Извор странице Actinomycetota

{{Automatic taxobox-lat
| name = Actinomycetota
| image = Actinomyces_israelii.jpg
| image_caption = [[Scanning electron micrograph|Skenirajuća elektronska mikrografija]] ''[[Actinomyces israelii]]''.
| taxon = Actinomycetota
| authority = Goodfellow 2021<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oren A, Garrity GM | title = Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes | journal = Int J Syst Evol Microbiol | year = 2021 | volume = 71 | issue = 10 | pages = 5056 | doi = 10.1099/ijsem.0.005056 | pmid = 34694987 | s2cid = 239887308 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| type_genus = ''[[Actinomyces]]''
| type_genus_authority = Harz 1877 (odobrene liste 1980)
| subdivision_ranks = Klase<ref name="LPSN">{{cite web |vauthors=Euzéby JP, Parte AC |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/phylum/actinobacteria |title=''Actinobacteria'' |access-date=June 7, 2021 |publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN) |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506004704/https://lpsn.dsmz.de/phylum/actinobacteria |url-status=live }}</ref>
| subdivision =
* "[[Aquicultoria]]"
* "[[Geothermincolia]]"
* "[[Humimicrobiia]]"
* [[Acidimicrobiia]]
* [[Actinomycetia]]
* [[Coriobacteriia]]
* [[Nitriliruptoria]]
* [[Rubrobacteria]]
* [[Thermoleophilia]]
| synonyms =
* "Actinobacteraeota" <small>Oren ''et al''. 2015</small>
* "Actinobacteria" <small>Goodfellow 2012</small><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Goodfellow M | chapter = Phylum XXVI. ''Actinobacteria'' phyl. nov. |veditors=Goodfellow M, Kämpfer P, Trujillo ME, Suzuki K, Ludwig W, Whitman WB | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology | edition = 2nd | volume =5 | publisher = Springer | location = New York, NY | year = 2012 | pages = 33–34}}</ref>
* "Actinobacteria" <small>Margulis 1974 ''ex'' Cavalier-Smith 2020</small>
* "Actinobacteria" <small>Stackebrandt, Rainey & Ward-Rainey 1997</small>
* "Actinobacteriota" <small>Whitman ''et al''. 2018</small>
* "Actinomycetes" <small>Krasil'nikov 1949</small>
}}

'''Actinomycetota''' (ili '''Actinobacteria''') su raznovrstan razdeo [[Gram-positive bacteria|gram-pozitivnih bakterija]] sa visokom G+C sadržajem.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gao B, Gupta RS | title = Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the main clades of the phylum Actinobacteria | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2012-03_76_1/page/66 | journal = Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–112 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22390973 | pmc = 3294427 | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.05011-11 }}</ref> One mogu biti [[terrestrial animal|kopnene]] ili [[aquatic animal|vodene]].<ref name="pmid18003601">{{cite journal |vauthors=Servin JA, Herbold CW, Skophammer RG, Lake JA |title=Evidence excluding the root of the tree of life from the actinobacteria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2008-01_25_1/page/1 |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |date=January 2008 |pmid=18003601 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm249 |doi-access=free }}</ref> One su od velikog ekonomskog značaja za ljude jer [[poljoprivreda]] i [[forest|šume]] zavise od njihovog doprinosa sistemima [[soil|zemljišta]]. U zemljištu pomažu u [[decomposition|razgradnji]] [[organic matter|organske materije]] mrtvih organizama, tako da [[plant|biljke]] mogu ponovo da preuzmu molekule. Dok ovu ulogu igraju i [[fungus|gljive]], Actinomycetota su mnogo manje i verovatno ne zauzimaju istu [[ecological niche|ekološku nišu]]. U ovoj ulozi [[colony (biology)|kolonije]] često formiraju ekstenzivnu [[mycelium|miceliju]], kao što bi to činile gljive, i naziv važnog reda razdela,  [[Actinomycetales]] (aktinomicete), odražava da se dugo verovalo da su to gljive. Neke zemljišne aktinomicetote (kao što je ''[[Frankia]]'') žive u [[symbiosis|simbiozi]] sa biljkama čije [[root|korenje]] prožima tlo, [[nitrogen fixation|fiksirajući azot]] za biljke u zamenu za pristup nekim od biljnih [[saccharide|saharida]]. Druge vrste, kao što su mnogi pripadnici roda ''[[Mycobacterium]]'', su važni [[patogen]]i.

Osim velikog interesovanja za Actinomycetota zbog njihove uloge u tlu, mnogo toga tek treba da se nauči o njima. Iako su trenutno izučene prvenstveno kao bakterije u tlu, moguće je da ih ima više u slatkim vodama.<ref name="amazonMetagenome">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghai R, Rodriguez-Valera F, McMahon KD, Toyama D, Rinke R, Cristina Souza de Oliveira T, Wagner Garcia J, Pellon de Miranda F, Henrique-Silva F | display-authors = 6 | title = Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = e23785 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21915244 | pmc = 3158796 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0023785 | veditors = Lopez-Garcia P | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...623785G }}</ref> Actinomycetota je jedna od dominantnih bakterijskih vrsta i sadrži jedan od najvećih bakterijskih rodova,  ''[[Streptomyces]]''.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hogan CM | date = 2010 | chapter-url = http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480 | chapter = Bacteria | title = Encyclopedia of Earth | veditors = Draggan S, Cleveland CJ | publisher = National Council for Science and the Environment | location = Washington DC | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511132823/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480 | archive-date = 2011-05-11 }}</ref> ''Streptomyces'' i druge actinomicetote su glavni doprinosioci biološkog [[buffer solution|puferiranja]] zemljišta.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ningthoujam DS, Sanasam S, Tamreihao K, Nimaichand S | date = November 2009 | title = Antagonistic activities of local actinomycete isolates against rice fungal pathogens | journal = African Journal of Microbiology Research | volume = 3 | issue = 11| pages = 737–742 }}</ref>

Actinomycetota rod ''[[Bifidobacterium]]'' je najčešća bakterija u [[microbiome|mikrobiomu]] ljudske odojčadi.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Turroni F, Peano C, Pass DA, Foroni E, Severgnini M, Claesson MJ, Kerr C, Hourihane J, Murray D, Fuligni F, Gueimonde M, Margolles A, De Bellis G, O'Toole PW, van Sinderen D, Marchesi JR, Ventura M | title = Diversity of bifidobacteria within the infant gut microbiota | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = e36957 | date = 2012-05-11 | pmid = 22606315 | pmc = 3350489 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0036957 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...736957T | doi-access = free }}</ref> Iako odrasli imaju manje bifidobakterija, crevne bifidobakterije pomažu u održavanju mukozne barijere i smanjenju sadržaja [[lipopolysaccharide|lipopolisaharida]] u crevima.<ref name="Pinzone-2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pinzone MR, Celesia BM, Di Rosa M, Cacopardo B, Nunnari G | title = Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases | journal = International Journal of Microbiology | volume = 2012 | pages = 694629 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22848224 | pmc = 3405644 | doi = 10.1155/2012/694629 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Iako neke od najvećih i najsloženijih bakterijskih ćelija pripadaju razdelu Actinomycetota, grupa morskih Actinomarinales je opisana da poseduje najmanje slobodno živeće [[prokaryotic|prokariotske]] ćelije.<ref name="Actinomarina">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghai R, Mizuno CM, Picazo A, Camacho A, Rodriguez-Valera F |title=Metagenomics uncovers a new group of low GC and ultra-small marine Actinobacteria |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=3 |year=2013 |doi=10.1038/srep02471 |pmid= 23959135 |pmc=3747508 |pages=2471|bibcode=2013NatSR...3E2471G}}</ref>

Za neke [[Sibir|sibirske]] ili [[Antarctic|antarktičke]] aktinomicetote se kaže da su najstariji živi organizami na Zemlji, zamrznuti u permafrostu pre oko pola miliona godina.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Sample I | date = 2 May 2010 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2010/may/02/rachel-sussman-oldest-plants | title = The oldest living organisms: ancient survivors with a fragile future | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130302140701/http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2010/may/02/rachel-sussman-oldest-plants | archive-date=2013-03-02 | work = [[The Guardian]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Hanson J | url=https://www.itsokaytobesmart.com/post/91481365622/siberian-actinobacteria-oldest-living-thing |  work = It's Okay to be Smart | title = The oldest living thing in the world | access-date=2018-07-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713074804/https://www.itsokaytobesmart.com/post/91481365622/siberian-actinobacteria-oldest-living-thing | archive-date=2018-07-13 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Simptomi života otkriveni su oslobađanjem {{co2}} iz uzoraka permafrosta od 640 kya ili mlađih.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson SS, Hebsgaard MB, Christensen TR, Mastepanov M, Nielsen R, Munch K, Brand T, Gilbert MT, Zuber MT, Bunce M, Rønn R, Gilichinsky D, Froese D, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient bacteria show evidence of DNA repair | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 104 | issue = 36 | pages = 14401–14405 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17728401 | pmc = 1958816 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0706787104 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2007PNAS..10414401J }}</ref>

== Filogenija ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=1 | Filogenija zasnovana na celom genomu<ref name="Nouioui">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nouioui I, Carro L, García-López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Markus Göker M | year = 2018 | title = Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum ''Actinobacteria'' | journal = Front. Microbiol. | volume = 9 | pages = 2007 | pmid = 30186281 | pmc = 6113628 | doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02007 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
! colspan=1 | 16S rRNA bazirana [[The All-Species Living Tree Project|LTP]]_12_2021<ref>{{cite web |title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614023016/https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_all tree in newick format|url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/Tree_LTP_all_12_2021.ntree|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228041729/https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/Tree_LTP_all_12_2021.ntree|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_12_2021 Release Notes|url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_12_2021_release_notes.pdf|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228041718/https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_12_2021_release_notes.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan=1 | [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 08-RS214<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 08-RS214 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026200758/https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r214.sp_label |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release214/214.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r214.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516195142/https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release214/214.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r214.sp_labels.tree |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101144236/https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:top|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1='''Actinomycetota'''
  |1={{clade
    |1=[[Rubrobacteria]]
    |2={{clade
      |1=[[Thermoleophilia]]
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Coriobacteriia]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Acidimicrobiia]]
          |2={{clade
            |1=[[Nitriliruptoria]]
            |2=[[Actinomycetia]]
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |label2=[[Outgroup (cladistics)|spoljašnja grupa]]
  |2=[[Chloroflexota]]
   }}
}}
|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |1=[[Rubrobacteria]]
  |2={{clade
    |1=[[Thermoleophilia]]
    |2={{clade
      |1=[[Coriobacteriia]]
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1=[[Acidimicrobiia]]
          |2=[[Nitriliruptoria]]
           }}
        |2=[[Actinomycetia]]
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%;width:300px
|1={{Clade
  |1={{Clade
    |1={{Clade
      |1="Humimicrobiia"
      |2="Aquicultoria"
       }}
    |2=[[Coriobacteriia]]
     }}
  |2={{Clade
    |1="Geothermincolia"
    |2={{Clade
      |1={{Clade
        |1=[[Rubrobacteria]]
        |2=[[Thermoleophilia]]
         }}
      |2={{Clade
        |1=[[Acidimicrobiia]]
        |2={{Clade
          |label1=[[Actinomycetia]]
          |1={{Clade
            |1=[[Nitriliruptoridae]]
            |2=[[Actinobacteridae]]
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|}

== Taksonomija ==

Trenutno prihvaćena taksonomija je zasnovana na [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature|Listi prokariotskih imena sa evidencijom u nomenklaturi]] (LPSN)[1] i [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|Nacionalnog centra za biotehnološke informacije]] (NCBI).<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Schoch CL, Ciufo S, Domrachev M, Hotton CL, Kannan S, Khovanskaya R, Leipe D, Mcveigh R, O'Neill K, Robbertse B, Sharma S, Soussov V, Sullivan JP, Sun L, Turner S, Karsch-Mizrachi I | display-authors = 6  |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=201174&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Actinobacteria |access-date=2021-03-20 | work = [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417104911/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=201174&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Klasa ?"[[Syntrophaliphaticia]]" <small>corrig. Liu et al. 2020</small>
* Klasa "[[Aquicultoria]]" <small>Jiao et al. 2021</small>
* Klasa "[[Geothermincolia]]" <small>Jiao et al. 2021</small>
* Klasa "[[Humimicrobiia]]" <small>Jiao et al. 2021</small>
* Klasa [[Acidimicrobiia]] <small>Norris 2013</small>
* Klasa [[Actinomycetia]] <small>(Stackebrandt et al. 1997) Salam et al. 2020</small> ([[Nitriliruptoria]] <small>Ludwig et al. 2013</small>)
** Podklasa [[Actinobacteridae]] <small>Stackebrandt, Rainey & Ward-Rainey 1997</small>
** Podklasa [[Nitriliruptoridae]] <small>Kurahashi et al. 2010</small>
* Klasa [[Coriobacteriia]] <small>König 2013</small>
* Klasa [[Rubrobacteria]] <small>Suzuki 2013</small>
* Klasa [[Thermoleophilia]] <small>Suzuki and Whitman 2013</small>

== Reference ==
{{Reflist|}}

== Literatura ==
{{Литература|}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Baltz RH |title=Antibiotic discovery from Actinomycetes: Will a renaissance follow the decline and fall? |year=2005 |journal=SIM News |volume=55 |pages=186–196}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Baltz RH |year=2007 |journal=[[Microbe Magazine|Microbe]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=125–131 |title=Antimicrobials from Actinomycetes: Back to the Future |url=http://www.microbemagazine.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2221:antimicrobials-from-actinomycetes-back-to-the-future&catid=546&Itemid=731 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231184650/http://www.microbemagazine.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2221%3Aantimicrobials-from-actinomycetes-back-to-the-future&catid=546&Itemid=731 |archive-date=2013-12-31 }}
* {{cite conference| vauthors = Pandey B, Ghimire P, Agrawal VP |date=January 12–15, 2004 |conference=International Conference on the Great Himalayas: Climate, Health, Ecology, Management and Conservation |location=Kathmandu |title=Studies on the antibacterial activity of the Actinomycetes isolated from the Khumbu Region of Nepal |url=http://www.aehms.org/pdf/Panday%20F.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810065528/http://www.aehms.org/pdf/panday%20f.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-10 }}
{{Литература крај}}

== Spoljašnje veze ==
{{Wikispecies-lat}}
* [http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/streptomyces_group/MultiHome.html Actinomycetes genome database]

{{Taxonbar-lat|from1=Q130914|from2=Q62573436}}
{{Authority control-lat}}

[[Категорија:Актинобактерије| ]]
[[Категорија:Грам-позитивне бактерије]]