Episode of COVID-19 Telepsychiatry Session Key Origination Upon Swarm-Based Metaheuristic and Neural Perceptron Blend

Related to Secret Sharing

Shamir's Secret Sharing Scheme relies upon $\left(k,n\right)$ edge-based secret sharing procedure [9]. In this arrangement, a $\left(k-1\right)$ degree polynomial is bare essential. The polynomial limit of solicitation $\left(k-1\right)$ is worked as follows in the Eq. 1.

Here, $p_0$ is the secret and N is a number and all various coefficients are picked randomly from secret. All of the n shares is a couple ($x_i$,$z_i$) of numbers satisfying $f\left(x_i\right)=z_i$ and $x_i$  > 0, $1\le i\le n$ and $0<x_1<x_2<x_3<\cdots <x_k\le \left(N-1\right)$. Given any k offers, the polynomials are exceptionally settled and in this manner the secret $p_0$ can be figured through Lagrange’s expansion. The computational complexity was very high in their sharing scheme.

Blakey’s Secret Sharing Scheme had utilized calculation to tackle mystery sharing issue [10]. The mystery message is a point in a $k$-dimensional space and $n$ shares are relative hyper planes that cross in this point. The set arrangement $y=\left(y_1,y_2,\dots ,y_k\right)$ to a condition $p_1{y}_1+p_2{y}_2+\cdots +p_k{x}_k=b$ structures a relative hyper plane. The mystery the convergence point is gotten by finding the convergence of any k of these planes. The time to obtain the convergence point in this technique was high.

Asmuth–Bloom’s secret sharing scheme mystery sharing plan [11] shares a mystery among the individual gatherings utilizing measured number juggling and reproduction it by Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT). The processing skills needed in this scheme was very large, and thus increasing the system complexity. Overall, the mystery sharing plans are viewed as an ideal mystery sharing plan since mixture of (k − 1) shares does not uncover any data about the mystery.

Beimel et al. [12] had utilized multi-linear mystery sharing idea on field components. Sharing of data has been carried out on arbitrary field mystery components and fixed field components. Their strategy is by all accounts amazing on straight designs. However, the time complexity analysis with respect to previous works has been missed out there. Sarkar et al. [13] had proposed delicate figuring on neural organizations for the intraoral data partaking in the electronic clinical field. No privileged shares were added in their scheme of neural synchronization. Gupta et al. [14] had proposed neural cryptography for the secret sharing of data. They had synchronized both the parties to have a unique vector as secret key for transmission. The outputs of the neural networks at each synchronization step were shared between themselves through public channel. If those outputs were invasion, then it leads to vector compromisation. Dey et al. [15] had proposed a metaheuristic key for sharing the confidential medical data. Their tale of cryptographic procedure protects against the gatecrashers. But the time complexity of their technique was not computed on different datasets. Csirmaz et al. [16] had examined the mystery internet sharing strategies based on graph theory. Their performance was better in case of first fit graphs only. Deshmukh et al. [17] had developed an (n–n) secret sharing technique by the help of logic gates. It had raised the working complexity during the regeneration of images. Sarkar et al. [18] had utilized the gingival information transmission through mystery partaking in the teledental space. Their plan has the opposition against the vindictive aggressors. They had not shown on different intraoral images. Deshmukh et al. [19] had developed another secret sharing technique based on the binary tree operations and Boolean logics. However, they had not discussed the optimum time needed in binary tree operations.

Related to Salp Swarm Algorithm

Salp swarm algorithm had been suggested by Mirjalili et al. [20]. It simulates the food searching behavior of the salps inside the deep oceans. Salps usually create a swarm which is commonly known as salp chain. Here, the leader is the salp present at the head of the chain and other salps are termed as followers. However, they could not identify the exact food searching patterns of the salps, as they reside inside the deep oceans. Sarkar et al. [21] had presented a biometric based session key generation technique by using the salp swarm protocol. They had considered only fingerprints of the patients to make dual layer of security. Other biometric traits could have also been included in their paper. Mirjalili et al. [20] had presented a bio-inspired optimizer for solving different engineering problems. They had not resolved and security problems over the cryptographic domain. Yaseen et al. [22] had developed a machine learning model based on salp swarm algorithm. However, the neural network simulations from the existing database were not observed in their method.

Related to COVID-19 Telepschyiatry

Cui et al. have represented the challenges faced in the psychiatric treatments due to the novel corona virus [23]. But they had not opted for telepsychiatric approach in this COVID-19 era. Definitely, COVID-19 patients and suspects are more prone to psychological pressures in addition to their physical sufferings. They may experience fear of communicable disease spread and the contagion. Medical professionals are also of no exceptions. They get exposed directly while treating the COVID patients [24]. Mysers et al. [25] had stated that Boston and community hospitals in USA have molded themselves to embrace the telehealth facility. But the significance of migrating to telehealth was not sighted in their paper.

The COVID-19 patients may encounter depression, refusal, nervousness, gloom, sleep deprivation, and acute depression, which may bring down treatment adherence. A portion of these cases may even have expanded danger of animosity and self-destruction. Suspected separated cases may experience the ill effects of nervousness because of vulnerability about their wellbeing status. Further, exacting isolate and compulsory contact following arrangement by wellbeing specialists could cause cultural dismissal, financial misfortune, segregation, and social stigmatization [26, 27]. Limited information on the corona virus and the staggering news may prompt nervousness and dread in the public society. The emergence of telepsychiatry has played a pivotal role in treating these psychiatric patients. However, the security approach must be included in such online systems.

Related to Session Key Generation

Chen et al. [28] had designed session key for the wireless tactile organization systems. That secret key ought to be divided among the taking an interest hubs/terminals for the encryption/decryption reason. They had planned powerful key to diminish the encroaching. However, their technique suffers from the security issues of key management between the cluster and the sensor. Meena et al. [29] had planned a secured key arrangement mechanism for the remote transactions. They had attempted to abrogate the information security challenges. Their procedure includes fuzzy C protocols on clustering and social spider optimization with low force utilization. However, they had not solved any optimization technique based on their technique to prove their efficacy. Azarderskhsh et al. [30] had proposed a secured clustering strategy dependent on deterministic blending of public keys. Two terminals having a place with a similar cluster will actually want to build up a vital pair without scattering any additional data to the excess terminals. Their strategy has demonstrated terminal-to-terminal confirmation, least memory space, and protection from terminal assaults. But in case of WSNs located in different clusters were not able to pair up between themselves directly. This could be a real disadvantage of their proposed scheme. Dwivedi et al. [31] had proposed a finger mark premise biometric cryptographic system for the secured wireless information correspondence. They had utilized the human’s biometric attribute to achieve the session key. Key spillage has been diminished in their strategy. Although there could be chances of middle attacks on the biometric keys. Kumar et al. [32] had proposed polynomial guiding non-interactive transmission key for dynamic number of users. The proposed polynomial is framed as a simple polynomial with n number of users, and dynamicity exhibits in that. The data security of the key relies on different values of polynomial coefficients. They had combined the symmetric and asymmetric encryption which leads to extra computation heads. Bhowmik et al. [33] had proposed a symmetric key for encryption of the data. Their key length was fixed. Sarkar et al. [34] had proposed a unique key generation which works under the metaheuristic cuckoo search calculation. Artificial intelligence could have been added to their scheme to reinforce the key security.

Related to Perceptron

A perceptron is a variation of Artificial Neural Networks. Wang et al. [35] had developed a system to detect Alzheimer’s disease from the MRI. They had classified their task into three components, such as: entropy of the wavelets, biogeography based optimization, and multilayer perceptrons. An accuracy around 92.40 ± 0.83% had been found by their classification technique. They had not stated their performance time of their proposed networks. Mallick et al. [36] had proposed an effective learning technique for the periodic perceptron on two real set of problems. Their technique has generated higher results with respect to simple multilayer perceptron. However, their technique had more structural complexities. Heidari et al. [37] have proposed a stochastic training on grasshopper optimization for different multilayer perceptrons. They had missed to derive a correlation coefficient between the noise and their network’s performances. Sarkar et al. [38] had predictive model regarding the purchase willingness of the online customers. They have extracted features which were then fed to the support vector machines, random forest algorithm, and multilayer perceptron as inputs for the task of classifications. Their work had only survey localized servers. Struye et al. [39] had proposed to simulate the neocortex of the human brain towards data and time series predictions based on recurrent neural networks. Their technique has achieved higher degree of success. But their technique had consumed more time than the human brains. Tang et al. [40] had elaborated the use of multilayer perceptron models for synthetic-aperture radar image classification. Multiple hidden layers were made sure for the feed-forward training, and back-propagation of the neural network. Thus, the overall complexity and cost can be high in such artificial neural networks. Thomas et al. [41] had considered the issue of optimal multilayer perceptron structure. Variance sensitivity analysis was the key factor in their proposed technique. The computational time and precision of accuracy has been achieved better by their technique if compared to existing. However, with rise in neural architecture, it increases the topological costs in their proposed scheme.

Our Remedies

The above-stated challenges have been addressed in this technique. Shaukat et al. [42] had shown different mental complications that were found on the healthcare staffs due to COVID-19 pressure. They need special mental care. But they have not mentioned on the telepsychiatry aspects that could be used to them remotely. Spoorty et al. [43] have also specified the mental problems faced by the medical support staffs. They have reviewed different types of psychiatric complications in this corona virus times. The idea of safe remote mental treatment was missing in their review. So we have tried to propose a secured cryptographic system on mental health. Cai et al. [44] had investigated the psychiatric COVID-19 impacts on medical staffs between January 2020 and March 2020 in Hunan. They had also not suggested any online treatments procedures. In this manuscript, different session keys can be generated to have multiple transaction keys on telepsychiatry COVID-19. Ho et al. [46] had proposed different mental strategies to combat the novel corona virus. Their strategies could not be transmitted in online modes. There needs a tight security protocol to deal that. So, we have designed a salp swarm and perceptron based session key origination to transmit medical data. This could help the remote patients to avail virtual consultation with their psychiatrists.

Neural Weight Vector Generation

Salp Key Pool Generation

Mask Generation Algorithm

Secret Share Generation

Analysis on Mask Generation

Using the proposed mask generation technique, the following Table 1 has been filled with the binary mask matrix. Taking each row at a time, and performing XOR operation on the COVID-19 telepsychiatry E-prescription, $n$ number of different share were generted before the proposed round of shares encryption.

A snapshot which contains a set of five share masks corresponding to three threshold values given in the above Table 1.If we assume the following secret message (M) as "PrAGUe1024", then the corresponding secret masks can be shown in the following Table 2.

Then to curtail the conventional network traffic congestion especially during the COVID-19 digital health and to increase the network throughput, the above-stated secret shares were compressed by removing all zero data. It can be shown in the following Table 3.

Histogram and Floating Frequency Analysis

In this section, histogram analysis has been briefly shown in the following Table 4. Histogram denotes the frequency of different of characters present in the file. It has been observed that post encryption resulted from individual shares are more robust than without encryption form. Intruders will not be able to trace any sort of information from the partial shares, if compromised [48].

Floating frequency is the count of group of characters present in the source file. The proposed technique has been analyzed in terms of floating frequency. From the following Table 5, it can be noted that graphs obtained post encryption on the partial shares were better than the earlier graphs.

Entropy Analysis

It refers to the act of randomness structures which is used for the data hiding purpose from the opponents. Low entropy value means more vulnerable cryptosystem is. In the following Table 6, entropy has been computed on different shares of the E-prescription, and the results are on average good.

The above-mentioned Table 6 contains the Secret Share ID, Entropy of E-prescription without our technique and Entropy post encryption by our technique. An E-prescription of COVID-19 telepsychiatry was considered under the study.

Our proposed technique had generated better entropy values. A small negative $-0.1498$ correlation value has been observed from the above table [49]. Thus, the entropy of E-prescriptions i.e. without and with our technique moves in opposite direction. Opponents will not be able to trace any information from the proposed shares.

Lossless Theory on Proposed Secret Shares

The novelty of the proposed mask generation technique is lossless theory in terms of the information security in this global unprecedented COVID-19. When a message is divided into t number of secret partial shares, then the x numbers of threshold shares are bare minimally joined together to restructure the actual data matter. However, good lossless theory flavor of this method is that no data matter has been lost while transmission [47]. It is briefly explained using the following Eqs. 2 and 3, respectively.

Condition for Lossless Theory:

Condition for Complement Lossless Theory:

Let us consider a message M and consider the number of secret shares be t be five, and threshold shares x be three. Then the generated secret shares have been named as M₁, M₂, M₃, M₄ and M₅. The following twelve possible combinations guarantee the lossless theory on COVID-19 telepsychiatry.

Case 1:

Case 2:

Case 3:

Case 4:

Case 5:

Case 6:

Case 7:

Case 8:

Case 9:

Case 10:

Case 11:

Case 12:

From the above-stated cases, it may be concluded that the total number of combinations are 28. Out of which, the total number of lossless combinations is 12. So the complementary lossless combinations are 16. The following Fig. 2 shows the same.

Single Flip Effectiveness

Opponents have used advanced simulations to detect the transmission key in the telemedicine sectors. The key pool of one hundred transmission keys was considered for testing the flip effect. A flip in the single bit on all the session keys has been done. Subsequently, a plain message is encrypted before and after the flip operation. The position of the flip that took place has been randomly selected by the random function. The following Table 7 shows the frequency of the keys and its corresponding changes in the cipher text.

The above-mentioned Table 7 contains Class Interval of Bit Positions, Frequency of Keys, Expected Frequency of Keys, and Changes in cipher text (Bit level). Let us assume the following hypothesis based on the above Table 7.

Null Hypothesis (${\mathit{H}}_0):$ Flipping bit position selection is dependent on the bit position.

Alternative Hypothesis (${\mathit{H}}_1):$ Flipping bit position selection is not dependent on the bit position.

Using the Chi Square test [50], we have obtained ${\chi }^2$ = 17.046 (under 5% level of significance). Therefore, null hypothesis (${\mathit{H}}_0)$ will not be accepted. Thus, no autocorrelation is associated with the bits position in the COVID-19 telepsychiatry. This validates the data of our study.

Significance of Modular Approach on Secret Shares

Secluded methodology as for shares generation in COVID-19 telepsychiatry has been tied in with destroying mystery message into more modest and incomplete encoded insider facts, with no mystery contains total information about the E-prescription of telepsychiatry. The pith part of this sort of partial secret shares generation is that each of it offers a type of highlights of attachment just as coupling. The ability of presence of strong cohesion property in each secret share is that they are treated as a free substance while the cycle of encryption is finished in COVID-19 telepsychiatry. Just the fractional encoded partial shares are available in the offers to make it stowed away from the unapproved access like interlopers, tricky programmers, hackers, and so on. The great part is that it builds the absolute framework practicality factor because of the way that legitimate changes done inside a specific space influence the less number of different modules.

In the event that a message M might be broken into fractional secret shares likes of $M_1,M_2,M_3,\dots M_n$. At that point the idea of measured quality is kept up for the patients’ security. The greatest favorable position of such use of secluded idea regarding such proposed telepsychiatry shares generation is that in the event that any share is being debased during transmission over the COVID-19 telemedicine network, at that point that specific share can be recovered and resent. The misfortune or mutilation to the secret telepsychiatry shares may occur in the organization because of different reasons like commotion, impulse, reversal of bits, and so forth.

Time Complexity of the Proposed Secret Sharing

The strategy of applying the strategy of coupling on the proposed set of secret shares of telepsychiatry offers that the time complexity will raise both at the patient’s end just as psychiatrist’s end with the raise of users in the telepsychiatry system. The time complexity might be determined as $O\left(U\right)$, where $U$ signifies the quantity of users arranged for share transmission in the system. This time unpredictability factor will increment with the increment in the quantity of shares. Along these lines, here the time multifaceted nature is straightforwardly corresponding to the quantity of shares generation on COVID-19 telepsychiatry. Another interesting striking element is the coupling highlight. It implies the level of interdependency between the encrypted shares. During the reassembly of the threshold number of shares, coupling boundary exists together. The coupling boundary can be registered as $O\left(T\right)$, where $T$ denotes the threshold number of shares. Potentially, in that event $\left(T-1\right)$ number of partial shares or not exactly $\left(T-1\right)$ number of shares are consolidated together during the reproduction stage with failure result. At the end of the day, least T number of shares is barely needed to recover the COVID-19 telepsychiatry E-prescription.

When compared with the plain text transmission of the COVID-19 telepsychiatry E-prescription, then using the following Table 8, it can be said that higher time complexity is incurred in the proposed system.

The above-stated Table 8 contains Sl. No., Mode of Transmission, No. of Users, and Time Complexity. Here $\mathit{Tm}$ is the time needed in plain text transmission, and U is the number of users in the proposed COVID-19 telepsychiatry system. The time complexity of the proposed system of shares is $O\left(U\right).$

Functional Time Evaluation

Different psychiatric E-prescriptions of COVID-19 were taken into consideration under testing phase. Using the same session key generated through salp swarm algorithm and perceptron blend, the encryption and decryption of secret shares were done. The following Table 9 contains the average amount of functional time on all the shares of individual E-prescriptions.

A correlation value was determined between the average encryption time and the functional time, and the average decryption time and the functional time. Both values were 0.92076, and 0.72340, respectively [49]. Thus, the functional time of the proposed COVID-19 telepsychiatry is fully dependent to the encryption and decryption time.

Comparative Tabulations

In this sub-section, different comparative tabulations were done. At first Table 10, the proposed technique has been briefly compared with 3DES classical technique [51]. The table contains the summarized comparisons in this regard.

In the above-stated Table 10, our proposed technique has been compared with 3DES classical algorithm. The key length was 128 bits and 168 bits for 3DES. The number of rounds involved was reduced to ten in this work to minimize the complexity. Here, salp swarm, perceptron, and secret sharing were the principle components involved, whereas Fiestel network was present in 3DES. The degree of user flexibility was found to be higher in our technique against 3DES. The operational time was average in this proposed method, when compared with 3DES. 3DES technique has the limitation to be attacked by the Brute-Force attacks, whereas the proposed technique may resist such attacks in the middle.

The following Table 11 has been designed to make a comparison between the proposed technique and some of the literature survey publications. The proposed technique’s efficiency may be observed from that table.

In the above-mentioned Table 11, a brief comparison was made with other papers. Cui et al. [23], Xiang et al. [24], Myers et al. [25], and our technique has only dealt with COVID-19 telepsychiatry. No other papers in the above table had worked on COVID-19 mental issues. Chen et al. [28], Azarderskhsh et al. [30], Dwivedi et al. [31], Mirjalili et al. [20], Yaseen et al. [22], and this paper have processes with transmission key generation. We have generated session key based on salp swarm and neural networks. No other papers have done in that approach. Yaseen et al. [22] and this method have calculated the functional time of the encryption system. We have presented the lossless secret sharing of data. Others have not illustrated this issue. Entropy, histogram analysis, and floating frequency were only discussed in this proposed methodology. At last, we have presented a tabular comparative study which indicates the quality of works performed on the proposed technique. Thus, we can prove the efficacy of the proposed COVID-19 telepsychiatry.

It has been noted that cryptographic science is the essential entity while crafting the data security. For that more robust session key is more crucial factor [52]. During the corona pandemic, the increased rate digital health transactions have been phenomenal [53, 54]. To keep a check on the patients’ data security, different cryptographic techniques were proposed [55, 56]. This paper aims the same on the COVID-19 telepsychiatry.

Validation Statements

In this sub-section, it contains the validation statements of the proposed technique. It can be illustrated in multiple ways to have its efficacy. The average encryption time, average decryption time, and functional time on different E-Prescriptions were found to be low. A correlation coefficient between the average encryption and decryption time and the functional time has been noted as 0.92076 and 0.72340, respectively. Entropy, histograms, and floating character frequency of all the proposed shares have yielded satisfactory outputs. The time complexity of the proposed secret sharing has been calculated as $O\left(U\right),$ with $U$ means the total number of patients and psychiatrists of the system. For Chi-square test, ${\chi }^2$= 17.046 (under 5% level of significance) has been observed which means no similar patterns in the session key orientation. Moreover, lossless data sharing was observed in this proposed technique as threshold number of shares was required to generate the original data.

Compliance with ethical standards

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

No conflict of interest is applicable here.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the author.