THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 1.

Presentation on theme: "THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 1."— Presentation transcript:

1 THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1

2 The Civil War ( ) a period of war between Northern + Southern states Army of the Union (U.S.)- 23 states Confederate States of America (C.S.A.)- 11 states 600,000 soldiers died More than all the deaths of our other campaigns! Over ½ die from disease than bullets

3 What was happening in the US before the War started?

4 A Deeply Divided America
31,000,000 citizens 34 states (Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas) 3,000,000 slaves in South (½ of total pop.) Blacks born & live in filth, disease, ignorance Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan were Presidents between Largely ineffective - inactions helped further the cause for war

5 Differences between northern and southern states:
__________ economy industrial agricultural __________ economy “_____ states” free slave

6 A Deeply Divided America
Secession had been suggested many times as only way to deal with slavery South felt slavery only way to preserve economy - didn’t know what to do w/o slaves Slavery had been in America so long (1619) that it was called “a peculiar institution”

7 Society’s Efforts to Stop Slavery
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (1852) - violent slavery story by Harriet B. Stowe moves many to join abolitionists Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade!

8 Society’s Efforts to Stop Slavery
“Underground Railroad” created by Harriet Tubman + conductors to evacuate slaves from South- almost 50,000 saved by “railroad” Tubman rescued over 300 slaves after her escape

9 The Issue of Slavery RACISM RULED throughout country
Abolitionists racist by modern standards – Churches, schools, cemeteries wouldn’t accept them – workers didn’t trust them – worried about their own jobs Mistreated in South Girls used + sold as breeders for more slaves Southerners see their slaves as property, which could be moved with them to new lands

10 The Wilmot Proviso (1846) Before Mexican War was over, slavery’s future in southwestern lands caused strong debate in the U.S. 1846: Wilmot Proviso divides country along sectional lines

11 What caused the Civil War to occur?

12 An America Free, or Slave?
Several attempts made to deal with slavery – NONE WERE SUCCESSFUL The Missouri Compromise (1820) – Maine (FREE) and Missouri (SLAVE) enter the Union The Compromise of 1850 – California (FREE) and Congress makes no laws regarding territories won in M/A War

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16 Path to War (1850-1856) “Bleeding Kansas” (1856)
Popular Sovereignty decides slavery in Kansas (Henry Clay) FAILED - Lawrence burned by pro-slavery radicals State collapsed into civil war people killed – “…a territory of mobs and gangs, of lynchings, shootings at night, rigged elections, and literally murderous rivalries.” Debate spills over into violence in the nation’s capital

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18 Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:
• Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri. (MO) Dred Scott

19 Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:
• Scott and his owner moved to Wisconsin for four years. Dred Scott

20 Dred Scott Decision (1857) - FACTS:
• Scott’s owner died after returning to Missouri. Dred Scott

21 Dred Scott Decision (1857) - FACTS:
* Scott sued for his freedom. He claimed that he should be a free man since he lived in a free territory (WI) for four years. Dred Scott

22 SUPREME COURT DECISIONS:
Q: Was Scott a U.S. citizen with the right to sue? A: NO Q: Did living in a free territory make Scott a free man? A: NO Q: Did Congress have the right to outlaw slavery in any territory? A: NO

23 RESULTS: • Dred Scott was not given his freedom. • The Missouri Compromise was found to be unconstitutional. Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (Compromise of 1850) Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (KS-NE Act) Missouri Compromise line is declared unconstitutional (Dred Scott Decision)

24 “The Final Straw” (1859-1860) John Brown’s Raid (1859)
Brown attacked federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry - hoped to use weapons to free all slaves Failed- captured, hanged

25 Abraham Lincoln’s Election
Lincoln’s election in 1860 angers South – slaveholders call him “The Black Republican” - S. Carolina secedes on Dec. 20, 1860

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28 Events During The Civil War

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30 1860 Election Results

31 1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

32 Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

33 The Union and Confederacy in 1861

34 Leadership during the War
Abraham Lincoln (US) Jefferson Davis (CSA)

35 Realities of the Campaign
Each side made critical errors in the early years of the War Lincoln seriously underestimates the will of the South – not prepared for response his army receives in early years of the War The South wrongly assumes Britain will come to its aid – all of Europe has banned slavery by 1860

36 Ranking North v. South: 1861

37 R e s o u r c e s

38 Advantages of the Union (North)?
Population - 22 million 90% of industry - goods, esp. munitions Efficient railroad system Controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade southern ports and shutdown the South’s economy but would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar territory...) Capable mil. leaders, inc. Ulysses S. Grant 38

39 Confederate (Rebel) advantages (South) and disadvantages
Confederates had excellent generals too -Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson Defending is always easier than attacking - (familiar w/climate and territory, possible psychological advantages) Farmers fight better than factory workers Profitable eco. based on cotton exports But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves) had to import industrial goods; very little munitions production 39

40 Weapons of the Civil War
Most soldiers were issued smoothbore muskets that were difficult to load and could be fired at an accurate range of only about 100 yards, only three times in one minute. Rifled muskets were much more accurate and deadly with a range of up to 500 yards.

41 Destruction from Artillery
In the Civil War, some Cannons were rifled for better accuracy and more power. Rifled cannons could accurately lob shells for almost 2000 yards; that is almost one mile!. Smoothbore cannons were not as accurate and could be lobbed 500 yards.

42 Technology made Civil War . . .
The Monitor 42

43 More efficient and deadly
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44 First metal ships in world!
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45 Fort Sumter (1861): War starts
Key Battles Fort Sumter (1861): War starts

46 Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas), July 1861
Union defeat Forces both sides to realize that the War will not end quickly

47 Fort Donelson – February 1862
Attacks by Ulysses S. Grant gave the Union its first victory of the War

48 Shiloh - April 1862 Union Victory (24,000 casualties)

49 Antietam, 1862 Union Victory – largest loss of life during the War (more than 25,000 casualties)

50 Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863 Freed the slaves only in states that seceded from the Union. It did not free slaves in border states. Constitution forbid Lincoln to free slaves in the Union 50

51 Blacks in the Military After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army Initially they were only used for manual labor Eventually, Blacks saw live combat 54th regiment out of Massachusetts William Carney 51

52 The 54th Regiment attack on Fort Wagner, SC- July 18, 1863
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53 African-Americans in Civil War Battles

54 Gettysburg – turning point
Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory July 1-3, BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa. Confed. bombardment; Union held firm on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down (= "Pickett’s Charge") Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the North. 54

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56 Vicksburg – July 1863 won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi River Grant was then given control of all Union armies  began a "scorched earth" policy to defeat the South

57 Sherman’s ‘Total War’ – March 1864
General Sherman given task of taking Atlanta; his "March through Georgia" saw total destruction from Atlanta to Savannah – tore up rail lines, destroyed crops, burned/looted towns

58 Presidential Election of 1864 – Sherman’s Total War Assures Victory

59 Surrender at Appomattox – April 1865
April 3, Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 Terms of surrender were lenient – Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict

60 Casualties on Both Sides

61 Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

62 Effects of the Civil War
Creation of a single unified country (nationalism) Abolition of slavery Increased power of fed. gov't – killed the issue of state’s rights To cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and intro'd income tax In a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Habeas Corpus) - free press/ speech also interrupted U.S. now an industrial nation W. lands increasingly opened to settlement South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...

63 thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...

64 Abraham Lincoln Lincoln was an outspoken opponent of slavery
Abraham Lincoln’s speeches help define people’s perceptions of basic human rights & the role of government in protecting it

65 Abraham Lincoln “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free.” - (1858)

66 Abraham Lincoln “The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearth-stone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." - 1st Inaugural Address (1861)

67 Abraham Lincoln "...that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." - Gettysburg Address (1863)

68 Abraham Lincoln "With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan - to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations." 2nd Inaugural Address (1865)