… To test whether two objects are observa- tionally equivalent, we apply an advanced
testing methodology known as object-oriented software Testing At the … We have
highlighted the problems software testers can face in industrial projects where precise test
oracles or test results may not be available. We have applied advanced testing techniques
in our TACCLE methodology to a real-world engineering project for ASM. The …

From 30% to 50% of the resources in an average software project are typically allotted to
testing. Still, inadequate software testing costs industry $22 billion to $60 billion per year in
the US alone [8]. We would all spend less if software engineers could use more effective
testing methods and automated testing tools. On the other hand, testing is very difficult in
real-world projects.