!
3. dorin, plcere, antipatie etc. :
to bear (a suporta /ndura /suferi),
to desire (a dori/ pofti),
to detest (a detesta),
to hate (a ur), to like (a-i plcea),
118

to love (a iubi, a-i fi drag),

to notice (a observa, a bga de seam),
to perceive (a observa, a nelege),
to smell (a mirosi), to taste (a avea gust de),
to want (a vrea), to wish (a dori, a tnji dup).
I'd love you to come and see us.
= Mi-ar fi drag s vii pe la noi .
A ||

John wants me to go.

= John vrea ca eu s merg.

John wants you to go. =
John vrea ca tu s mergi.
John wants him to go. =
John vrea ca el s mearg.
John wants her to go.
= John vrea ca ea s mearg.
John wants us to go.
= John vrea ca noi s mergem
John wants you to go.
= John vrea ca voi s mergei.
John wants them to go.
= John vrea ca ei/ele/dnii/dnsele s mearg.
N || John does not (doesn't) want me to go.
= John nu vrea ca eu s merg etc.
I || Does John want me to go ?
= Vrea John ca eu s merg ? etc.
I - N ||Does John not (Doesn't John) want me to go ?
= John nu vrea ca eu s merg ? etc.
119

He asked them to be quiet and listen to him.

= El le-a cerut s tac i s asculte la el.
I saw him not only play the guitar but also dance.
= L-am vzut nu numai cntnd la chitar ci i dansnd.
He wanted him to do it, not me.
= El a vrut ca el s-o fac, nu eu.
Do you wish them to stay or to leave ?
= Vrei ca ei s stea sau s plece ?
He taught me to swim.
= El m-a nvat s not.
They warned me not to come late.
= M-au avertizat s nu vin trziu.
I cannot allow/permit her to do that.
= Nu-i pot ngdui/permite ei s fac asta.
All the neighbours thought her to be a communist.
= Toi vecinii o presupuneau/ bnuiau pe ea a fi comunist.
I declared myself to be against war.
= M-am declarat a fi contra/mpotriva rzboiului.
Did you teach him to drive the car ?
= L-ai nvat s conduc maina ?
I did not deny her to be beautiful and to sing beautifully.
= N-am negat c ea este frumoas i cnt frumos.
Do you know him to be honest ?
= l tii pe el a fi (ca fiind, c este) cinstit ?

B. ACUZATIV CU INFINITIV SCURT

Dup verbe ca:
120

to feel (a simi),
to hear (a auzi),
to let (a lsa),
to make (a face),
to notice (a observa),
to see (a vedea),
to watch (a privi/viziona), se folosete infinitiv scurt cnd sunt folosite la diateza activ,
i infinitiv lung dac sunt la diateza pasiv.
I felt the wind blow.
= Am simind vntul suflnd.
Did you hear him say that ?
= L-ai auzit spunnd-o ?
Why don't you let me solve the problem by myself ?
= De ce nu m lai s rezolv problema singur ?
Who makes you laugh ?
= Cine te face s rzi ?
I noticed him enter (into) the bookshop.
= L-am zrit intrnd n librrie.
They saw us buy some books.
= Ne-au vzut cumprnd nite cri.
You can watch us swim.
= Poi s ne priveti notnd.
He was heard to say something.
= El a fost auzit zicnd ceva.
Someone was heard to sing a song.
= Cineva a fost auzit cntnd un cntec.
He was allowed to do what he wanted.
121

= A fost lsat s fac ce vrea.

C. CONSTRUCIA / STRUCTURA "FOR" + PRONUME / SUBSTANTIV N ACUZATIV +
INFINITIV

It is easy for him to understand.

= Pentru el este uor de neles. = Lui i este uor s neleag.
Este de fapt tot acuzativ cu infinitiv, dar este precedat de prepoziia for.
Se folosete dup structurile impersonale
there is (este, se afl/gsete),
there are (sunt, se afl/gsesc),
here is (iat),
here are (iat),
it is early (este devreme),
it is easy (este uor),
it is difficult (este greu),
it is important (este important),
it is late (este trziu),
it is necessary (este necesar),
it is right (este drept/just),
it is wrong (este nedrept/nejust/greit) etc.
Here are some books for me to read.
= Iat nite cri pentru mine s citesc.
It is too early for us to go to the station.
= Este prea devreme pentru noi s mergem la gar.
Was it too late for you to learn that language ?
= Era prea trziu ca tu s nvei limba aceea ?
There was nothing for me to do there.
= Nu era nimic pentru mine de fcut acolo.
122

It is better for you to leave now.

= Este mai bine ca tu s pleci acum. = Este mai bine pentru tine s pleci acum.

CONJUGAREA STRUCTURII IT IS EASY FOR ME TO LEARN

A || It is easy for me to learn. = Mie mi este uor s nv.
It is easy for you to learn. = ie i este uor s nvei.
It is easy for him to learn. = Lui i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for her to learn. = Ei i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for it to learn. = Lui/Ei i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for us to learn. = Nou ne este uor s nvm.
It is easy for you to learn. = Vou v este uor s nvai.
It is easy for them to learn. = Lor le este uor s nvee.
N || It is not (isn't) easy for me to learn.
= Mie nu-mi este uor s nv. etc.
I || Is it easy for me to learn ?
= mi este mie uor s nv ? etc.
I - N || Is it not (isn't it) easy for me to learn ?
= Nu-mi este mie uor s nv ? etc.
It was easy for me to learn.
= Mie mi-a fost uor s nv..
It had been easy for me to learn.
= Mie mi fusese uor s nv.
It would be easy for me to learn.
= Mie mi-ar fi uor s nv.

D. NOMINATIV CU INFINITIV
Este varianta pasiv a acuzativului cu infinitiv, i se folosete dup aceleai grupe de
123

verbe.
1 : I want him to play the piano.
= Vreau ca el s cnte la pian.
- este acuzativ cu infinitiv. Iat cum se transform el n nominativ cu infinitiv :
2 : He is wanted to play the piano by me.
= Se dorete ca el s cnte la pian de ctre mine.
Subiectul din exemplul 1adic I devine n exemplul 2 complement de agent (deci subiect
logic).
Verbul want din exemplul 1 i schimb diateza din activ n pasiv.
Pronumele him din exemplul 1, care era la acuzativ trece n exemplul 2 la cazul nominativ
i devine subiectul propoziiei.
by me = de (ctre) mine
by us = de (ctre) noi
by you = de (ctre) tine
by you = de (ctre) voi/dv.
by him/her/it = de (ctre) el/ea
by them = de (ctre) ei/ele
by whom? = de (ctre) cine ?
By whom was he wanted to play the piano? = Who(m) was he wanted to play the
piano by?
= De (ctre) cine s-a dorit s cnte el la pian ?
They were expected to come much earlier.
= Erau ateptai s soseasc mult mai devreme.
Dup verbele
to prove (a dovedi, a se dovedi),
to turn out (a se dovedi),
to happen (a se ntmpla) i
to seem (a se prea) nominativul cu infinitiv este o construcie activ, nu pasiv.
124

She proves to be a good tennis player.

= Ea se dovedete a fi o bun juctoare de tenis.
They do not seem to be too friendly. = Ei nu par a fi prea prietenoi.
We happened to be watching the match when he came.
= S-a ntmplat ca noi s privim meciul cnd a venit el.
He turned out to be a reliable man.
= El s-a dovedit un om de ndejde.
If she were considered to be a good tennis player...
= Dac ea ar fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she can be considered to be a good tennis player...
= Dac ea poate fi considerat a fi bun juctoare de tenis...
If she could be considered to be a good tennis player...
= Dac ea ar putea fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she should be considered to be a good tennis player...
= Dac ea ar trebui s fie considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
CONJUGAREA STRUCTURII I AM KNOWN TO BE

LA PREZENT

A || I am known to be...
= se tie/cunoate c eu sunt... = eu sunt cunoscut a fi... = eu sunt cunoscut ca fiind...
you are known to be...
= se tie/cunoate c tu eti... = tu eti cunoscut a fi... = tu eti cunoscut ca fiind..
he is known to be...
= se tie/cunoate c el este... = el este cunoscut a fi... = el este cunoscut ca fiind...
she is known to be... =
se tie/cunoate c ea este... = ea este cunoscut a fi... = ea este cunoscut ca fiind...
it is known to be...
= se tie/cunoate c el/ea este... = el/ea este cunoscut() a fi.. = el/ea este cunoscut() ca
fiind...
125

we are known to be...

= se tie/cunoate c noi suntem cunoscui ca fiind...
you are known to be...
= se tie/cunoate c voi suntei cunoscui ca fiind...
they are known to be...
= se tie/cunoate c ei/ele sunt cunoscui ca fiind...
N || I am not known to be...
= eu nu se tie/cunoate c sunt cunoscut ca fiind...

etc.

I || am I known to be...?
= eu se tie/cunoate c sunt...? = se cunoate/tie c eu sunt...? = sunt eu cunoscut ca
fiind...? etc.
I - N || am I not known to be..?
=eu nu se tie/cunoate c sunt. ? = nu sunt eu cunoscut a fi..? = eu nu sunt cunoscut ca
fiind...?
I was known to be...
= se tia/cunotea c eu sunt... = eu eram cunoscut a fi... = eu eram cunoscut ca fiind...
I had been known to be...
= se tiuse/cunoscuse c eu sunt... = eu fusesem cunoscut a fi...
if I were known to be...
= dac s-ar ti/cunoate c eu sunt....
if I had been known to be... = dac s-ar fi tiut/cunoscut c eu sunt... = dac eu a fi fost
cunoscut ca fiind...
verbul

1.6.3.2. MODUL PARTICIPIU (THE PARTICIPLE MOOD)

126

DIATEZA ACTIV
PREZE
NT

DIATEZA PASIV

seeing = vznd

beeing seen = fiind

vzut

speaking = vorbind -

PARTICI TRECU seen = vzut

PIU
T
spoken = vorbit
having seen =
PERFE vznd
CT
having spoken =

seen = vzut
having been seen =
fiind vzut
-

vorbind
Din schema i exemplificarea de mai sus se vede c participiul are trei timpuri, iar
pentru unele verbe are forme pentru diatezele activ i pasiv.
1. PARTICIPIUL PREZENT mpreun cu verbul TO BE, care se conjug, formeaz,
aa cum s-a artat, ASPECTUL CONTINUU AL VERBELOR.
I am speaking. = Eu vorbesc (acum).
Participiul prezent se mai traduce n limba romn i prin modul gerunziu.
We watched them playing football. = I-am privit jucnd fotbal.
The boy running is John = The boy, who is running, is John.
= Biatul, care alearg/alergnd, este John.
We came to know each other playing tennis.
= Am ajuns s ne cunoatem jucnd tenis.
Participiul prezent este un adjectiv verbal.

127

a singing bird = o pasre cnttoare

the coming days = zilele care vin
the rising generation = generaia care se ridic
in the coming years = n anii care vin
running water = ap curgtoare
the winning horse = calul ctigtor
the rising/setting sun = soarele care rsare/apune
to keep somebody waiting = a face pe cineva s atepte
I did not keep him waiting. = Nu l-am fcut s atepte.
to find somebody doing something = a gsi pe cineva fcnd ceva
I found her writing a letter. = Am gsit-o scriind o scrisoare.
to leave somebody doing something = a lsa pe cineva fcnd ceva
I left them playing in the garden. = I-am lsat jucndu-se n grdin.
I felt the earth shaking. = Am simit pmntul cltinndu-se.
to see somebody doing something = a vedea pe cineva fcnd ceva
She is watching her baby sleeping. = Ea i supravegheaz copilul care
doarme.
Did you catch him stealing anything ? = L-ai prins furnd ceva ?
Keep on singing! = Cntai mai departe!
I can feel the wind blowing. = Pot simi vntul suflnd.
I like to listen to the birds singing. = mi place s ascult la psri cntnd.
We left her learning her lessons. = Am lsat-o nvndu-i leciile.
He wrote the exercise while singing a song. = A scris exerciiul cntnd un
cntec.
I noticed him smiling happily at them. = L-am zrit/observat zmbind fericit
ctre ei.
Did you see us swimming in the lake ? = Ne-ai/ne-ai vzut (pe noi) notnd n
lac ?

Searching in the library I came across an interesting book.

= Cutnd prin bibliotec, am dat peste o carte interesant.
We were watching the setting sun and the waves receding from the shore.
= Priveam soarele care apunea i valurile ce se retrgeau de la rm.
A man learning to swim should be very cautious.
= Un om care nva s noate ar trebui s fie foarte precaut.
2. PARTICIPIUL TRECUT (The Past Participle) este a III-a form de baz
a verbelor, form care intr n alctuirea timpurilor The Present Perfect i The
Past Perfect.
3. PARTICIPIUL PERFECT (The Perfect Participle)
Having given him the book, I went home.
= Dup ce i-am dat (lui) cartea, (eu) am plecat acas.
Structura aceasta const din participiul prezent al verbului to have urmat de
un verb la participiul trecut.
Having been read the book was returned to the library. = After the book
had been read it was returned to the library
= Dup ce a fost citit cartea a fost napoiat la bibliotec.
1.6.3.2.1. CONSTRUCII PARTICIPIALE
A. ACUZATIV CU PARTICIPIU
Everybody admired him driving his car.
= Toat lumea l-a admirat conducn-du-i maina.
Nobody heard her playing the piano or singing any song.
= Nimeni n-a auzit-o cntnd la pian sau cntnd vreun cntec.
I did not hear the bell ringing.
= N-am auzit clopoelul (soneria) sunnd.
B. NOMINATIV CU PARTICIPIU
Were you heard singing a song?
= Ai fost (tu) auzit cntnd un cntec?

Was the bell heard ringing?

= A fost clopoelul (soneria) auzit() sunnd?
C. NOMINATIVUL ABSOLUT
The door being locked, we went to bed.
= Ua fiind ncuiat, ne-am dus la culcare.
We may go swimming while the sun is shining.
= Putem merge s notm n timp ce soarele strlucete.
D. PARTICIPIUL ABSOLUT
Judging by appearances is not the best method.
= A judeca dup aparene nu este cea mai bun metod.
Exemple cu structuri care conin verbe la participiul trecut :
We saw a deserted village. = Am vzut un sat prsit
He found the window shut. = El a gsit fereastra nchis.
Can you make your presence felt ? = i poi face prezena simit ?
You should make yourself respected. = Ar trebui s te faci respectat.
She felt herself admired. = S-a simit admirat.
You must have your hair cut. = Trebuie s-i scurtezi/tunzi prul.
verbul
1.6.3.3. MODUL GERUNZIU (THE GERUND MOOD)
Este un substantiv verbal, i seamn ca form cu participiul.
His coming was expected. = Venirea lui era ateptat. Seeing is believing. =
Faptul de a vedea (vzutul) nseamn a crede.

Geru
nd

DIATEZA ACTIV
prezen seeing = vznd
t

DIATEZA PASIV
being seen = fiind vzut

perfec having seen = dup ce having been seen = dup ce a

t
a vzut
fost vzut

Acest substantiv verbal apare de obicei dup verbe cu prepoziii ca :

to accuse of = a acuza de
He was accused of being late.
= A fost acuzat de ntrziere.
We accuse him of having committed a crime.
= l acuzm pentru comiterea unei crime.
to be afraid of = a se teme de
They were afraid of coming across a tiger.
= Se temeau s nu dea peste un tigru.
to be astonished at = a fi uimit/uluit de
Were you astonished at seeing the shark ?
= Erai uimii la vederea rechinului ?
to be aware of = a-i da seama de, a fi contient de
We were aware of John's being cleverer than Nick.
= Eram contieni de faptul c John era mai detept dect Nick.
to be fond of = a fi amator de
He is fond of swimming and fishing.
= Este amator de not i pescuit.
to be good at = a fi bun/priceput la
Tom is good at driving cars.
= Tom este bun/priceput la conducerea mainilor.
to be impressed by = a fi impresionat de
Everybody was impressed by his scoring the goal.
= Toi erau impresionai de nscrierea golului de ctre el.

to be interested in = a-l interesa

He is interested in learning English.
= l intereseaz nvarea limbii engleze.
to be proud of = a fi mndru de
Are you proud of your son's winning the prize ?
= Eti mndru de ctigarea premiului de ctre fiul tu ?
to be satisfied with = a fi mulumit de
We are satisfied with winning the prize.
= Suntem mulumii de ctigarea premiului.
to appologize for = a-i cere iertarea pentru
You must appologize to him for not replying to his letter
=Trebuie s-i ceri iertarea de la el pentru a nu-i fi rspuns la scrisoare.
to begin by = a ncepe prin a
I ought to begin by thanking you for...
= Se cuvine s ncep prin a-i mulumi pentru...
to complain of = a se plnge de
We are complaining of having such bad weather.
= Ne plngem (de faptul) c avem o vreme aa de proast.
to contribute to = a contribui la
He contributed to our winning the prize.
= El a contribuit la ctigarea premiului de ctre noi.
to be crazy about = a fi nebun/mort/topit dup
John is crazy about fishing.
= John este nebun dup pescuit.
to count (up) on = to rely on = a se baza / bizui pe = a conta pe
You can count/rely on our helping you.
= Poi s te bazezi/bizuieti pe faptul c noi te ajutm.

to depend on/upon = a depinde de

Does everything depend on his winning a scholarship ?
= Depinde totul de ctigarea unei burse de ctre el ?
to forgive for = a ierta pentru
We forgive you for your being late.
=Te iertm pentru ntrzierea ta.
to insist on = a insista asupra
Need you insist on her writing her homework ?
= Este nevoie s insiti asupra scrierii temei sale de ctre ea ?
to long for = a tnji dup
We are longing for a short holiday.
= Tnjim dup o scurt vacan.
to prevent from = a mpiedica / preveni s
You must prevent your son from making mistakes.
= Trebuie s-l previi pe fiul tu s nu fac greeli.
to refer to = a se referi la
Did he refer to his coming to see us ?
= S-a referit el la venirea lui pe la noi ?
to resort to = a recurge la
He mustn't resort to stealing however poor he were.
= El nu trebuie s recurg la furat orict de srac ar fi.
to be sated with = a fi stul / dezgustat de
We aren't sated with fishing and swimming, are we ?
= Noi nu suntem plictisii / stui de pescuit i not, nu-i aa ?
to see to = a avea grij de, a se ocupa de
See to making some tea, will you ?
= Vezi / ocup-te s faci nite ceai, te rog.

to succeed in = a reui s
He succeeded in learning the poem by heart.
= El a reuit s nvee poezia pe de rost.
to thank for = a mulumi pentru
Thank you for comming.
= Mulumesc c ai venit.
to think of = a se gndi la
We are thinking of going on a trip.
= Ne gndim s mergem ntr-o excursie.
1.6.3.3.1. GERUND PREZENT (THE PRESENT GERUND)
Gerund prezent (sau indefinit) este, cum s-a putut observa i n exemplele
de mai sus, precedat :
a) fie de adjective posesive, ca n structurile :
my coming = venirea mea
my being late = ntrzierea mea etc.
b) fie de unele substantive cu prepoziii :
He is known for his art of writing. =
El este cunoscut pentru arta lui de a scrie.
Let me tell you about their surprise at seeing us!
= S-i povestesc despre surpriza lor la vederea noastr.
I know his interest in learning.
= i cunosc interesul pentru nvtur.
I like the idea of building a house here.
= mi place ideea de a construi o cas aici.
Alte astfel de substantive cu prepoziii dup care se poate folosi
gerund-ul sunt:
the art of (living) = arta de a (tri)

astonishment at = uimire fa de
confidence in = ncredere n
dependence on = dependen fa de
disappointment at = dezamgire la
experience in = experien n
fear of = team de
idea of = idee de a
interest in = interes fa de
risk of = riscul de a
mode of (living) = modul de a (tri)
surprise at = surpriz la
Gerund-ul prezent se traduce
fie prin gerunziu,
fie printr-un substantiv,
fie prin infinitiv sau conjunctiv.
I prefer watching football matches.
= Eu prefer vizionarea meciurilor de fotbal.
He went on smoking and drinking coffee.
El a continuat s fumeze i s bea cafea.
Please excuse my saying so.
= Te rog s m scuzi c zic/spun aa.
Do you mind opening the window ?
= Te/V deranjeaz dac deschid fereastra ?
Did you mind my opening the window ?
= Te-a/V-a deranjat c am deschis fereastra ?
Do you enjoy dancing ? = i place mult s dansezi ?
Willing and wishing are two different things, aren't they ?

= A vrea/voi i a dori sunt dou lucruri diferite, nu-i aa ?

Any work needs correcting.
= Oricare lucrare are nevoie s fie corectat.
I like swimming not mountain climbing.
= mi place notul nu alpinismul.
Some women hate fishing.
= Unele femei detest pescuitul.
1.6.3.3.2. GERUND PERFECT (THE PERFECT GERUND)
He does not remember having said such a thing.
= El nu-i amintete s fi spus/zis aa ceva.
Do you remember having invited them there ?
= i aminteti s-i fi invitat pe ei acolo ?
Iat n continuare o list de verbe dup care se folosete gerund-ul :
to admit = a admite,
to allow/permit = a ngdui/permite,
to anticipate = a anticipa,
to attempt = a ncerca,
to advice = a sftui,
to avoid = a evita,
can't bear = a nu putea suferi,
to consider = a considera,
to continue = a continua,
to deny = a nega,
to enjoy = a savura,
to excuse = a scuza,
to finish = a termina,
to forgive = a ierta,

to hate = a ur,
to imagine = a imagina,
to intend = a inteniona,
to like = a-i plcea,
to love = a iubi, a-i fi drag,
to mean = a nsemna; a vrea s spun,
to mind = a supra,
to miss = a pierde; a-i fi dor de,
to postpone = a amna,
to prefer = a prefera,
to propose = a propune,
to regret = a regreta,
to remember = a-i aminti,
to risk =a risca,
to start = a porni,
to stop = a opri,
to suggest = a sugera,
to try = a ncerca,
used to = obinuia s.
Tot gerund se mai folosete dup expresii ca :
it's no use = it's no good = n-are rost/sens s
It's no use going now. = N-are rost s mergem acum.
can't stand = a nu suferi/nghii/suporta
I can't stand wasting time. = Nu pot suferi irosirea timpului.
can't help = a nu putea s nu, a nu avea ncotro
I can't help laughing when I see you making faces.
= Nu pot s nu rd cnd te vd strmbndu-te.

1.6.4. CONJUGAREA EXPRESIILOR THERE IS, THERE ARE

there is = este, se afl, exist, se gsete.
there are = sunt, se afl, exist, se gsesc.
Timpul prezent (The Present Tense)
A || There is a book on the table.
= Este (Se afl/gsete) o carte pe mas.
There are two books on the table.
= Sunt (Se afl/gsesc) dou cri pe mas.
N || There is not (there isn't) a book on the table.
= Nu este (Nu se afl) o carte pe mas.
There are not (there aren't) two books on the table.
= Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas.
I || Is there a book on the table?
= Este (se afl) o carte pe mas?
Are there two books on the table?
= Sunt (se afl) dou cri pe mas?
I - N || Is there not (isn't there) a book on the table?
= Nu este (nu se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Are there not (aren't there) two books on the table?
= Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
Timpul prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus (The Present Perfect)
A || There has been a book on the table.
= Este o carte pe mas.
There have been two books on the table.
= Sunt dou cri pe mas.
N || There has not (hasn't) been a book on the table.
= Nu este (nu se afl) o carte pe mas.

There have not (haven't) been two books on the table.

= Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas.
I || Has there been a book on the table?
= Este (se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Have there been two books on the table?
= Sunt (se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Has there not (hasn't there) been a book on the table?
= Nu este (nu se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Have there not (haven't there) been two books on the table?
= Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
Timpul imperfect, perfect simplu, perfect compus (The Past Tense)
A || There was a book on the table.
= A fost (s-a aflat) o carte pe mas.
There were two books on the table.
= Au fost (s-au aflat) dou cri pe mas. Erau dou cri pe mas.
N || There was not (there wasn't) a book on the table.
= Nu a fost (nu s-a aflat) o carte pe mas.
There were not (there weren't) two books on the table.
= Nu au fost (nu s-au aflat) dou cri pe mas.
I || Was there a book on the table?
= A fost (s-a aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Were there two books on the table?
= Au fost (s-au aflat) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Was there not (wasn't there) a book on the table?
= Nu a (n-a) fost (nu s-a aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Were there not (weren't there) two books on the table?
= Nu au (n-au) fost (nu s-au aflat) dou cri pe mas ?

Timpul mai mult ca perfect (The Past Perfect)

A || There had been a book on the table.
= Fusese (se aflase) o carte pe mas.
There had been two books on the table.
= Fuseser (se aflaser) dou cri pe mas.
N || There had not (there hadn't) been a book on the table.
= Nu fusese (nu se aflase) o carte pe mas.
There had not (there hadn't) been two books on the table.
= Nu fuseser (nu se aflaser) dou cri pe mas.
I || Had there been a book on the table?
= Fusese (se aflase) o carte pe mas ?
Had there been two books on the table?
= Fuseser (se aflaser) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Had there not (hadn't there) been a book on the table?
= Nu fusese (nu se aflase) o carte pe mas ?
Had there not (hadn't there) been two books on the table?
= Nu fuseser (nu se aflaser) dou cri pe mas ?
Timpul viitor simplu (The Simple Future)
A || There will (there'll) be a book on the table.
= Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas = Se va afla o carte pe mas.
There will (there'll) be two books on the table.
= Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas = Se vor afla dou cri pe mas.
N || There will not be (there won't be) a book on the table.
= Nu va fi (n-o s fie) o carte pe mas
There will not be (there won't be) two books on the table.
= Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I || Will there be a book on the table?

= Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas ? = Se va afla (o s se afle) o carte pe mas ?

Will there be two books on the table?
= Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas ? = Se vor afla dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) be a book on the table?
= Nu va fi o carte pe mas ? = Nu se va afla o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) be two books on the table?
= Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
Timpul viitor anterior (The Future Perfect)
A || There will (there'll) have been a book on the table.
= Va fi fost o carte pe mas. = Se va fi aflat o carte pe mas.
There will (there'll) have been two books on the table.
= Vor fi fost dou cri pe mas.
N || There will not (there won't) have been a book on the table.
= Nu va fi fost o carte pe mas.
There will not (there won't) have been two books on the table.
= Nu vor fi fost dou cri pe mas.
I || Will there have been a book on the table ?
= Va fi fost (se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there have been two books on the table ?
=Vor fi fost (se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) have been a book on the table ?
= Nu va fi fost (nu se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) have been two books on the table ?
= Nu vor fi fost (nu se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe mas
Timpul viitor n trecut (The Future in the Past)
A || There would be a book on the table.
= Va fi (se va afla) o carte pe mas.

There would not (wouldn't) be a book on the table.

= Nu va fi (nu se va afla) o carte pe mas.
There would not (wouldn't) be two books on the table.
= Nu vor fi (nu se vor afla) dou cri pe mas.
Timpul viitor apropiat/inteniei (The Near Future)
A || There is going to be a book on the table.
= Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas.
There are going to be two books on the table.
= Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas.
N || There is not going to be a book on the table.
= Nu va fi (n-o s fie) o carte pe mas.
There are not going to be two books on the table.
= Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I || Is there going to be a book on the table?
= Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas ?
Are there going to be two books on the table?
= Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Is there not (isn't there) going to be a book on the table? = Nu va fi
(n-o s fie) o carte pe mas?
Are there not (aren't there) going to be two books on the table? = Nu
vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu
verbele modale la PRESENT TENSE
- cu verbul can-could = a putea/ti, a fi posibil
A || There can be a book on the table.
= Poate fi (se poate afla) o carte pe mas.
There can be two books on the table.
= Pot fi (se pot afla) dou cri pe mas.

N || There cannot (there can't) be a book on the table. =

Nu poate fi (nu se poate afla) o carte pe mas.
There cannot (there can't) be two books on the table.
= Nu pot fi (nu se pot afla) dou cri pe mas.
I || Can there be a book on the table?
= Poate fi (se poate afla) o carte pe mas ?
Can there be two books on the table?
= Pot fi (se pot afla) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Can there not (can't there) be a book on the table?
= Nu poate fi (nu se poate afla) o carte pe mas ?
Can there not (can't there) be two books on the table?
= Nu pot fi (nu se pot afla) dou cri pe mas ?
- cu verbul may - might = a putea, a fi voie/permis
A || There may be a book on the table.
= Poate fi (este voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There may be two books on the table.
= Pot fi (este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
N || There may not (there mayn't) be a book on the table.
= Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There may not be two books on the table.
= Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I || May there be a book on the table?
= Poate fi (este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there be two books on the table?
= Pot fi (este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || May there not be a book on the table?
= Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?

May there not be two books on the table?

= Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
- cu verbul must = to have to = trebuie s = a trebui s
A || There must be a book on the table.
= Trebuie s fie o carte pe mas.
There must be two books on the table.
= Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
N || There must not (there mustn't) be a book on the table.
= Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas.
There must not (there mustn't) be two books on the table.
= Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
I || Must there be a book on the table?
= Trebuie s fie (trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Must there be two books on the table?
= Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Must there not (musn't there) be a book on the table?
= Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Must there not (musn't there) be two books on the table?
= Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la
PAST TENSE
A || There could be a book on the table.
= Putea fi o carte pe mas. = Putea s se gseasc o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table.
= Puteau fi dou cri pe mas. = Puteau s se afle dou cri pe mas.
N || There could not (there couldn't) be a book on the table.
= Nu putea fi o carte pe mas.

There could not (there couldn't) be two books on the table.

= Nu puteau fi dou cri pe mas
I || Could there be a book on the table?
= Putea fi o carte pe mas ?= Putea s se gseasc o carte pe mas ?
Could there be two books on the table?
= Puteau fi dou cri pe mas? = Puteau s se afle dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Could there not (couldn't there) be a book on the table ?
= Nu putea fi o carte pe mas
Could there not (couldn't there) be two books on the table ?
= Nu puteau fi dou cri pe mas
A || There might be a book on the table.
= Putea fi (era voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There might be two books on the table.
= Puteau fi (era voie/permis s fie) dou cri pe mas.
N || There might not (there mighn't) be a book on the table.
= Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There might not (there mightn't) be two books on the table.
= Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I || Might there be a book on the table?
= Putea fi (era voie s fie) o carte pe mas?
Might there be two books on the table?
= Puteau fi (era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Might there not (mighn't there) be a book on the table?
= Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
Might there not be two books on the table?
= Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
A || There had to be a book on the table.

= Trebuia s fie (trebuia s se afle) o carte pe mas.

There had to be two books on the table.
= Trebuia s fie dou cri pe mas.
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Future
Tense
A || There will possibly be a book on the table.
= Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There will possibly be two books on the table.
= Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There will not (there won't) possibly be a book on the table.
= Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There will not (there won't) possibly be two books on the table.
= Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
I || Will there possibly be a book on the table ?
= Va putea fi o carte pe mas ?
Will there possibly be two books on the table ?
= Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) possibly be a book on the table ?
= Nu va putea fi (s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) possibly be two books on the table ?
= Nu vor putea fi (s se afle) dou cri pe mas ?
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la
Future in the Past
A || There could be a book on the table.
= Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table.
= Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.

N || There could not be (there couldn't be) a book on the table.

= Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could not be (there couldn't be) two books on the table.
= Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
Exemplu: He told me that there could be a book on the table.
= El mi-a spus c va putea fi o carte pe mas.
A || There might be a book on the table.
= Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There might be two books on the table.
= Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There might not (there mightn't) be a book on the table.
= Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There might not (there mightn't) be two books on the table.
= Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
A || There had to be a book on the table.
= Va trebui s fie o carte pe mas.
There had to be two books on the table.
= Va trebui s fie dou cri pe mas.
N || There had not (there hadn't) to be a book on the table.
= Nu va trebui s fie o carte pe mas.
There had not (there hadn't) to be two books on the table.
= Nu va trebui s fie dou cri pe mas.
I-N || I didn't find out whether there might be a book on the table.
= N-am aflat dac va putea fi o carte pe mas.
I didn't find out whether there would be a book on the table.
= Nu am aflat dac va fi o carte pe mas.
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE la Condiionalul prezent

A || There would be a book on the table.

= Ar fi (s-ar afla) o carte pe mas.
There would be two books on the table.
= Ar fi (s-ar afla) dou cri pe mas.
N || There would not be a book on the table.
= Nu ar fi o carte pe mas. = Nu s-ar afla o carte pe mas.
There would not be two books on the table.
= Nu ar fi dou cri pe mas.
= Nu s-ar afla dou cri pe mas.
I || Would there be a book on the table ?
= Ar fi o carte pe mas ?
Would there be two books on the table ?
= Ar fi dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Would there not be a book on the table ?
= Nu ar fi o carte pe mas ? = Nu s-ar afla o carte pe mas ?
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE la Condiionalul perfect
A || There would have been a book on the table.
= Ar fi fost o carte pe mas.
There would have been two books on the table.
= Ar fi fost dou cri pe mas.
N || There would not have been a book on the table.
= Nu ar fi fost o carte pe mas.
= Nu s-ar fi aflat o carte pe mas.
There would not have been two books on the table.
= Nu ar fi fost dou cri pe mas.
I || Would there have been a book on the table ?
= Ar fi fost o carte pe mas ? = S-ar fi aflat o carte pe mas ?

Would there have been two books on the table ?

= Ar fi fost dou cri pe mas? = S-ar fi aflat dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Would there not have been a book on the table ?
= Nu ar fi fost o carte pe mas? = Nu s-ar fi aflat o carte pe mas ?
Would there not have been two books on the table ?
= Nu ar fi fost dou cri pe mas ?

Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE la Subjunctive II

A || If there were a book on the table.
= Dac ar fi o carte pe mas. = Dac s-ar afla o carte pe mas
If there were two books on the table.
= Dac ar fi dou cri pe mas. = Dac s-ar afla dou cri pe mas.
N || If there were not a book on the table.
= Dac nu ar fi o carte pe mas. = Dac nu s-ar afla o carte pe mas.
If there were not two books on the table.
= Dac nu ar fi dou cri pe mas. = Dac nu s-ar afla dou cri pe mas.
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE la Subjunctive III
A || If there had been a book on the table.
= Dac ar fi fost o carte pe mas. = Dac s-ar fi aflat o carte pe mas.
If there had been two books on the table.
= Dac ar fi fost dou cri pe mas = Dac s-ar fi aflat dou cri pe mas.
N || If there had not been a book on the table.
= Dac n-ar fi fost o carte pe mas. = Dac nu s-ar fi aflat o carte pe mas.
If there had not been two books on the table.
= Dac n-ar fi fost dou cri pe mas.
Alte exemple cu there is i there are:
We should not want there to be new wars.

= Nu am vrea s fie noi rzboaie.

Do you want there to be another festival ?
= Vrei s fie un alt festival ?
There can be no doubt about it.
= Nu poate fi nici o ndoial n aceast privin.
He doesn't want there to be any misunderstanding.
= El nu vrea s fie nici o nenelegere.
1.6.5. SCHEMA RECAPITULATIV A VERBULUI
Formele de baz ale verbului sunt:
I

II

III

IV

PRESENT
INFINITIVE

PAST
TENSE

PAST
PARTICIPLE

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE/GERUND

to see

saw

seen

seeing

MODUL INDICATIV (THE INDICATIVE MOOD)

1) The Present Simple (prezent) = subiect + I (fr particula to)
I see. = Eu vd.
2) The Present Perfect (prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus) = subiect +
have + III
I have seen. = Am vzut.
3) The Past Tense (imperfect, perfect simplu, perfect compus) = subiect + II
I saw. = Am vzut/vedeam/vzui.
4) The Past Perfect Tense (mai mult ca perfect, perfect compus) = subiect +
had + III
I had seen. = Vzusem.
5) The Future Tense (viitor) = subiect + shall/will + I
I shall/will see. = Voi vedea;

I'll see. = O s vd.

6) The Future in the Past (viitor) = subiect + should/would + I
I should/would see = Voi vedea.
7) The Future Perfect (viitor anterior) = subiect + shall/will + have + III
I shall/will have seen (something). = Voi fi vzut (ceva).
8) Near Future (prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus, imperfect, mai mult
ca perfect) = subiect + to be going to + I
I am going to see. = Am de gnd s vd. = Voi vedea. (deci viitor)
I was going to see. = Aveam de gnd s vd.
I had been going to see. = Avusesem de gnd s vd.
MODUL CONDIIONAL (THE CONDITIONAL MOOD)
1) Present Conditional (Optativ prezent) = subiect + should/would + I
I should/would come. = Eu a veni.
2) The Perfect Conditional (optativ trecut) = subiect + should/would + have
+ III
I should/would have seen. = A fi vzut.
MODUL SUBJONCTIV (THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD)
1) The Subjunctive II (condiional optativ prezent) = if + subiect + II
If I saw. = Dac a vedea. etc.
2) The Subjunctive III (condiional optativ trecut) = if + subiect + had + III
If I had had time.... = Dac a fi avut timp ... etc.
DIATEZA PASIV
The Passive Voice (diateza pasiv) = if + to be + III
I am seen. = Sunt vzut.
ASPECTUL CONTINUU
The Continuous/Definite Progressive Aspect (aspectul continuu) = subiect +
to be + IV
I am speaking. = Vorbesc (acum).

verbul