Protista

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This taxon is (or may be) paraphyletic

Taxonavigation

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Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Protista
Subregna: Biciliata – Sarcomastigota – Incertae sedis Protista

Name

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Protista Haeckel, 1866

See also: Chromista – Protozoa


Alternative classifications

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[Note: Protista is currently considered a paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon, and taxonomists prefer to use only monophyletic taxa. See Eukaryota for more modern classifications of the groups previously placed here.]

Haeckel (1866, I)

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Generelle morphologie der organismen, Bd. 1, pp. 206-220, [1].

Haeckel (1866, II)

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Generelle morphologie der organismen, Bd. 2, [2]. See also plate 1, "Monophyletischer Stammbaum der Organismen", [3].

Haeckel (1868a)

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Haeckel, E. 1868. Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte. 1st ed. Reimer, Berlin, [4]. See Dayrat (2003), [5].

  • "Polyphyletisher Stammbaum der Organismen" [p. 347]
    • Plantae
    • “Protista” [polyphyletic]
      • Labyrinthuleae
      • Myxomycetes
      • Diatomeae
      • Monera Neutra
      • Protoplasta
      • Rhizopoda
      • Flagellata
    • Animalia
  • "Polyphyletisher Stammbaum des Pflanzenreichs" [p. 382]
    • Fucoideae
    • Florideae
    • Archephyceae
    • Archephyta [paraphyletic] + Chlorophyceae [polyphyletic] + Cormophyta
    • Lichenes
    • Fungi
  • "Polyphyletisher Stammbaum des Thierreichs" [p. 392]
    • Acephalae
    • Spongiae
    • Colelminthes
    • Acineta
    • Archezoa [paraphyletic] + Infusoria
    • Ciliata
    • Platyelminthes
    • Himatega
    • Nematelminthes
  • "Einstämmiger oder Monophyletisher Stammbaum der Organismen" [plate I, [6]]
    • Pflanzenreich, Pflanzenreichs
      • Florideae
      • Fucoideae
      • Chloralgae + Muscinae + Filicinae + Gymnospermae + Angiospermae
      • Lichenes
      • Fungi
    • Protistenreich, Protista
      • Diatomea
      • Labyrinthulae
      • Myxomycetes
      • Monera neutra + Rhizopoda
      • Noctilucae
      • Flagellata
      • Protoplasta
    • Thierreich, Animalia
      • Coelenterata
      • Scolecida
      • Vermes (Scolecida + Colelminthes + Himatega) + Arthropoda + Vertebrata + Mollusca

Haeckel (1868b)

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Haeckel, E. 1868. Monographie der Moneren. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Medicin und Naturwissenschaft 4: 64–144, [7]. See p. 122, 129-134. Translation: Monograph of Monera. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 1869, IX: 27-42, 113-134, 219-232, 327-342.

Protista

  • Monera
    • Gymnomonera (Protamaeba, Protogenes, Myxodictyum)
    • Lepomonera (Protomonas, Protomyxa, Vampyrella, Myxastrum)
  • Flagellata
  • Labyrinthulea (Labyrinthulae)
  • Diatomea
  • Phycochromacea
  • Fungi (Mycetes)
    • Phycomycetes (Saprolegnieae, Mucorinae etc.)
    • Hypodermiae (Uredineae, Ustilagineae etc.)
    • Basidiomycetes (Hymenomycetes, Gastromycetes etc.)
    • Ascomycetes (Protomycetes, Discomytes etc.)
  • Myxomycetes
  • Protoplasta
  • Noctilucae
  • Rhizopoda

Haeckel (1878)

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Haeckel, E., 1878. Das Protistenreich. Eine Populäre Uebersicht über das Formengebiet der Niedersten Lebewesen. Ernst Günther's Verlag, Leipzig, 104 pp, [8].

Protista [p. 86-104]

Entz (1888)

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From Studien über Protisten, [9].

Protisten

  • Gregarinen
  • Rhizopoden
  • Flagellaten
  • Noctilucen
  • Ciliaten

Haeckel (1889)

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Haeckel, E. 1889. Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, 8th ed, [10]. See p. 452, 453, 462, 508.

  • Protistenreich
    • Protophyta (Protista vegetalia)
      • Klass I. Phytarcha
        • Phytomonera
          • Ordnung 1. Probiontes
        • Chromaceae
          • Ordnung 2. Chroococceae
          • Ordnung 3. Nostochineae
      • Klass II. Diatomeae
      • Klass III. Cosmariae (Desmidieae)
      • Klass IV. Palmellariae (Palmellaceae)
      • Klass V. Siphoneae (Coeloblastae)
    • Protozoa (Protista animalia)
      • Zoarcha (Zoocytoda)
        • Zoomonera
          • Lobomonera
          • Rhizomonera
        • Bacteria
          • Sphaerobacteria
          • Rhabdobacteria
      • Cytarcha
        • Lobosa (Amoebina)
        • Gregarinae (Sporozoa)
      • Infusoria
        • Flagellata (Mastigophora)
        • Ciliata
        • Acinetae (Suctoria)
      • Rhizopoda
        • Mycetozoa (Myxomycetes)
        • Heliozoa
        • Thalamaria (Foraminifera)
        • Radiolaria
  • Pflanzenreich
    • Thallota (Thallophyta)
      • Algae (Phycophyta)
        • Zygnemaceae
        • Conferveae
        • Fucoideae
        • Florideae
        • Characeae
      • Fungi (Inophyta)
        • Mycetes
        • Lichenes
    • Prothallota (Mesophyta)
      • Bryophyta
      • Pteridophyta
    • Phanerogamae (Anthophyta)
      • Gymnospermae
        • Cycadeae
        • Coniferae
        • Gnetaceae
      • Angiospermae
        • Monocotylae
        • Dicotylae
  • Thierreich
    • Coelenteria (Coelenterata, Zoophyta, Anaemaria)
      • Gastraeades
      • Spongiae
      • Cnidaria
      • Platodes
    • Coelomaria (Bilaterata, Bilateria, Haemataria)
      • Helminthes
      • Mollusca
      • Echinoderma
      • Articulata
      • Tunicata
      • Vertebrata

Haeckel (1894)

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From Systematische phylogenie, 3 vols (vol. 1, Protisten und Pflanzen, 1894; vol. 2, Invertebrata, 1896; vol. 3, Vertebrata, 1895). [11].

[Vol. 1, p. 90-91:]

  • Pflanzen
    • Protophyta (Protista plasmodoma) [Vol. 1, p. 96]
      • Archephyta (Progonella)
        • Probiontes
        • Chromaceae (Phycochromaceae)
      • Algariae (Paulosporata)
        • Paulotomeae
        • Conjugatae
        • Diatomeae
      • Algettae (Zoosporata)
        • Mastigota
        • Melethallia
        • Siphoneae
    • Metaphyta (Histones plasmodomi) [Vol. 1, p. 256]
      • Thallophyta
        • Algae, [Vol. 1, p. 302]
          • Chlorophyceae
          • Charaphyceae
          • Phaeophyceae
          • Rhodophyceae
        • Mycetes [Vol. 1, p. 316]
          • Ascomycetes (Ascodiomycetes)
          • Basimycetes (Basidiomycetes)
        • Lichenes [Vol. 1, p. 325]
      • Diaphyta [Vol. 1, p. 330]
        • Bryophyta [Vol. 1, p. 336]
        • Pteridophyta
      • Anthophyta
        • Gymnospermae
        • Angiospermae
  • Thieren
    • Protozoa (Protista plasmophaga) [Vol. 1, p. 138]
      • Archezoa (= Zoarchega)
        • Bacteria (= Bactromonera)
          • Coccillida
          • Bacillida
          • Spirillida
        • Zoomonera (= Monera s. str.)
          • Lobomonera
          • Rhizomonera
      • Fungilli (= Sporozoa)
      • Rhizopoda
      • Infusoria
    • Metazoa (Histones plasmophagi)
      • Coelenteria (Acoelomia)
        • Gastraeades
        • Spongiae
        • Cnidaria
        • Platodes
      • Bilateria (Coelomaria)
        • Helminthes
        • Mollusca
        • Articulata
        • Echinoderma
        • Tunicata
        • Vertebrata

Walton (1930)

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Walton, Lee Barker. 1930. Studies concerning organisms occurring in water supplies with particular reference to those found in Ohio. Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin, 24: 1–86, link.

Kingdom Bionta

  • Subkingdom Protistodeae
    • Phylum Probiontaria
      • Class Microbiontoidea
        • Order Aphanobiontidea
        • Order Chlamydozoidea
      • Class Bacterioidea
      • Class Spirochaetoidea
    • Phylum Flagellaria
    • Phylum Protophytaria
    • Phylum Protozoaria
    • Phylum Myxomycetaria
  • Subkingdom Metaphytodeae
  • Subkingdom Metazoodeae

Copeland (1938)

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Copeland, H. F. The kingdoms of organisms. The Quarterly Review Of Biology Vol. 13, No. 4 (Dec., 1938), pp. 383-420, [12].

Barkley (1939)

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Barkley, Fred A. (1939). Keys to the phyla of organisms. Missoula, Montana, [13].

Barkley (1949)

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Barkley, Fred A. "Un esbozo de clasificación de los organismos." Revista de la Facultad Nacional de Agronomia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. 10: 83–103, [14].

Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (1954–2005)

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From Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, [15].

Protista

[part B/1.1, 2005:]

[part B/1.2:]

[part C/2, 1964:]

[part D/3, 1954:]

Edmondson (1959)

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Edmondson, W.T. (ed). 1959. Freshwater biology. 2nd ed. Wiley, New York, [16].

Protista

Whittaker (1969)

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From New Concepts of Kingdoms of Organisms, [17].

  • Kingdom Monera
  • Kingdom Protista
    • Phylum Euglenophyta
    • Phylum Chrysophyta
    • Phylum Pyrrophyta
    • Phylum Hyphochytridiomycota
    • Phylum Plasmodiophoromycota
    • Phylum Sporozoa
    • Phylum Cnidosporidia
    • Phylum Zoomastigina
    • Phylum Sarcodina
    • Phylum Ciliophora
  • Kingdom Plantae
  • Kingdom Fungi
  • Kingdom Animalia

Loeblich (1974)

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Loeblich, A. R. (1974). Protistan Phylogeny as Indicated by the Fossil Record. Taxon 23 (2/3): 277–290, [18].

[p. 280]

[p. 282]

Whittaker & Margulis (1978)

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Whittaker, R. H. & Margulis, L. (1978). Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms. Biosystems 10, 3–18.

[Note: "form-superphyla" or "form-phyla are “frankly polyphyletic groupings”.]

Cavalier-Smith (1981)

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Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?. Biosystems, 14(3), 461-481, [19].

Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 462]

  • Superkingdom Eukaryota
    • Kingdom 1. Eufungi
    • Kingdom 2. Ciliofungi
    • Kingdom 3. Animalia
    • Kingdom 4. Biliphyta
    • Kingdom 5. Viridiplantae
    • Kingdom 6. Euglenozoa
    • Kingdom 7. Protozoa
    • Kingdom 8. Cryptophyta
    • Kingdom 9. Chromophyta

Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 476-477]

  • Superkingdom Eukaryota
    • Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
    • Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
    • Kingdom 3. Plantae (Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
    • Kingdom 4. Protista (Euglenozoa + Protozoa)
    • Kingdom 5. Animalia

Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 478]

  • Superkingdom Eukaryota
    • Kingdom Fungi
    • Kingdom Viridiplantae
    • Kingdom Biliphyta
    • Kingdom Chromista
    • Kingdom Animalia
    • Kingdom Euglenozoa
      • Phylum Euglenozoa
        • Euglenida
        • Kinetoplastida
    • Kingdom Protozoa
      • Phylum Proterozoa (proteromonads, cyathobodonids, Opalinida)
      • Phylum Dinozoa (dinoflagellates)
      • Phylum Parabasalia (trichomonads and hypermastigids)
      • Phylum Metamonadina (retortomonads, diplomonads, and oxymonads)
      • Phylum Sporozoa (cregarines, coccidlans, and piroplasms)
      • Phylum Infusoria (Ciliophora)
      • Phylum Foraminifera
      • Phylum Sarcodina (amoebae, amoeboflagellates, slime moulds (Mycetozoa), Radiolaria, Heliozoa, Acantharia, Myxosporea, Microsporea)

Parker et al. (1982)

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Parker, S. P. (ed.). 1982. Synopsis and classification of living organisms. 2 vols. McGraw-Hill, New York, [20], [21]. See Brands (1989-2005 ), [22]

Superkingdom Prokaryotae

  • Kingdom Virus
  • Kingdom Monera

Superkingdom Eukaryotae

  • Kingdom Plantae
    • Subkingdom Thallobionta
      • Division Rhodophycota
      • Division Chromophycota
      • Division Euglenophycota
      • Division Chlorophycota
      • Division Myxomycota
      • Division Eumycota
    • Subkingdom Embryobionta
    • Genus Echites
  • Kingdom Protista (Haeckel, 1866)
    • Phylum Euprotista [“containing the grat majority of protistans”]
    • Phylum Gymnomyxa
      • Subphylum Mycetozoa
      • Subphylum Plasmodiophorina
      • Subphylum Labyrinthulina
  • Kingdom Animalia 1758
    • Subkingdom Protozoa (Goldfuss,1818)
      • Phylum Sarcomastigophora (Honigberg & Balamuth,1963)
      • Phylum Labyrinthulata
      • Phylum Apicomplexa Levine, 1970
      • Phylum Microspora Sprague, 1977
      • Phylum Myxozoa Grassé, 1970
      • Phylum Ascetospora
      • Phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901
    • Subkingdom Phagocytellozoa
      • Phylum Placozoa Grell, 1971
    • Subkingdom Parazoa (Sollas,1884)
      • Phylum Porifera Grant, in Todd, 1836
    • Subkingdom Eumetazoa (Butschli,1910)

[Note: this classification is redundant for some ambiregnal protists. See Taylor et al. (1986), [23].]

Corliss (1984)

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From The kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla [24].

Kingdom Protista Haeckel, 1866

Hausmann et al. (1985)

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Hausmann, K., Mulisch, M. & Patterson, D. J. 1985. Protozoologie. Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart, [25].

Protisten

  • Stamm Sarcomastigophora
  • Stamm Labyrinthomorpha
  • Stamm Apicomplexa
  • Stamm Microspora
  • Stamm Ascetospora
  • Stamm Myxozoa
  • Stamm Ciliophora

de Puytorac et al. (1987)

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From Puytorac, P. de, Grain, J., Mignot, J.P. Précis de protistologie. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd, 1987. 581 p., [26], [27], [28]. See Fernández-Galiano, 1990, [29].

Protista

Patterson (1988)

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Patterson, D. J. 1988. The evolution of Protozoa. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 83 (suppl. 1): 580–600, [30].

[Fig. 1. Hypothetical sequence of derivation of major groups]

[Table 1. Major groups of protists distinguished by ultrastructural identity]

Sleigh (1989)

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Sleigh, M. (1989). Protozoa and Other Protists. 2nd ed. Edward Arnold, London, [31], [32].

"four sets of protistan phyla"

Karpov (1990)

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Карпов С.А. (1990). Система протистов. Омск: Изд-во Омского пед, [33].

Karpov S.A. (1990). System of Protists. Mezhvuzovskaia tipograf. Omsk: OmPi (in Russian, with English summary).

Kingdom Protista

Alimov et al. (2000, 2007)

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Alimov, A. F. ed. (А. Ф. Алимов). 2000. Protista 1: Handbook on zoology (Протисты 1: руководство по зоологии). St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2000, 679 pp. (in Russian, with English summaries), [34].

Alimov, A. F. ed. (А. Ф. Алимов). 2007. Protista 2: Handbook on zoology. (Протисты 2: руководство по зоологии). St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2007, 1141 pp. (in Russian, with English summaries), [35].

[Vol. 1, p. 137:]

Protists

[Vol. 2:]

[Notes:

  • the groups with (3) are treated in vol. 3;
  • some groups of protists not traditional for protozoologists (e.g., Xantophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Hyphochytridia) were not treated in the series.]

Pugachev et al. (2011)

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Pugachev, O. N. ed. (О.Н. Пугачев). 2011. Protista 3: Guide-book on zoology. (Протисты 3: руководство по зоологии). St. Petersburg: KMK Scientific Press, 474 pp. (in Russian, with English summaries), [36], [37].

Protists (Eukaryota)

[Note: numbers indicate volume in which the groups were treated.]

Simpson et al. (2017)

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Simpson, A. G. B., Slamovits, C. H. & Archibald, J. M., (2017). Protist diversity and eukaryote phylogeny. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists (2nd edition of the Handbook of Protoctista by Margulis et al.). Springer, continuously updated edition, 2016-2017, 43 chapters, [38]. [2012 version flyer, not published: [39].]

"protists"


[(*): groups not covered in the Handbook]

See also

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References

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Vernacular names

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Afrikaans: Protiste
Alemannisch: Protischte
العربية: طلائعيات
asturianu: Protista
অসমীয়া: প্ৰটিষ্টা
azərbaycanca: İbtidailər
Boarisch: Prótisten
башҡортса: Протистар
беларуская (тарашкевіца): Пратысты
беларуская: Пратысты
български: Протиста
বাংলা: প্রোটিস্ট
bosanski: Protisti
català: Protist
کوردی: شانشینی پێشەنگییەکان
corsu: protisti
čeština: Prvoci / Protisté
Cymraeg: Protosoa
dansk: Protozo / Protister / Protist
Deutsch: Einzeller / Protozoen
Zazaki: Protista
Ελληνικά: Πρώτιστα
English: Protozoa / Protophyta / Protoctista / Protist
Esperanto: Protistoj
español: Protozoo, Protista
eesti: Protistid, Algloomad
euskara: Protista
فارسی: تک‌یاختگان
suomi: Alkueliöt
Nordfriisk: Uurdiarten
français: Protistes
עברית: פרוטיסטים
हिन्दी: प्रोटिस्ट
hrvatski: Protisti
Kreyòl ayisyen: Pwotis
magyar: Véglények, protiszták
հայերեն: Միաբջիջներ, Պրոտոզոններ, Պրոտոզոաներ
interlingua: Protistas
Bahasa Indonesia: Protista
Ido: Protisto
íslenska: Frumdýr
italiano: Protisti
日本語: 原生生物
ქართული: პროტისტები
қазақша: Споралылар
ភាសាខ្មែរ: បឋមត្ថិកសត្វ
한국어: 원생생물
Lëtzebuergesch: Protoctista
lietuvių: Protistai
latviešu: protisti
македонски: Протисти
മലയാളം: പ്രോട്ടിസ്റ്റ
मराठी: प्रोटिस्टा
Bahasa Melayu: Protis
Nederlands: Protisten
norsk nynorsk: Protistar
norsk: Protister
occitan: Protista
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ପ୍ରୋଟିଷ୍ଟା
polski: Protisty
پنجابی: پروٹسٹ
português: Protista
Runa Simi: Ch'ulla kawsaykuq
română: Protiste
русский: Протисты / Простейшие
саха тыла: Протистар
සිංහල: ප්‍රෝටිස්ටා රාජධානිය
slovenčina: Prvoky
slovenščina: Protisti
svenska: Urdjur / Protozoer / Protister
தமிழ்: அதிநுண்ணுயிரி
తెలుగు: ప్రోటిస్టా
ไทย: โปรติสต์
lea faka-Tonga: Meʻamoʻuimuʻa
Türkçe: Protista
українська: Найпростіші
اردو: اولانیات
oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча: Protistlar
vèneto: Protista
vepsän kel’: Protistad
Tiếng Việt: Sinh vật nguyên sinh
ייִדיש: פראטיסטן
粵語: 原生生物
中文: 原生生物
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