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{{Short description|Spacecraft assembly building operated by NASA at the Kennedy Space Center}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Vehicle Assembly Building
| image = VAB and SLS.jpg
| image_caption = The [[Artemis I]] [[Space Launch System]] vehicle rolling out from the VAB at [[Kennedy Space Center]]
| map_type = Florida#USA
| former_names = Vertical Assembly Building
| building_type = Integration facility
| location_city = [[Brevard County, Florida]]
| location_country = United States
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|11|N|80|39|5|W|display=inline,title}}
| completion_date = 1966
| owner = [[NASA]]
| height = {{cvt|526|ft}}
| diameter = {{cvt|716|x|518|ft}}
| floor_count = 1
| floor_area = {{cvt|8|acre|m2}}
| main_contractor = [[Morrison-Knudsen]]
| embedded =
{{Infobox NRHP
| embed = yes
| name = Vehicle Assembly Building
| location = [[Kennedy Space Center]] [[Florida]], U.S.
| nearest_city = [[Titusville, Florida|Titusville]]
| area = {{convert|8|acre|ha|0}}
| architect = https://www.urbahn.com
| architecture = Industrial
| built = 1966
| added = January 21, 2000
| refnum = 99001642<ref name="nris">{{NRISref |refnum=99001642|version=2010a}}</ref>
| mpsub = [[John F. Kennedy Space Center MPS]]
}}
}}
The '''Vehicle Assembly Building''' (originally the '''Vertical Assembly Building'''), or '''VAB''', is a large building at [[NASA]]'s [[Kennedy Space Center]] (KSC) in Florida, designed to assemble large pre-manufactured space vehicle components, such as the massive [[Saturn V]], the [[Space Shuttle]] and the [[Space Launch System]], and [[stacking (rocketry)|stack]] them vertically onto one of three [[mobile launcher platform]]s used by NASA. As of March 2022, the first [[Space Launch System]] (SLS) rocket was assembled inside in preparation for the [[Artemis I]] mission,<ref name="nsf-20220317">{{Cite news |last1=Barker |first1=Nathan |last2=Gebhardt |first2=Chris |date=March 17, 2022 |title=NASA moon rocket SLS rolls out to "rebuilt" LC-39B ahead of Artemis 1 rehearsal |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/03/sls-rollout-wet-dress-rehearsal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116162759/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/03/sls-rollout-wet-dress-rehearsal/ |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]}}</ref> launched on November 16, 2022.

At {{convert|129,428,000|ft3|abbr=on}}, it is the [[List of largest buildings in the world|eighth-largest building in the world]] by volume as of 2022.<ref name="vab1">{{cite web |url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilities/vab.html |title=Vehicle Assembly Building |access-date=September 23, 2007 |publisher=[[NASA]] |year=1999 |author=NASA |author-link=NASA |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229063628/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilities/vab.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The building is at [[Launch Complex 39]] at KSC, {{convert|149|mi}} south of [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], {{convert|219|mi}} north of [[Miami, Florida|Miami]], and {{convert|50|mi}} due east of [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], on [[Merritt Island, Florida|Merritt Island]] on the [[Atlantic]] [[coast]] of [[Florida]].<ref name="vab1" />

The VAB is the largest single-story building in the world,<ref name="prn">{{Cite press release |date=August 5, 2007 |title=Groundbreaking Digital Experience for Endeavour Shuttle Launch |url=https://news.microsoft.com/2007/08/05/groundbreaking-digital-experience-for-endeavour-shuttle-launch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129231315/https://news.microsoft.com/2007/08/05/groundbreaking-digital-experience-for-endeavour-shuttle-launch/ |archive-date=November 29, 2023 |access-date=September 23, 2007 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |place=Redmond, Washington}}</ref> was the tallest building ({{cvt|526|ft|disp=or}}) in Florida until 1974,<ref name="UNF">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=George Lansing |date=September 20, 1988 |title=NASA Vehicle Assembly Building, Cape Canaveral, FL |url=https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/historical_architecture_main/2374/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731091332/https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/historical_architecture_main/2374/ |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |website=UNF Digital Commons |publisher=[[University of North Florida]]}}</ref> and is the tallest building in the United States outside an urban area.<ref name="nasa-sm-07-01">{{Cite magazine |last=Aguiar |first=Laura |date=January 10, 2020 |title=The Many Stories of the VAB |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/spmjanfeb2020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219083441/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/spmjanfeb2020.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |magazine=Spaceport Magazine |publisher=[[NASA]] |volume=7 |issue=1}}</ref>

== History ==
The VAB, completed in 1966, was originally built for the vertical assembly of the [[Apollo program|Apollo]]–[[Saturn V]] [[space vehicle]] and was originally referred to as the ''Vertical Assembly Building''. In anticipation of post-Apollo projects such as the [[Space Shuttle]] program, it was renamed the Vehicle Assembly Building on February 3, 1965.<ref name="moonport-ch12">{{Cite book |last1=Benson |first1=Charles Dunlap |last2=Faherty |first2=William Barnaby |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4204/ch12-7.html |title=Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations |publisher=[[NASA]] |year=1978 |chapter=VAB Nears Completion |id=SP-4204 |quote=The new name, it was felt, would more readily encompass future as well as current programs and would not be tied to the Saturn booster. |access-date=September 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025104911/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4204/ch12-7.html |archive-date=October 25, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nasa-americas-spaceport">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=America's Spaceport |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/438859main_amspaceport10.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219084111/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/438859main_amspaceport10.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |access-date=February 22, 2013 |publisher=[[NASA]] |page=13}}</ref> It was subsequently used to mate the Space Shuttle [[Space Shuttle orbiter|orbiters]] to their [[Space Shuttle external tank|external fuel tanks]] and [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|solid rocket boosters]]. Once the complete space vehicle was assembled on a [[mobile launcher platform]], a [[crawler-transporter]] moved it to [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|Launch Complex-39A]] or [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|39B]].

Before the destruction of {{OV|102}} in 2003, NASA installed a sub-roof inside the VAB to deal with falling concrete debris due to the building's age.<ref name="caib-vol1-114">{{Cite book |last1=Gehman |first1=Harold W. |last2=Barry |first2=John L. |last3=Deal |first3=Duane W. |last4=Hallock |first4=James N. |last5=Hess |first5=Kenneth W. |last6=Hubbard |first6=G. Scott |last7=Logsdon |first7=John M. |last8=Osheroff |first8=Douglas D. |last9=Ride |first9=Sally K. |last10=Tetrault |first10=Roger E. |last11=Turcotte |first11=Stephen A. |last12=Wallace |first12=Steven B. |last13=Widnall |first13=Sheila E. |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20030066167/downloads/20030066167.pdf#page=114 |title=Columbia Accident Investigation Board, Report Vol. 1 |date=August 2003 |isbn=978-0-16-067904-9 |page=114 |author-link1=Harold W. Gehman Jr. |author-link4=James N. Hallock |author-link6=G. Scott Hubbard |author-link7=John Logsdon |author-link8=Douglas Osheroff |author-link9=Sally Ride |author-link11=Stephen A. Turcotte |author-link13=Sheila Widnall |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918072124/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20030066167/downloads/20030066167.pdf#page=114 |archive-date=September 18, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The VAB was designated as a [[National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark]] by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] in 2020.<ref name="floridatoday-20200111">{{Cite news |date=January 10, 2020 |title=Vehicle Assembly Building at KSC Designated as National Civil Engineering Landmark |url=https://www.floridatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/2020/01/10/vab-named-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark/4436911002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111164153/https://www.floridatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/2020/01/10/vab-named-national-historic-civil-engineering-landmark/4436911002/ |archive-date=January 11, 2020 |access-date=August 20, 2022 |work=[[Florida Today]]}}</ref>

== Construction ==
[[File:VABConstruction.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright=1.2|VAB during construction (1965) with the three [[mobile launcher platform#Saturn V and Space Shuttle|Mobile Launchers]] for the [[Saturn V]] rocket.]]
In 1963, NASA contracted Urbahn Architects to design and build the VAB. Construction began with driving the first steel foundation piles on Aug. 2, 1963. It was part of NASA's massive effort to send astronauts to the Moon for the [[Apollo program]]. Altogether, 4,225 pilings were driven down 164 feet to bedrock with a foundation consisting of {{convert|30,000|yd3}} of concrete. Construction of the VAB required {{convert|98,590|ST|lb kg}} of steel.<ref name="nasa-20130718">{{Cite press release |last=Granath |first=Bob |date=July 18, 2013 |title=Vehicle Assembly Building Prepared for Another 50 Years of Service |url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/vehicle-assembly-building-prepared-for-another-50-years-of-service |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929213425/http://www.nasa.gov/content/vehicle-assembly-building-prepared-for-another-50-years-of-service/ |archive-date=September 29, 2016 |access-date=February 4, 2018}}</ref> The building was completed in 1966.<ref name="nasa-vab">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/718659main_vab.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203233553/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/718659main_vab.pdf |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |website=[[NASA]] |id=FS-2012-06-121-KSC}}</ref> The VAB is {{convert|526|ft|m|1|}} tall, {{convert|716|ft|m|1}} long and {{convert|518|ft|m|1}} wide. It covers {{convert|8|acre|m2}}, and encloses {{convert|129428000|cuft|m3}} of space.<ref name="futurism-vab">{{Cite web |last=Marquardt |first=Sarah |date=August 14, 2017 |title=An Exclusive Look Inside The Secretive Building Where NASA Makes Rockets |url=https://futurism.com/an-exclusive-look-inside-the-secretive-building-where-nasa-makes-rockets |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924214057/https://futurism.com/an-exclusive-look-inside-the-secretive-building-where-nasa-makes-rockets |archive-date=September 24, 2023 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |website=futurism.com}}</ref> Located on Florida's Atlantic coast, the building was constructed to withstand [[hurricane]]s and [[tropical storm]]s. Despite this, it has received damage from several hurricanes (see [[#Hurricane|below]]).

== Capabilities ==
[[File:Space Shuttle Discovery lowered toward external tank and solid rocket boosters (STS-124).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A crane lowers ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'' toward the [[Space Shuttle external tank|ET]] and [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|SRBs]] in high bay 3 of the Vehicle Assembly Building for [[STS-124]].]]
There are four entries to the bays located inside the building, which are the four largest doors in the world.<ref name="nasa-vab" /> Each door is {{convert|456|ft|m|1}} high, has seven vertical panels and four horizontal panels, and takes 45 minutes to completely open or close. The north entry that leads to the transfer aisle was widened by {{convert|40|ft|m|1}} to allow entry of the shuttle orbiter. A central slot at the north entry allowed for passage of the orbiter's vertical stabilizer.

To lift the components of the Space Shuttle, the VAB housed five overhead bridge [[Crane (machine)|cranes]], including two capable of lifting 325 tons, and 136 other lifting devices.

The building has [[air conditioning]] equipment, including 125 ventilators<ref name="vab1" /> on the roof supported by four large air handlers (four cylindrical structures west of the building) rated at a total 10,000 [[ton of refrigeration|tons of refrigeration]] (120,000,000 [[BTU]]/[[hour|hr]], 35 MW) to keep moisture under control. Air in the building can be completely replaced every hour. The large doors can allow fog to roll into the building and become trapped, leading to incorrect rumors that the building has its own [[weather]] and can form clouds.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cardona |first1=Carolina |date=July 3, 2019 |title=Inside the VAB at Kennedy Space Center |url=https://www.clickorlando.com/moon-landing/2019/07/03/inside-the-vab-at-kennedy-space-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127231633/https://www.clickorlando.com/moon-landing/2019/07/03/inside-the-vab-at-kennedy-space-center/ |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |publisher=WKMG }}</ref>

== Exterior ==
[[File:VAB aerial 1977.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.2|VAB in 1977, with the [[United States Bicentennial|Bicentennial Star]] opposite the flag. The Bicentennial Star was painted over with the NASA insignia in 1998. Note the [[Space Shuttle Landing Facility]] at upper left.]]
The [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] painted on the building was the largest in the world when added in 1976 as part of [[United States Bicentennial]] celebrations, along with the star logo of the anniversary, later replaced by the [[NASA insignia]] in 1998. It is {{convert|209|ft|m|1}} high and {{convert|110|ft|m|1}} wide. Each of the stars on the flag is {{convert|6|ft|m|2}} across, the blue field is the size of a regulation basketball court, and each of the stripes is {{convert|9|ft|m|2}} wide.<ref name="nasa-sn-20050527">{{Cite magazine |last1=Stuckey |first1=Jeff |date=May 27, 2005 |title=Vehicle Assembly Building’s American flag flies again |url=https://www3.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/pdf/116563main_may27color.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219081729/https://www3.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/pdf/116563main_may27color.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |magazine=Spaceport News |publisher=[[NASA]] |volume=44 |number=12}}</ref>
{{anchor|Hurricane}}Work began in early 2007 to restore the exterior paint on the immense facility. Special attention was paid to the enormous American flag and NASA "meatball" insignia. The work repaired visible damage from years of storms and weathering. The flag and logo had been previously repainted in 1998 for NASA's 40th anniversary.<ref name="flag">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/behindscenes/vab_flag.html |title=Restoring Old Glory and a Massive Meatball |access-date=July 11, 2007 |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=11 January 2007 |last=Mansfield |first=Cheryl L. |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304110808/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/behindscenes/vab_flag.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Vehicle Assembly Building damage from Hurricane Frances night view.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Repair work after Hurricane Frances]]
The most extensive exterior damage occurred during the storm season of 2004, when [[Hurricane Frances]] blew off 850 {{convert|14|x|6|ft|adj=on}} [[aluminum]] panels from the building, resulting in about {{convert|40000|sqft|m2|-2}} of new openings in the sides.<ref name="flag" /><ref name="cnn">{{Cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Miles |date=September 6, 2004 |title=Frances tears panels from NASA shuttle hangar |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/09/06/nasa.frances.cnn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220190206/https://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/09/06/nasa.frances.cnn/index.html |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2007 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Twenty-five additional panels were blown off the east side by the winds from [[Hurricane Jeanne]] just three weeks later. Earlier in the season, [[Hurricane Charley]] caused significant but less serious damage, estimated to cost $700,000 to repair. Damage caused by these hurricanes was still visible in 2007. Some of these panels are "punch-outs", designed to detach from the VAB when a large pressure differential is created on the outside vs. the inside. This allows for equalization, and helps protect the structural integrity of the building during rapid changes in pressure such as in tropical cyclones.

The building has been used as a backdrop in several Hollywood movies including ''[[Marooned (1969 film)|Marooned]]'', ''[[SpaceCamp]]'', ''[[Apollo 13 (film)|Apollo 13]]'', ''[[Contact (1997 American film)|Contact]]'', and others.

== Future ==
[[File:Space Shuttle Discovery in NASA's VAB.JPG|right|thumbnail|upright=1.2|''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'' in the Vehicle Assembly Building waiting for a ferry flight to Dulles, Virginia, for permanent display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum. ]]

Originally, after the Space Shuttle was intended to be retired in 2010, the VAB would have been renovated for stacking of the [[Ares I]] and [[Ares V]] launch vehicles for the [[Constellation program]], however the Constellation program was cancelled in 2010. The Space Shuttle itself was retired in 2011 after which NASA temporarily (as early as 2012) offered public tours of the VAB. These tours were temporarily discontinued in February 2014 to allow for renovations to take place.<ref name="spacecom-20140122">{{Cite news |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=January 22, 2014 |title=Rocket Renovations Will End Public Tours of NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.space.com/24372-nasa-vehicle-assembly-building-tours-end.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208205121/https://www.space.com/24372-nasa-vehicle-assembly-building-tours-end.html |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |work=[[Space.com]]}}</ref>

The NASA FY2013 budget included US$143.7 million for Construction of Facilities (CoF) requirements in support of what is now known as the [[Artemis program]] and its vehicles, including the [[Space Launch System]] (SLS) and [[Orion spacecraft]]. NASA began modifying Launch Complex 39 at KSC to support the new SLS in 2014, beginning with major repairs, code upgrades and safety improvements to the Launch Control Center, Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and the VAB Utility Annex. This initial work is required to support any launch vehicle operated from Launch Complex 39 and will allow NASA to begin modernizing the facilities, while vehicle-specific requirements are being developed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/632670main_NASA_FY13_Budget_CECR-508.pdf |title=NASA FY13 Budget |access-date=2012-06-09 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051144/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/632670main_NASA_FY13_Budget_CECR-508.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The VAB could be used to some extent for assembly and processing of any future vehicles using Launch Complex 39, in addition to renovations for SLS capabilities. On June 16, 2015, NASA released an announcement for proposals (AFP) seeking interest in using the VAB High Bay 2 and other complex facilities for commercial use in "assembling, integration, and testing of launch vehicles". This move is in line with the intent to migrate KSC towards acting as a spaceport accessible to both government and commercial ventures.<ref name="nasa-15-128">{{Cite press release |editor-last=Schierholz |editor-first=Stephanie |editor2-last=Chevalier |editor2-first=Mary Ann |date=June 15, 2015 |title=NASA Solicits Proposals for Use of Kennedy Space Center’s Vehicle Assembly Building High Bay 2 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-solicits-proposals-for-use-of-kennedy-space-centers-vehicle-assembly-building-high-bay-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219090907/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-solicits-proposals-for-use-of-kennedy-space-centers-vehicle-assembly-building-high-bay-2/ |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref>

On April 21, 2016, NASA announced the selection of [[Orbital ATK]] (bought by [[Northrop Grumman]] as of 2019) to begin negotiations for High Bay 2. The "potential agreement" included an existing mobile launcher platform.<ref name="nasa-09-16">{{Cite press release |editor-last=Chevalier |editor-first=Mary Ann |date=April 21, 2016 |title=NASA Selects Orbital ATK to Begin Negotiations for Space in Iconic Vehicle Assembly Building |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-orbital-atk-to-begin-negotiations-for-space-in-iconic-vehicle-assembly-building/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219091147/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-orbital-atk-to-begin-negotiations-for-space-in-iconic-vehicle-assembly-building/ |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |access-date=June 29, 2016 |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> NASA subsequently completed the agreement in August 2019 to lease High Bay 2 and [[Mobile Launcher Platform]] 3 to Northrop Grumman for use with their [[OmegA]] launch vehicle.<ref name="collectspace-20190816">{{Cite news |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=August 16, 2019 |title=Apollo to OmegA: NASA signs over legacy launcher for new rocket |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-081619a-northrop-grumman-omega-mlp-vab.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923100542/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-081619a-northrop-grumman-omega-mlp-vab.html |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |access-date=November 20, 2021 |work=collectspace.com}}</ref> However, development of OmegA was subsequently cancelled in September 2020. Northrop Grumman had yet to make any modifications to High Bay 2, and were using it for the storage of OmegA hardware. This hardware was scheduled to be removed from the VAB and returned to Northrop Grumman by the end of September 2020.<ref name="nsf-20200911">{{Cite news |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=September 11, 2020 |title=OmegA Launch Tower to be demolished as KSC 39B fails to become a multi-user pad |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/09/omega-mlp-ksc-39b-multi-user-pad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603075853/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/09/omega-mlp-ksc-39b-multi-user-pad/ |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |access-date=November 20, 2021 |work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" perrow="6">
File:VAB exterior and LCC.jpg|Aerial view of the Vehicle Assembly Building at [[Kennedy Space Center]] in 2011
File:2019VAB.jpg|The VAB in 2019
File:Aerial View of Launch Complex 39.jpg|Overview of the VAB and LCC industrial area
File:VAB transfer aisle.jpg|''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' on its way into the VAB during the launch preparations for [[STS-89]]. At the top of the doorway is the slot for the vertical stabilizer.
File:VAB Exterior Photos (KSC-20220119-PH-CSH01 0011).jpg|The VAB as viewed from the nearby parking lot, 19 January 2022
File:Artemis 1 First Rollout (KSC-20220317-PH-KLS03 0077).jpg|[[Space Launch System]] [[Artemis-1|Artemis 1]] rollout out of the VAB, 17 March 2022
File:VAB Beside the Artemis 1 lauching off in OBZ II PTZ Cam.jpg|VAB Beside the [[SLS Block 1]] [[Artemis 1]] during the Launch, 16 November 2022
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Vehicle Assembly Building}}
* {{structurae|id=20003280|title=Vehicle Assembly Building}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211849/http://www.flheritage.com/services/sites/fht/record_t.cfm?ID=90&type=c&index=5 Vehicle Assembly Building, High Bay and Low Bay] at [http://www.flheritage.com/ Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs]
* [http://www.googleearthhacks.com/dlfile5889/NASA-VAB,-Cape-Canaveral,-FL.htm 3D model of the building for use in Google Earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019231231/http://www.googleearthhacks.com/dlfile5889/NASA-VAB,-Cape-Canaveral,-FL.htm |date=2006-10-19 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Miami-Dade County Courthouse]]
| title = Tallest Building in Florida
| years = 1965–1974<br /><small>{{convert|160|m|order=flip}}</small>
| after = [[Independent Life Building]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Kennedy Space Center}}
{{NASA navbox}}
{{NASA centers}}
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{{Artemis program}}

[[Category:Apollo program]]
[[Category:Artemis program]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Merritt Island, Florida]]
[[Category:Kennedy Space Center]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Brevard County, Florida]]
[[Category:Space Shuttle program]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1966]]
[[Category:Cubic buildings]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Florida]]
[[Category:Integration facilities]]
[[Category:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks]]

Phiên bản lúc 10:05, ngày 11 tháng 12 năm 2024

Vehicle Assembly Building
The Artemis I Space Launch System vehicle rolling out from the VAB at Kennedy Space Center
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Ctdbsclvn/nháp
Vị trí tại Florida
Ctdbsclvn/nháp trên bản đồ Hoa Kỳ
Ctdbsclvn/nháp
Ctdbsclvn/nháp (Hoa Kỳ)
Thông tin chung
Tên cũVertical Assembly Building
DạngIntegration facility
Quốc giaUnited States
Thành phốBrevard County, Florida
Tọa độ28°35′11″B 80°39′5″T / 28,58639°B 80,65139°T / 28.58639; -80.65139
Chủ sở hữuNASA
Xây dựng
Hoàn thành1966
Nhà thầu chínhMorrison-Knudsen
Số tầng1
Diện tích sàn8 mẫu Anh (32.000 m2)
Kích thước
Đường kính716 ft × 518 ft (218 m × 158 m)
Chiều cao526 ft (160 m)
Vehicle Assembly Building
Vị tríKennedy Space Center Florida, U.S.
Thành phố gần nhấtTitusville
Diện tích8 mẫu Anh (3 ha)
Xây/Thành lập1966
Kiến trúc sưhttps://www.urbahn.com
Kiểu kiến trúcIndustrial
MPSJohn F. Kennedy Space Center MPS
Số NRHP #99001642[1]
Đưa vào NRHPJanuary 21, 2000

The Vehicle Assembly Building (originally the Vertical Assembly Building), or VAB, is a large building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida, designed to assemble large pre-manufactured space vehicle components, such as the massive Saturn V, the Space Shuttle and the Space Launch System, and stack them vertically onto one of three mobile launcher platforms used by NASA. As of March 2022, the first Space Launch System (SLS) rocket was assembled inside in preparation for the Artemis I mission,[2] launched on November 16, 2022.

At 129.428.000 ft khối (3.665.000 m3)[chuyển đổi: số không hợp lệ], it is the eighth-largest building in the world by volume as of 2022.[3] The building is at Launch Complex 39 at KSC, 149 dặm (240 km) south of Jacksonville, 219 dặm (352 km) north of Miami, and 50 dặm (80 km) due east of Orlando, on Merritt Island on the Atlantic coast of Florida.[3]

The VAB is the largest single-story building in the world,[4] was the tallest building (526 ft hay 160 m) in Florida until 1974,[5] and is the tallest building in the United States outside an urban area.[6]

History

The VAB, completed in 1966, was originally built for the vertical assembly of the Apollo–Saturn V space vehicle and was originally referred to as the Vertical Assembly Building. In anticipation of post-Apollo projects such as the Space Shuttle program, it was renamed the Vehicle Assembly Building on February 3, 1965.[7][8] It was subsequently used to mate the Space Shuttle orbiters to their external fuel tanks and solid rocket boosters. Once the complete space vehicle was assembled on a mobile launcher platform, a crawler-transporter moved it to Launch Complex-39A or 39B.

Before the destruction of Tàu con thoi Columbia in 2003, NASA installed a sub-roof inside the VAB to deal with falling concrete debris due to the building's age.[9]

The VAB was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2020.[10]

Construction

VAB during construction (1965) with the three Mobile Launchers for the Saturn V rocket.

In 1963, NASA contracted Urbahn Architects to design and build the VAB. Construction began with driving the first steel foundation piles on Aug. 2, 1963. It was part of NASA's massive effort to send astronauts to the Moon for the Apollo program. Altogether, 4,225 pilings were driven down 164 feet to bedrock with a foundation consisting of 30,000 thước khối Anh (22,937 m3) of concrete. Construction of the VAB required 98,590 tấn Mỹ (197.180 lb; 89.439 kg) of steel.[11] The building was completed in 1966.[12] The VAB is 526 foot (160,3 m) tall, 716 foot (218,2 m) long and 518 foot (157,9 m) wide. It covers 8 mẫu Anh (32.000 m2), and encloses 129.428.000 foot khối (3.665.000 m3) of space.[13] Located on Florida's Atlantic coast, the building was constructed to withstand hurricanes and tropical storms. Despite this, it has received damage from several hurricanes (see below).

Capabilities

A crane lowers Discovery toward the ET and SRBs in high bay 3 of the Vehicle Assembly Building for STS-124.

There are four entries to the bays located inside the building, which are the four largest doors in the world.[12] Each door is 456 foot (139,0 m) high, has seven vertical panels and four horizontal panels, and takes 45 minutes to completely open or close. The north entry that leads to the transfer aisle was widened by 40 foot (12,2 m) to allow entry of the shuttle orbiter. A central slot at the north entry allowed for passage of the orbiter's vertical stabilizer.

To lift the components of the Space Shuttle, the VAB housed five overhead bridge cranes, including two capable of lifting 325 tons, and 136 other lifting devices.

The building has air conditioning equipment, including 125 ventilators[3] on the roof supported by four large air handlers (four cylindrical structures west of the building) rated at a total 10,000 tons of refrigeration (120,000,000 BTU/hr, 35 MW) to keep moisture under control. Air in the building can be completely replaced every hour. The large doors can allow fog to roll into the building and become trapped, leading to incorrect rumors that the building has its own weather and can form clouds.[14]

Exterior

VAB in 1977, with the Bicentennial Star opposite the flag. The Bicentennial Star was painted over with the NASA insignia in 1998. Note the Space Shuttle Landing Facility at upper left.

The American flag painted on the building was the largest in the world when added in 1976 as part of United States Bicentennial celebrations, along with the star logo of the anniversary, later replaced by the NASA insignia in 1998. It is 209 foot (63,7 m) high and 110 foot (33,5 m) wide. Each of the stars on the flag is 6 foot (1,83 m) across, the blue field is the size of a regulation basketball court, and each of the stripes is 9 foot (2,74 m) wide.[15] Work began in early 2007 to restore the exterior paint on the immense facility. Special attention was paid to the enormous American flag and NASA "meatball" insignia. The work repaired visible damage from years of storms and weathering. The flag and logo had been previously repainted in 1998 for NASA's 40th anniversary.[16]

Repair work after Hurricane Frances

The most extensive exterior damage occurred during the storm season of 2004, when Hurricane Frances blew off 850 14 nhân 6 foot (4,3 m × 1,8 m) aluminum panels from the building, resulting in about 40.000 foot vuông (3.700 m2) of new openings in the sides.[16][17] Twenty-five additional panels were blown off the east side by the winds from Hurricane Jeanne just three weeks later. Earlier in the season, Hurricane Charley caused significant but less serious damage, estimated to cost $700,000 to repair. Damage caused by these hurricanes was still visible in 2007. Some of these panels are "punch-outs", designed to detach from the VAB when a large pressure differential is created on the outside vs. the inside. This allows for equalization, and helps protect the structural integrity of the building during rapid changes in pressure such as in tropical cyclones.

The building has been used as a backdrop in several Hollywood movies including Marooned, SpaceCamp, Apollo 13, Contact, and others.

Future

Discovery in the Vehicle Assembly Building waiting for a ferry flight to Dulles, Virginia, for permanent display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum.

Originally, after the Space Shuttle was intended to be retired in 2010, the VAB would have been renovated for stacking of the Ares I and Ares V launch vehicles for the Constellation program, however the Constellation program was cancelled in 2010. The Space Shuttle itself was retired in 2011 after which NASA temporarily (as early as 2012) offered public tours of the VAB. These tours were temporarily discontinued in February 2014 to allow for renovations to take place.[18]

The NASA FY2013 budget included US$143.7 million for Construction of Facilities (CoF) requirements in support of what is now known as the Artemis program and its vehicles, including the Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion spacecraft. NASA began modifying Launch Complex 39 at KSC to support the new SLS in 2014, beginning with major repairs, code upgrades and safety improvements to the Launch Control Center, Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and the VAB Utility Annex. This initial work is required to support any launch vehicle operated from Launch Complex 39 and will allow NASA to begin modernizing the facilities, while vehicle-specific requirements are being developed.[19]

The VAB could be used to some extent for assembly and processing of any future vehicles using Launch Complex 39, in addition to renovations for SLS capabilities. On June 16, 2015, NASA released an announcement for proposals (AFP) seeking interest in using the VAB High Bay 2 and other complex facilities for commercial use in "assembling, integration, and testing of launch vehicles". This move is in line with the intent to migrate KSC towards acting as a spaceport accessible to both government and commercial ventures.[20]

On April 21, 2016, NASA announced the selection of Orbital ATK (bought by Northrop Grumman as of 2019) to begin negotiations for High Bay 2. The "potential agreement" included an existing mobile launcher platform.[21] NASA subsequently completed the agreement in August 2019 to lease High Bay 2 and Mobile Launcher Platform 3 to Northrop Grumman for use with their OmegA launch vehicle.[22] However, development of OmegA was subsequently cancelled in September 2020. Northrop Grumman had yet to make any modifications to High Bay 2, and were using it for the storage of OmegA hardware. This hardware was scheduled to be removed from the VAB and returned to Northrop Grumman by the end of September 2020.[23]

  • Aerial view of the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center in 2011
    Aerial view of the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center in 2011
  • The VAB in 2019
    The VAB in 2019
  • Overview of the VAB and LCC industrial area
    Overview of the VAB and LCC industrial area
  • Endeavour on its way into the VAB during the launch preparations for STS-89. At the top of the doorway is the slot for the vertical stabilizer.
    Endeavour on its way into the VAB during the launch preparations for STS-89. At the top of the doorway is the slot for the vertical stabilizer.
  • The VAB as viewed from the nearby parking lot, 19 January 2022
    The VAB as viewed from the nearby parking lot, 19 January 2022
  • Space Launch System Artemis 1 rollout out of the VAB, 17 March 2022
    Space Launch System Artemis 1 rollout out of the VAB, 17 March 2022
  • VAB Beside the SLS Block 1 Artemis 1 during the Launch, 16 November 2022
    VAB Beside the SLS Block 1 Artemis 1 during the Launch, 16 November 2022

References

  1. ^ “Hệ thống Thông tin Sổ bộ Quốc gia”. Sổ bộ Địa danh Lịch sử Quốc gia Hoa Kỳ. Cục Công viên Quốc gia Hoa Kỳ. 9 tháng 7 năm 2010.
  2. ^ Barker, Nathan; Gebhardt, Chris (17 tháng 3 năm 2022). “NASA moon rocket SLS rolls out to "rebuilt" LC-39B ahead of Artemis 1 rehearsal”. NASASpaceFlight.com. Lưu trữ bản gốc 16 Tháng mười một năm 2022. Truy cập 18 Tháng Ba năm 2022.
  3. ^ a b c NASA (1999). “Vehicle Assembly Building”. NASA. Bản gốc lưu trữ 29 Tháng mười hai năm 2017. Truy cập 23 tháng Chín năm 2007.
  4. ^ “Groundbreaking Digital Experience for Endeavour Shuttle Launch” (Thông cáo báo chí). Redmond, Washington: Microsoft. 5 tháng 8 năm 2007. Lưu trữ bản gốc 29 Tháng mười một năm 2023. Truy cập 23 tháng Chín năm 2007.
  5. ^ Taylor, George Lansing (20 tháng 9 năm 1988). “NASA Vehicle Assembly Building, Cape Canaveral, FL”. UNF Digital Commons. University of North Florida. Lưu trữ bản gốc 31 tháng Bảy năm 2023. Truy cập 28 Tháng Một năm 2023.
  6. ^ Aguiar, Laura (10 tháng 1 năm 2020). “The Many Stories of the VAB” (PDF). Spaceport Magazine. NASA. 7 (1). Lưu trữ (PDF) bản gốc 19 Tháng hai năm 2024. Truy cập 28 Tháng Một năm 2023.
  7. ^ Benson, Charles Dunlap; Faherty, William Barnaby (1978). “VAB Nears Completion”. Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations. NASA. SP-4204. Lưu trữ bản gốc 25 tháng Mười năm 2023. Truy cập 25 tháng Chín năm 2014. The new name, it was felt, would more readily encompass future as well as current programs and would not be tied to the Saturn booster.
  8. ^ “America's Spaceport” (PDF). NASA. 2010. tr. 13. Lưu trữ (PDF) bản gốc 19 Tháng hai năm 2024. Truy cập 22 Tháng hai năm 2013.
  9. ^ Gehman, Harold W.; Barry, John L.; Deal, Duane W.; Hallock, James N.; Hess, Kenneth W.; Hubbard, G. Scott; Logsdon, John M.; Osheroff, Douglas D.; Ride, Sally K.; Tetrault, Roger E.; Turcotte, Stephen A.; Wallace, Steven B.; Widnall, Sheila E. (tháng 8 năm 2003). Columbia Accident Investigation Board, Report Vol. 1 (PDF). tr. 114. ISBN 978-0-16-067904-9. Lưu trữ (PDF) bản gốc 18 tháng Chín năm 2023.
  10. ^ “Vehicle Assembly Building at KSC Designated as National Civil Engineering Landmark”. Florida Today. 10 tháng 1 năm 2020. Lưu trữ bản gốc 11 Tháng Một năm 2020. Truy cập 20 Tháng tám năm 2022.
  11. ^ Granath, Bob (18 tháng 7 năm 2013). “Vehicle Assembly Building Prepared for Another 50 Years of Service” (Thông cáo báo chí). Bản gốc lưu trữ 29 tháng Chín năm 2016. Truy cập 4 Tháng hai năm 2018.
  12. ^ a b “Vehicle Assembly Building” (PDF). NASA. 2012. FS-2012-06-121-KSC. Lưu trữ (PDF) bản gốc 3 Tháng hai năm 2024.
  13. ^ Marquardt, Sarah (14 tháng 8 năm 2017). “An Exclusive Look Inside The Secretive Building Where NASA Makes Rockets”. futurism.com. Lưu trữ bản gốc 24 tháng Chín năm 2023. Truy cập 28 Tháng Một năm 2023.
  14. ^ Cardona, Carolina (3 tháng 7 năm 2019). “Inside the VAB at Kennedy Space Center”. WKMG. Lưu trữ bản gốc 27 Tháng Một năm 2023. Truy cập 14 Tháng Ba năm 2021.
  15. ^ Stuckey, Jeff (27 tháng 5 năm 2005). “Vehicle Assembly Building's American flag flies again” (PDF). Spaceport News. NASA. 44 (12). Lưu trữ (PDF) bản gốc 19 Tháng hai năm 2024.
  16. ^ a b Mansfield, Cheryl L. (11 tháng 1 năm 2007). “Restoring Old Glory and a Massive Meatball”. NASA. Bản gốc lưu trữ 4 Tháng Ba năm 2021. Truy cập 11 tháng Bảy năm 2007.
  17. ^ O'Brien, Miles (6 tháng 9 năm 2004). “Frances tears panels from NASA shuttle hangar”. CNN. Lưu trữ bản gốc 20 Tháng mười hai năm 2022. Truy cập 23 tháng Chín năm 2007.
  18. ^ Pearlman, Robert Z. (22 tháng 1 năm 2014). “Rocket Renovations Will End Public Tours of NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building”. Space.com. Lưu trữ bản gốc 8 Tháng mười hai năm 2023.
  19. ^ “NASA FY13 Budget” (PDF). Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ 4 Tháng Ba năm 2016. Truy cập 9 Tháng sáu năm 2012.
  20. ^ Schierholz, Stephanie; Chevalier, Mary Ann biên tập (15 tháng 6 năm 2015). “NASA Solicits Proposals for Use of Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building High Bay 2” (Thông cáo báo chí). NASA. Lưu trữ bản gốc 19 Tháng hai năm 2024.
  21. ^ Chevalier, Mary Ann biên tập (21 tháng 4 năm 2016). “NASA Selects Orbital ATK to Begin Negotiations for Space in Iconic Vehicle Assembly Building” (Thông cáo báo chí). NASA. Lưu trữ bản gốc 19 Tháng hai năm 2024. Truy cập 29 Tháng sáu năm 2016.
  22. ^ Pearlman, Robert Z. (16 tháng 8 năm 2019). “Apollo to OmegA: NASA signs over legacy launcher for new rocket”. collectspace.com. Lưu trữ bản gốc 23 tháng Chín năm 2023. Truy cập 20 Tháng mười một năm 2021.
  23. ^ Bergin, Chris (11 tháng 9 năm 2020). “OmegA Launch Tower to be demolished as KSC 39B fails to become a multi-user pad”. NASASpaceFlight.com. Lưu trữ bản gốc 3 Tháng sáu năm 2023. Truy cập 20 Tháng mười một năm 2021.
Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Ctdbsclvn/nháp.
Kỷ lục
Tiền nhiệm:
Miami-Dade County Courthouse 		Tallest Building in Florida
1965–1974
520 foot (160 m) 		Kế nhiệm:
Independent Life Building

Bản mẫu:Kennedy Space Center Bản mẫu:NASA navbox Bản mẫu:NASA centers Bản mẫu:Apollo program Bản mẫu:Space Shuttle Bản mẫu:Artemis program

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