Eraser: Difference between revisions
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| ⚫ | '''Erasers''', also called '''rubbers''', are [[tool]]s made from [[rubber]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The ultimate guide to erasers & rubbers|url=https://www.colouringheaven.com/how-to-colour/ultimate-guide-to-erasers/|access-date=2024-08-14|website=Colouring Heaven|language=en-GB}}</ref> or vinyl and are used to get rid of marks made from [[pencil]]s, or some types of [[pen|pens]]. Some erasers may be be attached to a [[pencil]], while others can be temporarily removed and then added. Erasers can be used by rubbing the pencil/pen mark and it will slowly clear away. All erasers will produce some [[dust]] called [[debris]]. There are some erasers which are very soft and can erase easily. Pink erasers are often used for normal papers, while blue erasers are for thick papers. White erasers can be used for all papers. |
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| ⚫ | '''Erasers''' |
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[[File:Benutzung eines Radiergummies.gif|thumb|Eraser]] |
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==History== |
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Before the 1770s, people used to use wet bread to clean their mistakes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Garber|first=Megan|date=2013-08-26|title=10 Things You Probably Did Not Know About Eraser Technology|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/08/10-things-you-probably-did-not-know-about-eraser-technology/279028/|access-date=2024-08-14|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> |
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[[File:Pointe effaceur.JPG|thumb]] |
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Before rubber erasers used today, blocks of [[wax]] were used to erase lead or [[charcoal]] marks from paper. Pieces of rough stone such as [[sandstone]] or [[pumice]] were used to remove small [[Error|errors]] from [[parchment]] or [[papyrus]] [[Document|documents]] written in [[ink]]. Bread, without its crust, was used; a [[Meiji period]] (1868–1912) Tokyo student said: "Bread erasers were used in place of rubber erasers, and so they would give them to us with no restriction on amount. So we thought nothing of taking these and eating a firm part to at least slightly satisfy our hunger."<ref>{{cite book|title=Kôbu daigakkô mukashibanashi|author=Teiyûkai|publisher=Teiyûkai|year=1926|location=Tokyo|pages=25–26|language=ja}}</ref> |
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In 1770, an [[English people|English]] engineer [[Edward Nairne]] is said to have made the first widely sold [[rubber]] eraser, for an [[Invention|inventions]] [[competition]]. Until that time the material was known as ''gum elastic'' or by its [[Native American]] name (via French) ''caoutchouc''. Nairne sold natural rubber erasers for the high price of three [[Shilling|shillings]] for a [[cube]] with a side length of half an [[inch]].<ref name=":0">See the footnote on page xv at the end of the preface to the following: {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/afamiliarintrod00conggoog|title=A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective|author=Priestley, Joseph|publisher=J. John and J. Payne|year=1770|location=London|quote=A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective.}}</ref> According to Nairne, he [[accidentally]] picked up a piece of rubber instead of breadcrumbs, discovered rubber's erasing properties, and began selling rubber erasers. The invention was written about by [[Joseph Priestley]] on April 15, 1770: "I have seen a [[substance]] excellently [[adapted]] to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black-lead-pencil. ... It is sold by Mr. Nairne, Mathematical Instrument-Maker, opposite the Royal-Exchange."<ref name=":0" /> In 1770 the word ''rubber'' was used for anything that was used to rub;<ref name="Priestley1769">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eFbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA84|title=A Familiar Introduction to the Study of Electricity|author=Joseph Priestley|publisher=J. Dodsley; T. Cadell, successor to Mr. Millar; and Johnson and Payne|year=1769|page=84}}</ref> the word started to refer to the new material between 1770 and 1778.<ref>R.B. Simpson (ed.), ''Rubber Basics'', iSmithers Rapra Publishing, 2002, {{ISBN|185957307X}}, p.46 "Rubber"</ref> |
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However, raw rubber could be broken down by [[Microorganism|microorganisms]]. In 1839 [[Charles Goodyear]] discovered the process of [[vulcanization]], a method that would [[Curing (chemistry)|cure]] rubber, making it last longer. Rubber erasers became common after vulcanization was discovered. |
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On March 30, 1858, [[Hymen Lipman]] of [[Philadelphia]], United States, got the first [[patent]] for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil. The patent was later removed because the invention was found to be a mix of two already-invented pieces rather than an entirely new product.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 (1875)|url=http://supreme.justia.com/us/92/347/case.html|access-date=2014-03-24|publisher=Justia}}</ref> |
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Erasers may be free-standing [[Block|blocks]] (''block'' and ''wedge eraser''), or cone-like caps that can slip onto the end of a pencil (''cap eraser''). A ''[[barrel]]'' or ''click eraser'' is a tool shaped like a pencil, but instead of having [[pencil lead]] inside, it has a retractable cylinder of eraser material (most commonly soft [[vinyl]]). Many, but not all, [[Wood|wooden]] pencils are made with attached erasers. Newer erasers in shapes made to be funny are often made of hard vinyl, which often smears heavier markings when used as an eraser. {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} |
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=== Pencil cap erasers === |
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[[File:Chalkboard eraser, Waldorf School, East Lexington MA.jpg|thumb]] |
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Pencil cap erasers were first made from natural rubber. Now they are made from a cheaper material called [[styrene-butadiene rubber]], or [[SBR]]. This type has minerals inside and an [[abrasive]] (most often [[pumice]]). Also, it has a ''plasticizer,'' a material added to make something more flexible and soft, usually [[vegetable oil]]. They are quite hard so they can stay attached to the pencil, and are colored pink most of the time. They may also be permanently attached with a ''ferrule,'' in this case a group of metal rings squished together, connected to both the pencil and the eraser. {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} |
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=== Ink erasers === |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:Writing tools]] |
[[Category:Writing tools]] |
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[[Category:Stationery]] |
[[Category:Stationery]] |
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<references /> |
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Latest revision as of 04:48, 16 August 2024
Erasers, also called rubbers, are tools made from rubber[1] or vinyl and are used to get rid of marks made from pencils, or some types of pens. Some erasers may be be attached to a pencil, while others can be temporarily removed and then added. Erasers can be used by rubbing the pencil/pen mark and it will slowly clear away. All erasers will produce some dust called debris. There are some erasers which are very soft and can erase easily. Pink erasers are often used for normal papers, while blue erasers are for thick papers. White erasers can be used for all papers.
History
[change | change source]Before the 1770s, people used to use wet bread to clean their mistakes.[2]
Before rubber erasers used today, blocks of wax were used to erase lead or charcoal marks from paper. Pieces of rough stone such as sandstone or pumice were used to remove small errors from parchment or papyrus documents written in ink. Bread, without its crust, was used; a Meiji period (1868–1912) Tokyo student said: "Bread erasers were used in place of rubber erasers, and so they would give them to us with no restriction on amount. So we thought nothing of taking these and eating a firm part to at least slightly satisfy our hunger."[3]
In 1770, an English engineer Edward Nairne is said to have made the first widely sold rubber eraser, for an inventions competition. Until that time the material was known as gum elastic or by its Native American name (via French) caoutchouc. Nairne sold natural rubber erasers for the high price of three shillings for a cube with a side length of half an inch.[4] According to Nairne, he accidentally picked up a piece of rubber instead of breadcrumbs, discovered rubber's erasing properties, and began selling rubber erasers. The invention was written about by Joseph Priestley on April 15, 1770: "I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black-lead-pencil. ... It is sold by Mr. Nairne, Mathematical Instrument-Maker, opposite the Royal-Exchange."[4] In 1770 the word rubber was used for anything that was used to rub;[5] the word started to refer to the new material between 1770 and 1778.[6]
However, raw rubber could be broken down by microorganisms. In 1839 Charles Goodyear discovered the process of vulcanization, a method that would cure rubber, making it last longer. Rubber erasers became common after vulcanization was discovered.
On March 30, 1858, Hymen Lipman of Philadelphia, United States, got the first patent for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil. The patent was later removed because the invention was found to be a mix of two already-invented pieces rather than an entirely new product.[7]
Erasers may be free-standing blocks (block and wedge eraser), or cone-like caps that can slip onto the end of a pencil (cap eraser). A barrel or click eraser is a tool shaped like a pencil, but instead of having pencil lead inside, it has a retractable cylinder of eraser material (most commonly soft vinyl). Many, but not all, wooden pencils are made with attached erasers. Newer erasers in shapes made to be funny are often made of hard vinyl, which often smears heavier markings when used as an eraser. [source?]
Types
[change | change source]
Pencil cap erasers
[change | change source]Pencil cap erasers were first made from natural rubber. Now they are made from a cheaper material called styrene-butadiene rubber, or SBR. This type has minerals inside and an abrasive (most often pumice). Also, it has a plasticizer, a material added to make something more flexible and soft, usually vegetable oil. They are quite hard so they can stay attached to the pencil, and are colored pink most of the time. They may also be permanently attached with a ferrule, in this case a group of metal rings squished together, connected to both the pencil and the eraser. [source?]
Ink erasers
[change | change source]Ink erasers are used to erase ink. Modern ink erasers use chemicals like chlorine, hydroxide, or sulfite. [8]
Chalkboard erasers
[change | change source]Chalkboard erasers are used to erase chalk marks from blackboards and other chalkboards. They are usually made of felt. [source?]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ "The ultimate guide to erasers & rubbers". Colouring Heaven. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
- ↑ Garber, Megan (2013-08-26). "10 Things You Probably Did Not Know About Eraser Technology". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
- ↑ Teiyûkai (1926). Kôbu daigakkô mukashibanashi (in Japanese). Tokyo: Teiyûkai. pp. 25–26.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 See the footnote on page xv at the end of the preface to the following: Priestley, Joseph (1770). A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective. London: J. John and J. Payne.
A Familiar Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Perspective.
- ↑ Joseph Priestley (1769). A Familiar Introduction to the Study of Electricity. J. Dodsley; T. Cadell, successor to Mr. Millar; and Johnson and Payne. p. 84.
- ↑ R.B. Simpson (ed.), Rubber Basics, iSmithers Rapra Publishing, 2002, ISBN 185957307X, p.46 "Rubber"
- ↑ "Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 (1875)". Justia. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
- ↑ "Pelikan". Pelikan. Retrieved 2024-08-14.