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{{Short description|Италијански католички светац и монах из 6. века}}
{{Short description|Италијански католички светац и монах из 6. века}}
{{хагиографија}}
{{Биографија
{{Биографија
| име = Бенедикт
| име = Бенедикт

Верзија на датум 27. август 2022. у 21:39

Шаблон:Short description

Бенедикт Нурсијски
Датум рођења480.
Место рођењаНорча
Датум смрти(547-03-21)21. март 547.
Место смртиМонте Касино[1][2]

Бенедикт Нурсијски је рођен у Нурсијској области у Италији 480.[3] године. Родитељи су му били богати и знаменити. У школи се није задржао дуго, јер је сам увидео да због књижног учења може изгубити „велики разум душе своје“. И изашао је из школе „ненаучен мудрац и разуман незналац“. Побегао је у неки манастир где га је инок Роман замонашио, после чега се повукао у једну врлетну гору где је у пећини остао преко три године и где се подвизавао.[4] Роман му је доносио хлеба и спуштао са врлетне стене на канапу до пред пећину. Кад се прочуо по околини, он се, да би избегао славу од људи, удаљио из те пећине. Био је према себи врло суров. Хришћани верују да једном кад га је нечисти бес телесне похоти спопо, он се скинуо наг и ваљао по коприви и трњу, док није одстранио од себе и сваку помисао о жени. Хришћани такође верују да га је Бог обдарио многим даровима духовним ида је прозирао, исцељивао, изгонио зле духове, васкрсавао мртве, јављао се другима и на јави и на даљини у сну. Једанпут је прозрео, да му је наслужена чаша вина са отровом. Он је прекрстио чашу, и чаша је прсла. Основао је дванаест манастира, сваки у почетку са по дванаест монаха. Доцније се створио нарочити ред бенедиктинаца, који и данас постоји у Римокатоличкој цркви. На 6 дана пред смрт он је наредио да се отвори његов гроб, раније припремљени, јер је како хришћани верују овај светитељ прозрео да му је крај близу. Сабрао је све монахе, посаветовао их и преминуо. Његова рођена сестра, Схоластика, живела је у једном женском манастиру, па угледајући се на брата свога и сама се много подвизавала и дошла до великог духовног савршенства. Кад је свети Бенедикт преминуо, два монаха, један на путу, а други у некој удаљеној ћелији на молитви, видели су истовремено исту визију: пут од земље до небеса застрт скупоценим тканинама и осветљен по странама редовима људи; на врху тога пута стајао је неки човек неописиве лепоте и светлости, који им је рекао, да је тај пут спремљен за Бенедикта, Богу омиљенога.[4] По тој визији та два брата сазнала су да је њихов добри игуман отишао из овога света. Скончао је мирно 543. године.

Српска православна црква слави га 14. марта по црквеном, а 27. марта по грегоријанском календару.[5]

Биографија

Apart from a short poem attributed to Mark of Monte Cassino,[6] the only ancient account of Benedict is found in the second volume of Pope Gregory I's four-book Dialogues, thought to have been written in 593,[7] although the authenticity of this work is disputed.[8]

Gregory's account of Benedict's life is not, however, a biography in the modern sense of the word. It provides instead a spiritual portrait of the gentle, disciplined abbot. In a letter to Bishop Maximilian of Syracuse, Gregory states his intention for his Dialogues, saying they are a kind of floretum (an anthology, literally, 'flowers') of the most striking miracles of Italian holy men.[9]

Gregory did not set out to write a chronological, historically anchored story of Benedict, but he did base his anecdotes on direct testimony. To establish his authority, Gregory explains that his information came from what he considered the best sources: a handful of Benedict's disciples who lived with him and witnessed his various miracles. These followers, he says, are Constantinus, who succeeded Benedict as Abbot of Monte Cassino, Honoratus, who was abbot of Subiaco when St Gregory wrote his Dialogues, Valentinianus, and Simplicius.

In Gregory's day, history was not recognised as an independent field of study; it was a branch of grammar or rhetoric, and historia was an account that summed up the findings of the learned when they wrote what was, at that time, considered history.[10] Gregory's Dialogues, Book Two, then, an authentic medieval hagiography cast as a conversation between the Pope and his deacon Peter,[а] is designed to teach spiritual lessons.[7]

Early life

He was the son of a Roman noble of Nursia,[7] the modern Norcia, in Umbria. A tradition which Bede accepts makes him a twin with his sister Scholastica. If 480 is accepted as the year of his birth, the year of his abandonment of his studies and leaving home would be about 500. Gregory's narrative makes it impossible to suppose him younger than 20 at the time.

Benedict was sent to Rome to study, but was disappointed by the life he found there. He does not seem to have left Rome for the purpose of becoming a hermit, but only to find some place away from the life of the great city. He took his old nurse with him as a servant and they settled down to live in Enfide.[11] Enfide, which the tradition of Subiaco identifies with the modern Affile, is in the Simbruini mountains, about forty miles from Rome and two miles from Subiaco.

Later life

Gregory tells us little of these years. He now speaks of Benedict no longer as a youth (puer), but as a man (vir) of God. Romanus, Gregory tells us, served Benedict in every way he could. The monk apparently visited him frequently, and on fixed days brought him food.[11]

During these three years of solitude, broken only by occasional communications with the outer world and by the visits of Romanus, Benedict matured both in mind and character, in knowledge of himself and of his fellow-man, and at the same time he became not merely known to, but secured the respect of, those about him; so much so that on the death of the abbot of a monastery in the neighbourhood (identified by some with Vicovaro), the community came to him and begged him to become its abbot. Benedict was acquainted with the life and discipline of the monastery, and knew that "their manners were diverse from his and therefore that they would never agree together: yet, at length, overcome with their entreaty, he gave his consent" (ibid., 3). The experiment failed; the monks tried to poison him. The legend goes that they first tried to poison his drink. He prayed a blessing over the cup and the cup shattered. Thus he left the group and went back to his cave at Subiaco. There lived in the neighborhood a priest called Florentius who, moved by envy, tried to ruin him. He tried to poison him with poisoned bread. When he prayed a blessing over the bread, a raven swept in and took the loaf away. From this time his miracles seem to have become frequent, and many people, attracted by his sanctity and character, came to Subiaco to be under his guidance. Having failed by sending him poisonous bread, Florentius tried to seduce his monks with some prostitutes. To avoid further temptations, in about 530 Benedict left Subiaco.[12] He founded 12 monasteries in the vicinity of Subiaco, and, eventually, in 530 he founded the great Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino,[13] which lies on a hilltop between Rome and Naples.[14]

Veneration

He is believedШаблон:By whom to have died of a fever at Monte Cassino not long after his twin sister, Scholastica, and was buried in the same place as his sister. According to tradition, this occurred on 21 March 547.[15] He was named patron protector of Europe by Pope Paul VI in 1964.[16] In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared him co-patron of Europe, together with Cyril and Methodius.[17] Furthermore, he is the patron saint of speleologists.[18] On the island of Tenerife (Spain) he is the patron saint of fields and farmers. An important romeria (Romería Regional de San Benito Abad) is held on this island in his honor, one of the most important in the country.[19]

In the pre-1970 General Roman Calendar, his feast is kept on 21 March, the day of his death according to some manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum and that of Bede. Because on that date his liturgical memorial would always be impeded by the observance of Lent, the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar moved his memorial to 11 July, the date that appears in some Gallic liturgical books of the end of the 8th century as the feast commemorating his birth (Natalis S. Benedicti). There is some uncertainty about the origin of this feast.[20] Accordingly, on 21 March the Roman Martyrology mentions in a line and a half that it is Benedict's day of death and that his memorial is celebrated on 11 July, while on 11 July it devotes seven lines to speaking of him, and mentions the tradition that he died on 21 March.[21]

The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates Saint Benedict on 14 March.[22]

The Anglican Communion has no single universal calendar, but a provincial calendar of saints is published in each province. In almost all of these, Saint Benedict is commemorated on 11 July.

Benedict is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 11 July.[23]

Напомене

  1. ^ For the various literary accounts, see Anonymous Monk of Whitby, The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great, tr. B. Colgrave (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 157, n. 110.

Референце

  1. ^ „Saint Benedict | Biography, Rule, & Facts”. 
  2. ^ „Who is Saint Benedict?”. 
  3. ^ „Преподобни Бенедикт Нурсијски”. СПЦ. Приступљено 28. 1. 2021. 
  4. ^ а б „Преподобни Бенедикт Нурсијски”. Епархија Шумадијска. Приступљено 28. 1. 2021. 
  5. ^ „ПРЕПОДОБНИ БЕНЕДИКТ НУРСИЈСКИ”. Црква Уб. Приступљено 28. 1. 2021. 
  6. ^ „The Autumn Number 1921” (PDF). The Ampleforth Journal. 
  7. ^ а б в „Ford, Hugh. "St. Benedict of Norcia." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 3 Mar. 2014”. 
  8. ^ Life and Miracles of St. Benedict (Book II, Dialogues), tr. Odo John Zimmerman, O.S.B. and Benedict, O.S.B. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), p. iv.
  9. ^ See Ildephonso Schuster, Saint Benedict and His Times, Gregory J. Roettger, tr. (London: B. Herder, 1951), p. 2.
  10. ^ See Deborah Mauskopf Deliyannis, ed., Historiography in the Middle Ages (Boston: Brill, 2003), pp. 1–2.
  11. ^ а б „"Saint Benedict, Abbot", Lives of Saints, John J. Crawley & Co., Inc.”. 
  12. ^ Bunson, M., Bunson, M., & Bunson, S., Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints (Huntington IN: Our Sunday Visitor, 2014), p. 125.
  13. ^ Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). „St. Benedict”. My First Book of Saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate - Quality Catholic Publications. стр. 145—147. ISBN 971-91595-4-5. 
  14. ^ Nursia Архивирано 16 јул 2012 на сајту Wayback Machine
  15. ^ „Saint Benedict of Norcia”. 
  16. ^ „St. Benedict of Norcia”. Catholic Online. Приступљено 31. 7. 2008. 
  17. ^ „Egregiae Virtutis”. Приступљено 26. 4. 2009.  Apostolic letter of Pope John Paul II, 31 December 1980
  18. ^ Brewer's dictionary of phrase & fable. Cassell. p.953
  19. ^ „San Benito, patrón por sorteo de los frutos y ganados de Tenerife desde 1535. Por Carlos Rodríguez Morales (y III)”. 
  20. ^ "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana), pp. 97 and 119
  21. ^ Martyrologium Romanum 199 (edito altera 2004); pages 188 and 361 of the 2001 edition (Libreria Editrice Vaticana ISBN 978-88-209-7210-3)
  22. ^ „"Orthodox Church in America: The Lives of the Saints, March 14th"”. 
  23. ^ „The Calendar”. The Church of England (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-03-27. 

Литература

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