Intramuscular electromyography (EMG) signals are usually decomposed with semiautomatic procedures that involve the interaction with an expert operator. In this paper, a Bayesian statistical model and a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator are used to solve the problem of multiunit EMG decomposition in a fully automatic way. The MAP estimation exploits both the likelihood of the reconstructed EMG signal and some physiological constraints, such as the discharge pattern regularity and the refractory period of muscle fibers, as prior information integrated in a Bayesian framework. A Tabu search is proposed to efficiently tackle the nondeterministic polynomial-time-hard problem of optimization w.r.t the motor unit discharge patterns. The method is fully automatic and was tested on simulated and experimental EMG signals. Compared with the semiautomatic decomposition performed by an expert operator, the proposed method resulted in an accuracy of 90.0% ± 3.8% when decomposing single-channel intramuscular EMG signals recorded from the abductor digiti minimi muscle at contraction forces of 5% and 10% of the maximal force. The method can also be applied to the automatic identification and classification of spikes from other neural recordings.