Tazama chanzo cha Négritude

'''''Négritude'''''<ref>''Négritude'' is a constructed noun from the 1930s based upon the French word ''nègre'', which, like its English counterpart, was derogatory and had a different meaning from "Black man". The movement's use of the word ''négritude'' was a way of re-imagining the word as an [[emic]] form of empowerment. The term was first used in its present sense by Aimé Césaire, in the third issue of ''[[L'Étudiant noir]]'', a magazine that he had started in [[Paris]] with fellow students Léopold Senghor and Léon Damas, as well as [[Gilbert Gratiant]], [[Leonard Sainville]], [[Louis T. Achille]], [[Aristide Maugée]], and [[Paulette Nardal]]. ''L'Étudiant noir'' also includes Césaire's first published work, ''Conscience Raciale et Révolution Sociale'', with the heading "Les Idées" and the rubric "Négreries", which is notable for its disavowal of [[Assimilation (sociology)|assimilation]] as a valid strategy for resistance and for its use of the word ''{{wiktfr|nègre}}'' as a positive term. The problem with assimilation was that one assimilated into a culture that considered African culture to be barbaric and unworthy of being seen as "civilized". The assimilation into this culture would have been seen as an implicit acceptance of this view. ''Nègre'' previously had been used mainly in a pejorative sense. Césaire deliberately incorporated this derogatory word into the name of his philosophy.</ref> ni fremu ya [[nadharia]] ya [[uhakiki]] na [[uandishi]] iliyostawishwa hasa na [[waandishi]] na [[wanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika]] waliozoea [[lugha]] ya [[Kifaransa]] na kuishi nje ya [[bara]] lao katika [[miaka ya 1930]]. 

Lengo lilikuwa kukuza kati ya [[Waafrika]] wote hali ya kujitambua kama [[watu]] wa maana kwa kupinga [[ukoloni]] na kupigania [[umoja]] wa watu wote wenye [[asili]] ya Afrika, pengine kwa kutegemea [[Umarksi]].

==Historia==
[[Waanzilishi]] walikuwa [[Aimé Césaire]] kutoka [[Martinique|Martinika]], [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] (baadaye [[rais]] wa kwanza wa [[Senegal]]) na [[Léon Dumas]] kutoka [[Guyana ya Kifaransa]]. 

''Négritude'' ilichangia uanzishaji wa matapo mbalimbali duniani yaliyotetea Waafrika na [[haki]] zao, kama vile:
* ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]''
* [[Black Consciousness Movement]]
* [[Surrealism#Black surrealism and Negritude|Black Surrealism]]
* [[Black Arts Movement]]
* [[Black Power movement|Black Power Movement]]
* ''[[Angolanidade]]'' ("Angolan-ness")
* ''[[Authenticité (Zaire)|Authenticité]]''
* [[Afro-pessimism]]
* [[Afro-Surrealism]]
* [[Anti Fascism]]
* [[Anti African]]

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Marejeo==
*[[Christian Filostrat]], "La Négritude et la 'Conscience raciale et révolution sociale' d'Aimé Césaire". ''Présence Francophone'', No. 21, Automne 1980, pp.&nbsp;119–130.
*[[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre, Jean-Paul]]. "Orphée Noir". ''Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache''. ed. Léopold Senghor. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p. xiv (1948).
*{{Citation | first=Maryse | last=Condé | authorlink=Maryse Condé | title=O Brave New World | journal=Research in African Literatures | year=1998 | volume=29 | pages=1–7 | url=http://www.awigp.com/default.asp?numcat=conde | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010406161246/http://awigp.com/default.asp?numcat=conde | dead-url=yes | archive-date=2001-04-06 | df= }}.

==Bibliografia==
'''Maandishi asili'''
* Césaire, Aimé: ''[[Cahier d'un retour au pays natal|Return to My Native Land]]'', [[Bloodaxe Books]], 1997, ISBN|1-85224-184-5
* Césaire, Aimé: ''Discourse on Colonialism'', [[Monthly Review Press]] (1950), 2000, ISBN|1-58367-025-4
* Damas, Léon-Gontran, ''Poètes d'expression française.''Paris: [[Editions du Seuil]], 1947
* Damas, Léon-Gontan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130510220125/http://www.leondamas-mine-de-rien.com/ ''Mine de Rien, Poèmes inédits''.]
* Diop, Birago, ''Leurres et lueurs.'' Paris: [[Présence Africaine]], 1960
* Senghor, Léopold Sedar, ''The Collected Poetry'', [[University of Virginia Press]], 1998
* Senghor, Léopold Sédar, ''Ce que je crois.'' Paris: Grasset, 1988
* [[Véronique Tadjo|Tadjo, Véronique]], ''Red Earth/Latérite.'' Spokane, Washington: [[Eastern Washington University Press]], 2006

'''Mengineyo'''
* Cheikh Thiam, ''Return to the Kingdom of Childhood: Re-envisioning the Legacy and Philosophical Relevance of Negritude'', [[The Ohio State University Press]], 2014
* T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, ''Negritude Women'', [[University of Minnesota Press]], 2002, ISBN|0-8166-3680-X
* Christian Filostrat, ''Negritude Agonistes'', Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers, 2008, ISBN|978-0-9818939-2-1
* Gary Wilder, ''The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude & Colonial Humanism Between the Two World Wars'', University of Chicago Press, 2005, ISBN|0-226-89772-9
* Stovall, Tyler, "Aimé Césaire and the making of black Paris." ''French Politics, Culture & Society'' 27#3 (2009): 44–46
* Thompson, Peter, ''Negritude and Changing Africa: An Update,'' in ''Research in African Literatures'', Winter 2002
* Thompson, Peter, ''Négritude et nouveaux mondes—poésie noire: africaine, antillaise et malgache.'' Concord, Mass: Wayside Publishing, 1994

==Filamu==
*''Négritude: Naissance et expansion du concept'' a documentary by Nathalie Fave and Jean-Baptiste Fave, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzQ4NM_fJHI first minutes online], with the interventions of [[Amadou Lamine Sall]], Racine Senghor, [[Lylian Kesteloot]], [[Jean-Louis Roy]], [[Jacqueline Lemoine]], Gérard Chenêt, [[Victor Emmanuel Cabrita]], [[Nafissatou Dia Diouf]], Amadou Ly, Youssoufa Bâ, Raphaël Ndiaye, [[Alioune Badara Bèye]], [[Hamidou Dia]], Georges Courrèges, Baba Diop; Maison Africaine de la Poésie Internationale. Shot in Sénégal in 2005, 56' (DVD)

==Viungo vya nje==
*[http://letudiant-noir.webs.com/ Noir, Journal Mensuel de l'Association des Etudiants Martiniquais en France, PREMIERE ANNEE N. 3 MAI-JUN 1935,] {{Wayback|url=http://letudiant-noir.webs.com/ |date=20190618040053 }}
*[http://letudiantnoir.webs.com/ Césaire et l'introduction de la notion "négritude"] {{Wayback|url=http://letudiantnoir.webs.com/ |date=20190618040055 }}
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[[Category:Miaka ya 1930]]
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