History of Computing Overview CSE 4102 Prof Steven

History of Computing - Overview CSE 4102 Prof. Steven A. Demurjian Computer Science & Engineering Department The University of Connecticut 371 Fairfield Way, Box U-255 Storrs, CT 06269 -3255 Steven. Demurjian@uconn. edu http: //sdcse. engr. uconn. edu (860) 486– 4818 (Office) (860) 486 -3719 (CSE Office) Ho. CPLov-1

History of Computing m CSE 4102 m Review History of Computing q https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_computing Interleaving of Three Presentations q History of Computing http: //slideplayer. com/slide/3838673/ q q A BRIEF History of Computing: People and machines https: //www. cs. arizona. edu/~mercer/Presentations /170/02 -Brief. History. Of. Computing. ppt Computers/Timelines & History/Notable Quotes http: //cse. unl. edu/~lksoh/Classes/CSCE 155_Fall 0 5/History. Computing 2. ppt Ho. CPLov-2

A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTING: PEOPLE AND MACHINES https: //www. cs. arizona. edu/~mercer/Presentations/170/02 -Brief. History. Of. Computing. ppt Institute for Personal Robots in Education (IPRE)

History of Computing The Origins of Computing http: //slideplayer. com/slide/3838673/ http: //www. cs. nyu. edu/courses/spring 06/V 22. 0001 -001/lectures/Origins. Of. Computing. ppt,

History of Computing Timelines Leen-Kiat Soh CSCE 155 Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Nebraska Fall 2005 http: //cse. unl. edu/~lksoh/Classes/CSCE 155_Fall 05/History. Computing 2. ppt

PASCALINE 1642 • Blaise Pascal’s Calculator was the first mechanical device • Could add and subtract to help his father to collect taxes at Rouen • Had carry over by connected gears: 10 turns added 1 • Gottfried Leibniz extended this for multiplication 1960 s 6

10, 000 cards to weave this self-portrait JACQUARD LOOM 1804 First fully automated and programmable Loom Punch cards used to “program” the pattern to be woven into cloth Was a real boon to mill owners, but put many loom operators out of work Angry mobs smashed Jacquard looms and once attacked Jacquard himself. Another example of labor unrest following technological innovation Most studies show that, overall, technology has actually increased the number of jobs 7

DIFFERENCE ENGINE DESIGN 1882 • Charles Babbage first described a general purpose analytical engine in 1837, but worked on the design until his death in 1871 • It was never built • As designed, it would have been programmed using punch-cards and would have included features such as sequential control, loops, conditionals and branching. • If constructed, it would have been the first “computer” as we think of Aug 20 them 2007 today Built in 2002 8

TURING MACHINE 1936 • A Turing machine is a hypothetical device with an unlimited memory capacity in the form of an infinite tape marked out into squares, on each of which a symbol can be printed • The machine can alter the scanned symbol • The tape can be moved back and forth through the machine, this being one of Aug 20 the 2007 elementary operations 9

Who Invented Computers? Computer History Year/Enter Computer History Inventors/Inventions Computer History Description of Event 1936 Konrad Zuse - Z 1 Computer First freely programmable computer. 1942 John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry ABC Computer Who was first in the computing biz is not always as easy as ABC. 1944 Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper Harvard Mark I Computer The Harvard Mark 1 computer. 1946 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly ENIAC 1 Computer 20, 000 vacuum tubes later. . . 1948 Frederic Williams & Tom Kilburn Manchester Baby Computer & The Williams Tube Baby and the Williams Tube turn on the memories. 1947/48 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley The Transistor No, a transistor is not a computer, but this invention greatly affected the history of computers.

COLOSSUS MARK I & II 1943 -1942 • The Colossus Mark I & II are widely acknowledged as the first programmable electric computers • Used at Bletchley Park to decode German codes Aug 20 2007 11

HOWARD AIKEN & GRACE HOPPER, HARVARD MARK I COMPUTER, 1944 • Computer was created by IBM for Harvard University • Used to compute tables for the Navy and to determine whether implosion was a viable choice to detonate atomic bombs Aug 20 2007 12

History of Computers l l l Von Neumann was a scientific genius and was a consultant on the ENIAC project. He formulated plans with Mauchly and Eckert for a new computer (EDVAC) which was to store programs as well as data. This is called the stored program concept and Von Neumann is credited with it. Almost all modern computers are based on this idea and are referred to as Von Neumann machines. He also concluded that the binary system was more suitable for computers since switches have only two values. He went on to design his own computer at Princeton which was a general purpose machine.

1946 –John Eckert & John W. Mauchly – ENIAC 1 Computer • ENIAC was short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer • It was the first general purpose (programmable to solve any problem) electric computer • It contained over 17, 000 vacuum tubes, weighed 27 tones and drew 150 k. W of power to operate • The six female first programmers weren’t given any manuals but had real Aug 20 programs 2007 and real bugs and 14

1947 –The transistor • Invented by William Shockley (seated) John Bardeen & Walter Brattain at Bell Labs • The transistor replaces bulky vacuum tubes with a smaller, more reliable, and power saving solid sate circuit Aug 20 2007 15

First Generation Computers (1951 -58) l l These machines were used in business for accounting and payroll applications. Valves were unreliable components generating a lot of heat (still a problem in computers). They had very limited memory capacity. Magnetic drums were developed to store information and tapes were also developed for secondary storage. They were initially programmed in machine language (binary). A major breakthrough was the development of assemblers and assembly language.

The 50’s the Era of Advances

EDVAC - Electronic Discreet Variable Automatic Computer 1951 l l l Data stored internally on a magnetic drum Random access magnetic storage device First stored program computer

UNIVAC 1951 25 feet by 50 feet in size 5, 600 tubes, 18, 000 crystal diodes 300 relays Internal storage capacity of 1, 008 fifteen bit words was achieved using 126 mercury delay lines • First commercial computer - Between 1951 and 1958, 47 UNIVAC I computers were delivered Aug 20 2007 19

UNIVAC 1951 • UNIVAC tube board and individual vacuum tube Aug 20 2007 20

Who Invented Computers? Computer History Year/Enter Computer History Inventors/Inventions Computer History Description of Event 1951 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly UNIVAC Computer First commercial computer & able to pick presidential winners. 1953 International Business Machines IBM 701 EDPM Computer IBM enters into 'The History of Computers'. 1954 John Backus & IBM FORTRAN Computer Programming Language The first successful high level programming language. Stanford Research Institute, Bank of America, and General Electric ERMA and MICR The first bank industry computer - also MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) for reading checks. 1958 Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce The Integrated Circuit Otherwise known as 'The Chip' 1962 Steve Russell & MIT Spacewar Computer Game The first computer game invented. 1955 (In Use 1959)

Programming Languages 1940 s, 1950 s • ca. 1946: Konrad Zuse develops Plankalkul. He applies the language to, among other things, chess. • 1949: Short Code , the first computer language actually used on an electronic computing device, appears. It is, however, a "hand-compiled" language. • 1951: Grace Hopper, working for Remington Rand, begins design work on the first widely known compiler, named A-0. When the language is released by Rand in 1957, it is called MATH-MATIC. • 1952: Alick E. Glennie , in his spare time at the University of Manchester, devises a programming system called AUTOCODE, a rudimentary compiler.

Programming Languages 1940 s, 1950 s • 1957: FORTRAN --mathematical FORmula TRANslating system-appears. Heading the team is John Backus, who goes on to contribute to the development of ALGOL and the well-known syntax-specification system known as BNF. • 1958: FORTRAN II appears, able to handle subroutines and links to assembly language. John Mc. Carthy at M. I. T. begins work on LISP-LISt Processing. The original specification for ALGOL appears. The specification does not describe how data will be input or output; that is left to the individual implementations. • 1959: LISP 1. 5 appears. COBOL is created by the Conference on Data Systems and Languages (CODASYL).

Second Generation (1959 -64) l l l The development of the transistor revolutionised the development of computers. Invented at Bell Labs in 1948, transistors were much smaller, more rugged, cheaper to make and far more reliable than valves. Core memory (non-volatile) was introduced and disk storage was also used. The hardware became smaller and more reliable, a trend that still continues. Another major feature of the second generation was the use of high-level programming languages such as Fortran and Cobol. These revolutionised the development of software for computers. The computer industry experienced explosive growth.

GRACE HOPPER 1906 -1992 • Developed the first compiler at Remington Rand’s UNIVAC I • She popularized the idea of machine-independent programming languages, which led to the development of COBOL • She won the first "man of the year" award from the Data Processing Manage-ment Association in 1969 • National Medal of Technology 1991 • Aug 20 Rear Admiral in the Navy 25

GRACE HOPPER FINDS THE FIRST BUG Aug 20 26

1958 – Integrated Circuit • Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments & Robert Noyce at Fairchild semiconductor independently invent the first integrated circuits or “the chip” • Jack Kilby was awarded the National Medal of Science and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame • Received the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his Aug 20 2007 27

Programming Languages 1960 s • 1960: ALGOL 60 , the first block-structured language, appears. This is the root of the family tree that will ultimately produce the likes of Pascal. ALGOL goes on to become the most popular language in Europe in the mid- to late-1960 s. • Sometime in the early 1960 s , Kenneth Iverson begins work on the language that will become APL--A Programming Language. It uses a specialized character set that, for proper use, requires APL-compatible I/O devices. • 1962: APL is documented in Iverson's book, A Programming Language. FORTRAN IV appears. Work begins on the sure-fire winner of the "clever acronym" award, SNOBOL--Stri. Ng-Oriented sym. BOlic Language.

Technical Advances in the 60’s l l l John Mccarthy coins the term “Artificial Intelligence” 1960 - Removable Disks appear 1964 - BASIC - Beginners-all purpose Symbolic Instruction Language Texas Instruments offers the first solid- state handheld calculator 1967 - 1 st issue of Computerworld published

1 ST COMMERCIAL TRANSISTORIZED COMPUTERS 1960 • DEC introduced the PDP-1 and IBM released the 7090 which was the fastest in the world Aug 20 2007 30

1 ST COMPUTER GAME & WORD PROCESSOR 1962 • Because the PDP-1 had a typewriter interface, editors like TECO (Text Editor and Corrector) were written for it. • Steve Russell at MIT invents Spacewar, the first computer game running on a DEC PDP-1 Aug 20 2007 31

Programming Languages 1960 s • 1963: ALGOL 60 is revised. Work begins on PL/1. • 1964: APL360 is implemented. At Dartmouth University, Professors John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz invent BASIC. The first implementation is a compiler. The first BASIC program runs at about 4: 00 a. m. on May 1, 1964. PL/1 is released. • 1965: SNOBOL 3 appears. • 1966: FORTRAN 66 appears. LISP 2 appears. Work begins on LOGO at Bolt, Beranek, & Newman. The team is headed by Wally Fuerzeig and includes Seymour Papert. LOGO is best known for its "turtle graphics. "

Third Generation (1965 -71) l l l IC’s (Integrated Circuits) were again smaller, cheaper, faster and more reliable than transistors. Speeds went from the microsecond to the nanosecond (billionth) to the picosecond (trillionth) range. ICs were used for main memory despite the disadvantage of being volatile. Minicomputers were developed at this time. Terminals replaced punched cards for data entry and disk packs became popular for secondary storage. IBM introduced the idea of a compatible family of computers, 360 family, easing the problem of upgrading to a more powerful machine

Third Generation (1965 -71) l l l Substantial operating systems were developed to manage and share the computing resources and time sharing operating systems were developed. These greatly improved the efficiency of computers. Computers had by now pervaded most areas of business and administration. The number of transistors that be fabricated on a chip is referred to as the scale of integration (SI). Early chips had SSI (small SI) of tens to a few hundreds. Later chips were MSI (Medium SI): hundreds to a few thousands, . Then came LSI chips (Large SI) in the thousands range.

Who Invented Computers? Computer History Year/Enter Computer History Inventors/Inventions Computer History Description of Event 1964 Douglas Engelbart Computer Mouse & Windows Nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end. 1969 ARPAnet The original Internet. 1970 Intel 1103 Computer Memory The world's first available dynamic RAM chip. 1971 Faggin, Hoff & Mazor Intel 4004 Computer Microprocessor The first microprocessor. 1971 Alan Shugart &IBM The "Floppy" Disk Nicknamed the "Floppy" for its flexibility. 1973 Robert Metcalfe & Xerox The Ethernet Computer Networking. Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair & IBM 5100 Computers The first consumer computers. 1974/75

Programming Languages 1960 s • 1967: SNOBOL 4, a much-enhanced SNOBOL, appears. • 1968: ALGOL 68, a monster compared to ALGOL 60, appears. Some members of the specifications committee--including C. A. R. Hoare and Niklaus Wirth--protest its approval. ALGOL 68 proves difficult to implement. ALTRAN , a FORTRAN variant, appears. COBOL is officially defined by ANSI. Niklaus Wirth begins work on Pascal. • 1969: 500 people attend an APL conference at IBM's headquarters in Armonk, New York. The demands for APL's distribution are so great the event is later referred to as "The March on Armonk. "

Programming Languages 1970 s • 1970: Sometime in the early 1970 s , Charles Moore writes the first significant programs in his new language, Forth. Work on Prolog begins about this time. Also sometime in the early 1970 s, work on Smalltalk begins at Xerox PARC, led by Alan Kay. Early versions will include Smalltalk-72, Smalltalk-74, and Smalltalk-76. An implementation of Pascal appears on a CDC 6000 -series computer. Icon, a descendant of SNOBOL 4, appears. • 1972: The manuscript for Konrad Zuse's Plankalkul (see 1946) is finally published. Dennis Ritchie produces C. The definitive reference manual for it will not appear until 1974. The first implementation of Prolog -- by Alain Colmerauer and Phillip Roussel -- appears.

Moore’s Law l In 1965 Gordon Moore graphed data about growth in memory chip performance. l Realized each new chip roughly twice capacity of predecessor, and released within ~2 yrs of it => computing power would rise exponentially over relatively brief periods of time. l Still fairly accurate. In 30 years, no of transistors on a chip has increased ~20, 000 times, from 2, 300 on the 4004 in 1971 to 42 million on the Pentium® IV.

The 1970’s - The Microprocessor Revolution l l A single chip containing all the elements of a computer’s central processing unit. Small, integrated, relatively cheap to manufacture.

The Super Computers - 1972 l l l The Cray Parallel processing power Speed 100 million arithmetical functions per second Sensitive to heat - cooled with liquid nitrogen Very expensive

1973 -1976 – Ethernet • Robert Metcalfe at Xerox invents Ethernet so that multiple computers can talk to a new laser printer • We have an ethernet connection at every AV station on campus Aug 20 2007 41

Programming Languages 1970 s • 1974: Another ANSI specification for COBOL appears. • 1975: Tiny BASIC by Bob Albrecht and Dennis Allison (implementation by Dick Whipple and John Arnold) runs on a microcomputer in 2 KB of RAM. A 4 -KB machine is sizable, which left 2 KB available for the program. Bill Gates and Paul Allen write a version of BASIC that they sell to MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) on a per-copy royalty basis. MITS is producing the Altair, an 8080 -based microcomputer. Scheme, a LISP dialect by G. L. Steele and G. J. Sussman, appears. Pascal User Manual and Report, by Jensen and Wirth, is published. Still considered by many to be the definitive reference on Pascal. B. W. Kerninghan describes RATFOR-RATional FORTRAN. It is a preprocessor that allows C-like control structures in FORTRAN.

Programming Languages 1970 s 1976: Design System Language, considered to be a forerunner of Post. Script, appears. 1977: The ANSI standard for MUMPS -- Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System -- appears. Used originally to handle medical records, MUMPS recognizes only a string data-type. Later renamed M. The design competition that will produce Ada begins. Honeywell Bull's team, led by Jean Ichbiah, will win the competition. Kim Harris and others set up FIG, the FORTH interest group. They develop FIG-FORTH, which they sell for around $20. Sometime in the late 1970 s , Kenneth Bowles produces UCSD Pascal, which makes Pascal available on PDP-11 and Z 80 -based computers. Niklaus Wirth begins work on Modula, forerunner of Modula-2 and successor to Pascal.

Programming Languages 1980 s • 1980: Smalltalk-80 appears. Modula-2 appears. Franz LISP appears. Bjarne Stroustrup, of Bell Labs, develops a set of languages -- collectively referred to as "C With Classes" -- that serve as the breeding ground for C++. • 1981: Effort begins on a common dialect of LISP, referred to as Common LISP. Japan begins the Fifth Generation Computer System project. The primary language is Prolog. • 1982: ISO Pascal appears. Post. Script appears.

Fourth Generation l l VLSI allowed the equivalent of tens of thousand of transistors to be incorporated on a single chip. This led to the development of the microprocessor a processor on a chip. Intel produced the 4004 which was followed by the 8008, 8080, 8088 and 8086 etc. Other companies developing microprocessors included Motorolla (6800, 68000), Texas Instruments and Zilog.

Fourth Generation l l l Personal computers were developed and IBM launched the IBM PC based on the 8088 and 8086 microprocessors. Mainframe computers have grown in power. Memory chips are in the megabit range. VLSI chips had enough transistors to build 20 ENIACs. Secondary storage has also evolved at fantastic rates with storage devices holding gigabytes (1000 Mb = 1 Gb) of data.

1974/1975 – Personal Computers • Scelbi Mark-8 Altair and IBM 5100 computers are first marketed to individuals (as opposed to corporations) • They are followed by the Apple I, II, TRS-80, and Commodore Pet computers by 1977 Aug 20 2007 47

Who Invented Computers? Computer History Year/Enter Computer History Inventors/Inventions Computer History Description of Event Apple I, II & TRS-80 & Commodore Pet Computers More first consumer computers. 1978 Dan Bricklin & Bob Frankston Visi. Calc Spreadsheet Software Any product that pays for itself in two weeks is a surefire winner. 1979 Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby Word. Star Software Word Processors. 1981 IBM The IBM PC - Home Computer From an "Acorn" grows a personal computer revolution 1981 Microsoft MS-DOS Computer Operating System From "Quick And Dirty" comes the operating system of the century. 1976/77

Fourth Generation l l On the software side, more powerful operating systems are available such as Unix. Applications software has become cheaper and easier to use. Software development techniques have vastly improved. Fourth generation languages 4 GLs make the development process much easier and faster.

FIRST INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE 1978 • Visi. Calc Spreadsheet software and Word. Star word processor are the “killer applications” for personal computers • Especially for small business owners Aug 20 2007 50

Fourth Generation l l l Languages are also classified according to generations from machine language (1 GL), assembly language (2 GL), high level languages (3 GL) to 4 GLs. Software is often developed as application packages. Visi. Calc a spreadsheet program, was the pioneering application package and the original killer application. Killer application: A piece of software that is so useful that people will buy a computer to use that application.

PERSONAL DIGIT ASSISTANT (PDA) 1980 • Hand held computers • Could connect to the internet • Out of use in 2010. Why? Aug 20 2007 52

IBM PC 1981 • The IBM PC is introduced running the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) along with CP/M-86 • The IBM PC's open architecture made it the de-facto standard platform, and it was eventually replaced by inexpensive clones • CPU: Intel 8088 @ 4. 77 MHz Aug 20 2007 53

Finally, The Computer as Man of the Year - 1982

Programming Languages 1980 s • 1983: Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its Implementation by Goldberg et al is published. Ada appears. Its name comes from Lady Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of the English poet Byron. She has been called the first computer programmer because of her work on Charles Babbage's analytical engine. In 1983, the Department of Defense directs that all new "mission-critical" applications be written in Ada. In late 1983 and early 1984, Microsoft and Digital Research both release the first C compilers for microcomputers. In July, the first implementation of C++ appears. The name is coined by Rick Mascitti. In November, Borland's Turbo Pascal hits the scene like a nuclear blast, thanks to an advertisement in BYTE magazine.

Who Invented Computers? Computer History Year/Enter Computer History Inventors/Inventions Computer History Description of Event 1983 Apple Lisa Computer The first home computer with a GUI, graphical user interface. 1984 Apple Macintosh Computer The more affordable home computer with a GUI. 1985 Microsoft Windows Microsoft begins the friendly war with Apple.

1984 – Apple Macintosh • Apple introduces the first successful consumer computer with a WIMP user interface (Windows Icons Mouse & Pointer), modelled after the unsuccessful Xerox Alto computer • Motorola 68000 @8 Mhz • 128 KB Ram Aug 20 2007 57

Programming Languages 1980 s • 1984: A reference manual for APL 2 appears. APL 2 is an extension of APL that permits nested arrays. • 1985: Forth controls the submersible sled that locates the wreck of the Titanic. Vanilla SNOBOL 4 for microcomputers is released. Methods, a line-oriented Smalltalk for PCs, is introduced. • 1986: Smalltalk/V appears--the first widely av ailable version of Smalltalk for microcomputers. Apple releases Object Pascal for the Mac. Borland releases Turbo Prolog. Charles Duff releases Actor, an object-oriented language for developing Microsoft Windows applications. Eiffel, another object-oriented language, appears. C++ appears.

Programming Languages 1980 s • 1987: Turbo Pascal version 4. 0 is released. • 1988: The specification for CLOS -- Common LISP Object System - is published. Niklaus Wirth finishes Oberon, his follow-up to Modula -2. • 1989: The ANSI C specification is published. C++ 2. 0 arrives in the form of a draft reference manual. The 2. 0 version adds features such as multiple inheritance and pointers to members.

Programming Languages 1990 s • 1990: C++ 2. 1, detailed in Annotated C++ Reference Manual by B. Stroustrup et al, is published. This adds templates and exceptionhandling features. FORTRAN 90 includes such new elements as case statements and derived types. Kenneth Iverson and Roger Hui present J at the APL 90 conference. • 1991: Visual Basic wins BYTE's Best of Show award at Spring COMDEX. • 1992: Dylan -- named for Dylan Thomas -- an object-oriented language resembling Scheme, is released by Apple.

Programming Languages 1990 s • 1993: ANSI releases the X 3 J 4. 1 technical report -- the first-draft proposal for object-oriented COBOL. The standard is expected to be finalized in 1997. • 1994: Microsoft incorporates Visual Basic for Applications into Excel. • 1995: In February, ISO accepts the 1995 revision of the Ada language. Called Ada 95, it includes OOP features and support for real-time systems. Sun releases Java and Hot. Java. • 1996: ANSI C++ standard is released. • 1997, 1998: Microsoft J++ is released. (Support ended in 2004) • 2000: Microsoft C#, for. NET, aimed for Internet applications.

SMART PHONES IBM Simon 1997 • The most common computing device today • New beneficial things possible even in poor parts of the world Aug 20 2007 62

QUANTUM COMPUTING • The next big thing? • Computing with atomic level • Qubits, not bits Aug 20 2007 63

Quotes "Computers in the future may weigh no more than one-and-a-half tonnes. " ― Popular Mechanics, 1949 "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers. " ― Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943 "I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won't last the year. " ― Chief Business Editor, Prentice Hall, 1957 "There is no reason anyone in the right state of mind will want a computer in their home. " ― Ken Olson, President of Digital Equipment Corp, 1977 "640 k is enough for anyone, and by the way, what's a network? " ― William Gates III, President of Microsoft Corporation, 1984

Timeline and History 350 Million Years BC The first tetrapods leave the oceans 30, 000 BC to 20, 000 BC Carving notches into bones 8500 BC Bone carved with prime numbers discovered 1900 BC to 1800 BC The first place-value number system 1000 BC to 500 BC The invention of the abacus 383 BC to 322 BC Aristotle and the Tree of Porphyry 300 BC to 600 AD The first use of zero and negative numbers 1285 AD to 1349 AD William of Ockham's logical transformations 1434 AD The first self-striking water clock 1500 AD Leonardo da Vinci's mechanical calculator 1600 AD John Napier and Napier's Bones 1621 AD The invention of the slide rule 1625 AD Wilhelm Schickard's mechanical calculator 1640 AD Blaise Pascal's Arithmetic Machine

Timeline and History 1658 AD Pascal creates a scandle 1670 AD Gottfried von Leibniz's Step Reckoner 1714 AD The first English typewriter patent 1761 AD Leonhard Euler's geometric system for problems in class logic 1800 AD Jacquard's punched cards Circa 1800 AD Charles Stanhope invents the Stanhope Demonstrator 1822 AD Charles Babbage's Difference Engine 1829 AD The first American typewriter patent 1830 AD Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine 1834 AD Georg and Edward Scheutz's Difference Engine 1847 AD to 1854 AD George Boole invents Boolean Algebra 1857 AD Sir Charles Wheatstone uses paper tape to store data 1867 AD The first commercial typewriter 1869 AD William Stanley Jevons invents the Jevons' Logic Machine Circa 1874 AD The Sholes keyboard 1876 AD George Barnard Grant's Difference Engine 1878 AD The first shift-key typewriter

Timeline and History 1881 AD Allan Marquand's rectangular logic diagrams 1881 AD Allan Marquand invents the Marquand Logic Machine 1886 AD Charles Pierce links Boolean algebra to circuits based on switches 1890 AD John Venn invents Venn Diagrams 1890 AD Herman Hollerith's tabulating machines Circa 1900 AD John Ambrose Fleming invents the vacuum tube 1902 AD The first teleprinters 1906 AD Lee de Forest invents the Triode 1921 AD Karel Capek's R. U. R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) 1926 AD First patent for a semiconductor transistor 1927 AD Vannevar Bush's Differential Analyser Circa 1936 AD The Dvorak keyboard 1936 AD Benjamin Burack constructs the first electrical logic machine 1937 AD George Robert Stibitz's Complex Number Calculator 1937 AD Alan Turing invents the Turing Machine 1939 AD John Vincent Atanasoff's special-purpose electronic digital computer 1939 AD to 1944 AD Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark I (the IBM ASCC)

Timeline and History 1940 AD The first example of remote computing 1941 AD Konrad Zuse and his Z 1, Z 3, and Z 4 1943 AD Alan Turing and COLOSSUS 1943 AD to 1946 AD The first general-purpose electronic computer -- ENIAC 1944 AD to 1952 AD The first stored program computer -- EDVAC 1945 AD The "first" computer bug 1945 AD Johann (John) Von Neumann writes the "First Draft" 1947 AD First point-contact transistor 1948 AD to 1951 AD The first commercial computer -- UNIVAC 1949 AD EDSAC performs it's first calculation 1949 AD The first assembler -- "Initial Orders" Circa 1950 AD Maurice Karnaugh invents Karnaugh Maps 1950 AD First bipolar junction transistor 1952 AD G. W. A. Dummer conceives integrated circuits 1957 AD IBM 610 Auto-Point Computer 1958 AD First integrated circuit 1962 AD First field-effect transistor

Timeline and History 1963 AD MIT's LINC Computer 1970 AD First static and dynamic RAMs 1971 AD CTC's Datapoint 2200 Computer 1971 AD The Kenbak-1 Computer 1971 AD The first microprocessor: the 4004 1972 AD The 8008 microprocessor 1973 AD The Xerox Alto Computer 1973 AD The Micral microcomputer 1973 AD The Scelbi-8 H microcomputer 1974 AD The 8080 microprocessor 1974 AD The 6800 microprocessor 1974 AD The Mark-8 microcomputer 1975 AD The 6502 microprocessor 1975 AD The Altair 8800 microcomputer

Timeline and History 1975 AD Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft 1975 AD The KIM-1 microcomputer 1975 AD The Sphere 1 microcomputer 1976 AD The Z 80 microprocessor 1976 AD The Apple I and Apple II microcomputers 1977 AD The Commodore PET microcomputer 1977 AD The TRS-80 microcomputer 1979 AD The Visi. Calc spreadsheet program 1979 AD ADA programming language is named after Ada Lovelace" 1981 AD The first IBM PC 1982 AD The TCP/IP protocol is established, and the term "Internet" is used 1982 AD IBM launches double-sided 320 K floppy disk drives 1984 AD The domain name server (DNS) is introduced to the Internet (~1, 000 hosts) 1987 AD William Gibson coins the term "cyberspace" in his novel Neuromancer

Timeline and History 1985 AD Microsoft Windows is launched 1987 AD The number of Internet hosts exceeds 10, 000 1988 AD Laptops are developed 1988 AD The first optical chip is developed 1988 AD Write Once Read Many times (WORM) disks are marketed by IBM 1989 AD The "World Wide Web", invented by Tim Berners-Lee 1989 AD The Sound Blaster card is released 1990 AD The number of Internet hosts exceeds 300, 000 1991 AD Linus Torvalds of Finland develops Linux, a variant of the UNIX operating system 1992 AD Gopher servers are used to provide students with online information 1993 AD Commercial providers are allowed to sell Internet connections to individuals 1993 AD Pentium is released 1993 AD The first graphics-based web browser, Mosaic, becomes available 1993 AD The PDF (Portable Document Format) standard is introduced by Adobe 1997 AD AMD releases its Am 486 microprocessor to compete with Intel's 80486

Timeline and History 1994 AD Object-oriented authoring systems such as Hyper. Card, Hyperstudio, and Authorware grow in popularity 1994 AD Netscape 1. 0 is written as an alternate browser to the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) Mosaic 1994 AD First wireless technology standard (Bluetooth) 1994 AD Yahoo! Internet search service launched 1994 AD The World Wide Web comprises at least 2, 000 Web servers 1995 AD Windows 95 is released, as well as Pentium Pro 1995 AD Netscape announces Java. Script 1996 AD Netscape Navigator 2. 0 is released 1996 AD The number of Internet hosts approached 10, 000 1996 AD Microsoft releases the first version of Internet Explorer 1997 AD Deep Blue by IBM defeats Kasporov

Timeline and History 1997 -1998 AD The first Beboputer Virtual Computer Intel releases the Pentium MMX for games and multimedia enhancement Intel releases the Pentium II processor Microsoft releases Windows 98 AMD releases the K-6 microprocessor Palm Computing markets the first PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), the Palm Pilot Internet-based computing starts on a large scale with downloadable programs such as SETI@Home 1999 AD Linux Kernel 2. 2. 0 is released The number of people running Linux is estimated to be about 10 million AMD releases K 6 -III, the 400 MHz version The 2000 (Y 2 K) compliance preparation AMD releases its proprietary Athlon chip, which sets a new speed record of 1 GHz outpacing all of the competing Pentium microprocessors offered by Intel

Timeline and History 2000 AD IBM releases a follow-up to Deep Blue, nicknamed Blue Gene: it operates at 1 quadrillion ops per second (one peta flop) and is 1, 000 times faster than Deep Blue Gene will be used for modelling human proteins