Introduction to Human Anatomy Unit 1 Chapter 1

Introduction to Human Anatomy Unit 1: Chapter 1

Goals Identify some of the early discoveries that led to our understanding of the body Explain how anatomy and physiology are related

Introduction The study of the human body probably started with looking at illnesses, diseases, and injuries—healthy bodies don’t need to be looked at Early healers relied on superstitions and magic— but as they tried to help the sick they discovered useful ways of examining and treating the body

Introduction Over time, people began observing the world around them, asking questions, and seeking answers —this set the stage for the development of modern medicine

Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy deals with the structure of body parts— their forms and how they are organized Physiology concerns the functions of the body parts—what they do and how they do it STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION

STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION The organization of the hand allows it to grasp objects The hollow chambers of the heart are adated to pump blood through blood vessels The teeth are shaped to break solid food into small pieces

Living or Nonliving? Salt Petrified Wood Polar Bear e. coli Seaweed Fire Lava Yogurt Milk Stuffed Rabbit Skin Cell Tornado Frozen Frog Worker Bee Canned Tuna

Characteristics of Life All characteristics of life contribute to metabolism There are 10 characteristics Metabolism—the chemical reactions that occur within the body

Characteristics of Life 1. Movement (change in position of a body or a body part) 2. Response (reaction to a change inside or outside the body) 3. Growth (increase in body size without change in shape)

Characteristics of Life 4. Reproduction (production of new organisms and new cells) 5. Respiration (obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods) 6. Digestion (breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

Characteristics of Life 7. Absorption (passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids) 8. Circulation (movement of substances in body fluids) 9. Assimilation (changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms 10. Excretion (removal of waste produced by metabolic reactions)

Requirements of Organisms Being alive requires the following: Water Foods Oxygen Heat Pressure (breathing!)

Homeostasis In order for an organism to survive, its internal environment (conditions with in the fluid surrounding its cells) must be stable This stability is called homeostasis Homeostasis is an internal balance

Maintaining Homeostasis The body maintains homeostasis through selfregulated system All systems must have 3 parts: Receptors—provide information about conditions Set point—tells what particular value should be Effectors—brings about a response to alter conditions when necessary

Negative Feedback If the receptors detect a change from the set point, effectors are activated to return conditions to normal Once conditions return to normal, the effectors are shut down—this is called a negative feedback mechanism

Anatomical Position 1. Feet shoulderwidth apart 2. Head facing forward 3. Palms facing forward

Body Cavities Cranial Cavity Vertebral Cavity Thoracic Cavity Diaphragm Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity

Body Planes Median Plane—separates the body into equal right and left halves Parasaggital Plane—separates the body into unequal halves Frontal Plane—separates the body into a front and back Transverse Plane—separates the body into a top and bottom

Abdominal Regions Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Anatomical Directions always work in opposites! Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep

Directions Superior—a body part is above another “The lungs are superior to the stomach” Inferior—a body part is below another “The ankle is inferior to the knee”

Directions Anterior—towards the front of the body “The nose is anterior to the brain” Posterior—towards the back of the body “The vertebral column is posterior to the heart”

Directions Medial—closer to the midline “The nose is medial to the eyes” Lateral—further from the midline “The shoulders are lateral to the vertebral column”

Directions Proximal—a body part is closer to the point of attachment to the trunk than another body part “The elbow is proximal to the fingers” Distal—a body part is further from the point of attachment to the trunk than another body part “The ankle is distal to the knee”

Directions Superficial—nearer the surface of the body “The ribs are superficial to the heart” Deep—further from the surface of the body “The dermis is deep to the epidermis”

Abdominal Regions Right/Left Hypochondriac Regions Epigastric Region Right/Left Lateral Regions Umbilical Region Right/Left Inguinal Regions Pubic Region

Body Systems 1. Integumentary System 2. Skeletal System 3. Muscular System 4. Nervous System 5. Endocrine System 6. Cardiovascular System 7. Respiratory System 8. Lymphatic System 9. Digestive System 10. Urinary System 11. Reproductive System

Body Systems Bladder Bronchi Stomach Eyes Brain Bones Liver Gallbladder Heart Esophagus Muscles Skin Ureters Aorta Ovaries Spinal Cord Trachea Large Intestine Diaphragm Lungs Testes Small Intestine Kidney Pancreas