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The '''Plague of Justinian'''<ref>Little, Lester K., ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, Cambridge, 2006. {{ISBN|0-521-84639-0}}.</ref> was a [[pandemic]] of the bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bubonic Plague - Document - Gale In Context: Science|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=SCIC&u=azstatelibdev&id=GALE%7CCX8124400395&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-SCIC&asid=b4bea4b0|access-date=2023-04-29|website=go.gale.com}}</ref> It happened during the years of [[540s|541 to 542]] in the [[Byzantine Empire]] while under the rule of Justinian I.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Plague of Justinian Strikes Constantinople: 541–542 - Document - Gale In Context: World History|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=azstatelibdev&id=GALE%7CBWAYGM153607444&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-WHIC&asid=b629e9ed|access-date=2023-04-29|website=go.gale.com}}</ref> [[Historian]]s [[Estimation|estimate]] that this pandemic killed as many as 100 million people across the world,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dpalm.med.uth.tmc.edu/courses/BT2003/BTstudents2003_files%5CPlague2003.htm |title=The History of the Bubonic Plague |access-date=2008-10-21 |archive-date=2008-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415231721/http://dpalm.med.uth.tmc.edu/courses/BT2003/BTstudents2003_files%5CPlague2003.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/1996/plague.htm |title=Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague |access-date=2008-10-21 |archive-date=2007-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007012619/http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/1996/plague.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> partly because it returned every twelve years until 770, when it stopped for about 500 years.
The '''Plague of Justinian'''<ref>Little, Lester K., ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, Cambridge, 2006. {{ISBN|0-521-84639-0}}.</ref> was a [[pandemic]] of the [[bubonic plague]] caused by the bacterium [[Yersinia pestis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bubonic Plague - Document - Gale In Context: Science|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=SCIC&u=azstatelibdev&id=GALE%7CCX8124400395&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-SCIC&asid=b4bea4b0|access-date=2023-04-29|website=go.gale.com}}</ref> It happened during the years of [[540s|541 to 542]] in the [[Byzantine Empire]] while under the rule of [[Justinian I]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Plague of Justinian Strikes Constantinople: 541–542 - Document - Gale In Context: World History|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=azstatelibdev&id=GALE%7CBWAYGM153607444&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-WHIC&asid=b629e9ed|access-date=2023-04-29|website=go.gale.com}}</ref> [[Historian]]s [[Estimation|estimate]] that this pandemic killed as many as 100 million people across the world,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dpalm.med.uth.tmc.edu/courses/BT2003/BTstudents2003_files%5CPlague2003.htm |title=The History of the Bubonic Plague |access-date=2008-10-21 |archive-date=2008-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415231721/http://dpalm.med.uth.tmc.edu/courses/BT2003/BTstudents2003_files%5CPlague2003.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/1996/plague.htm |title=Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague |access-date=2008-10-21 |archive-date=2007-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007012619/http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/1996/plague.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> partly because it returned every twelve years until 770, when it stopped for about 500 years.


Between 541 and 700, the Plague of Justinian killed about half of the people in Europe.<ref>[http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/bioter/anempiresepidemic.html An Empire's Epidemic]</ref> It also may have contributed to the success of the [[Muslim conquests]].<ref>[http://www.justiniansflea.com/events.htm Justinian's Flea]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Arab Conquests |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/04/arts/idbriefs5H.php |access-date=2008-10-21 |archive-date=2009-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202191807/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/04/arts/idbriefs5H.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its social and cultural impact is comparable to that of the [[Black Death]].
Between 541 and 700, the Plague of Justinian killed about half of the people in Europe.<ref>[http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/bioter/anempiresepidemic.html An Empire's Epidemic]</ref> It also may have contributed to the success of the [[Muslim conquests]].<ref>[http://www.justiniansflea.com/events.htm Justinian's Flea]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Arab Conquests |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/04/arts/idbriefs5H.php |access-date=2008-10-21 |archive-date=2009-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202191807/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/04/arts/idbriefs5H.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its social and cultural impact is comparable to that of the [[Black Death]].

Revision as of 08:49, 14 September 2023

The Plague of Justinian[1] was a pandemic of the bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.[2] It happened during the years of 541 to 542 in the Byzantine Empire while under the rule of Justinian I.[3] Historians estimate that this pandemic killed as many as 100 million people across the world,[4][5] partly because it returned every twelve years until 770, when it stopped for about 500 years.

Between 541 and 700, the Plague of Justinian killed about half of the people in Europe.[6] It also may have contributed to the success of the Muslim conquests.[7][8] Its social and cultural impact is comparable to that of the Black Death.

Origin and impact

Through trade, the plague came from India to Ethiopia or Egypt. Eventually, trade ships brought the plague north to the large city of Constantinople. Ships bringing grain, which Constantinople imported, carried rats along with them. These rats carried the plague.[9] By the end of the pandemic, the plague had killed 40% of Constantinople's population. At its worst, it killed 10,000 people in Constantinople every day.

Doctors at the time relied on religious and folk remedies which were not effective in treating the plague. This caused the plague to spread rapidly throughout Europe and the Mediterranean Basin.[10] In total, about 25 million people died because of the Plague of Justinian.[9] It is said to have contributed to the fall of the Byzantine Empire, because it killed farmers and caused famine. Also, the empire relied on tax money, and the plague killed many taxpayers.[11]Overall, the Plague of Justinian was a sickness that happened around 1,500 years ago. It started in the city of Constantinople and spread to other parts of the world. Many people got sick and some even died. The disease was caused by bacteria and was spread by fleas on rats. It lasted for several years and caused a lot of damage to the Byzantine Empire by weakening its defenses, harming its economy, and killing large amounts of its population.[12] Even though it was a long time ago, we can still learn from this event and take precautions to prevent the spread of diseases today.

References

  1. ↑ Little, Lester K., ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, Cambridge, 2006. ISBN 0-521-84639-0.
  2. ↑ "Bubonic Plague - Document - Gale In Context: Science". go.gale.com. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  3. ↑ "The Plague of Justinian Strikes Constantinople: 541–542 - Document - Gale In Context: World History". go.gale.com. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  4. ↑ "The History of the Bubonic Plague". Archived from the original on 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  5. ↑ "Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague". Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  6. ↑ An Empire's Epidemic
  7. ↑ Justinian's Flea
  8. ↑ "The Great Arab Conquests". Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lahanas, Michael. "Plague of Justinian". Archived from the original on 2010-04-22. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  10. ↑ "The Plague of Justinian Strikes Constantinople: 541–542 - Document - Gale In Context: World History". go.gale.com. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
  11. ↑ North, Joshua (January 2013). "The Death Toll of Justinian's Plague and Its Effects on the Byzantine Empire". Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 23 Dec 2014.
  12. ↑ "The Plague of Justinian Strikes Constantinople: 541–542 - Document - Gale In Context: World History". go.gale.com. Retrieved 2023-04-30.

Sources

  • Edward Walford, translator, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, ISBN 978-1-889758-88-6. [1]—The author, Evagrius, was himself stricken by the plague as a child and lost several family members to it.
  • Procopius. History of the Wars, Books I and II (The Persian War). Trans. H. B. Dewing. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1954.—Chapters XXII and XXIII of Book II (pages 451–473) are Procopius's famous description of the Plague of Justinian. This includes the famous 10,000 people dead a day in Constantinople statistic (page 465).
  • Little, Lester K., ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, Cambridge, 2006. ISBN 0-521-84639-0.
  • Rosen, William. Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe, Viking Adult, 2007. ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8.
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