Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam, is held annually in the month of Dhul Al-Hijjah, the twelfth month,
in the Islamic calendar. Pilgrims travel to Makkah and its neighbouring areas—Mina,
Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Annually, about 2.5 million pilgrims perform spatiotemporally
restricted rituals in these holy places that they must execute to fulfil the pilgrimage. These
restrictions make the task of transportation in Hajj a big challenge. The shuttle bus service is
an essential form of transport during Hajj due to its easy availability at all stages and ability …