View source for MV Dunedin Star

{{Short description|UK refrigerated cargo liner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2018}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Skelettküste.jpg 
|Ship caption=The wreck in 1998
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header= 
|Ship country= [[United Kingdom]]
|Ship flag= {{shipboxflag|UK|civil}}
|Ship name= ''Dunedin Star''
|Ship namesake= [[Dunedin]], [[New Zealand]]
|Ship owner= Union Cold Storage Ltd
|Ship operator= [[Blue Star Line]]
|Ship registry= {{flagicon|UK|civil}} [[Port of London|London]]
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder= [[Cammell Laird]], [[Birkenhead]]
|Ship original cost= 
|Ship yard number= 1009
|Ship laid down= 
|Ship launched= 29 October 1935
|Ship completed= February 1936
|Ship acquired= 
|Ship commissioned= 
|Ship decommissioned= 
|Ship maiden voyage= 
|Ship in service= 
|Ship out of service= 
|Ship renamed= 
|Ship reclassified= 
|Ship refit= 
|Ship struck= 
|Ship reinstated= 
|Ship homeport= 
|Ship identification=*UK [[official number]] 164578
*[[Maritime call sign|Call sign]] MKMP
*{{ICS|Mike}}{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Mike}}{{ICS|Papa}}
|Ship motto= 
|Ship nickname= 
|Ship honours= 
|Ship captured= 
|Ship fate=*Grounded on the [[Skeleton Coast]],
*29 November 1942
|Ship notes= 
|Ship badge= 
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header= 
|Header caption= 
|Ship class= [[Refrigerated cargo ship]]
|Ship type= 
|Ship tonnage=*{{GRT|12891}}
*tonnage under deck 11,648
*{{NRT|8020}}
|Ship displacement= 
|Ship length=*{{cvt|530|ft|0}} [[Length between perpendiculars|p/p]]
*{{cvt|551.0|ft}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|Ship beam= {{cvt|70.4|ft|0}}
|Ship height= 
|Ship draught= {{cvt|43|ft|4|in|1}}
|Ship depth= {{cvt|32.3|ft|0}}
|Ship hold depth= 
|Ship decks= 
|Ship deck clearance= 
|Ship ice class= 
|Ship power= 2,516 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]
|Ship propulsion=*2 × 9-cylinder [[Sulzer (manufacturer)|Sulzer Bros]] [[Marine propulsion#Reciprocating|marine diesel engines]]
*twin [[Propeller|screws]]
|Ship speed= 
|Ship range= 
|Ship endurance= 
|Ship boats= 
|Ship capacity= cargo + 21 passengers
|Ship complement= 
|Ship crew= 85
|Ship sensors=*wireless [[direction finding]]
*[[echo sounding]] device
*[[gyrocompass]]
|Ship armament= [[Defensively equipped merchant ship|DEMS]]
|Ship armour= 
|Ship notes= 
}}
{{Infobox service record
|is_ship= yes
|label= 
|partof=
|codes=
|commanders=
|operations=[[Operation Halberd]], 1941
|victories=
|awards=
}}
|}

'''MV ''Dunedin Star''''' was a British [[Reefer ship|refrigerated]] [[cargo liner]]. She was built by [[Cammell Laird]] and Co in 1935–36 as one of [[Blue Star Line]]'s {{MV|Imperial Star|1935|2}}-class ships, designed to ship frozen meat from [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] to the UK. The ship served in the [[Second World War]] and is distinguished for her role in [[Operation Halberd]] to relieve the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|siege of Malta]] in September 1941.

''Dunedin Star'' was lost at the end of November 1942 when she ran aground at [[Clan Alpine Shoal]] in the South Atlantic on the [[Skeleton Coast]] of [[Namibia]], then [[South West Africa]]. A complex sea, air and land operation overcame many setbacks and rescued all of her passengers, crew and gunners. An aircraft, a [[Tugboat|tug]] and two of the tug's crew were lost in rescue attempts. It took a month for the last of ''Dunedin Star''{{'}}s crew to reach [[Cape Town]], and more than two months for the last of the rescuers to return.

==Building==
Cammell Laird and Co in [[Birkenhead]], [[England]] built ''Dunedin Star'', launching her on 29 October 1935 and completing her in February 1936.<ref name="BS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bluestarline.org/dunedin1.html |title=Blue Star's M.V. "Dunedin Star" 1 |date=8 September 2013 |publisher=Blue Star on the Web |access-date=15 August 2014}} includes many photographs of ''Dunedin Star''{{'}}s launch and some of her at sea</ref> The ship was owned by Union Cold Storage, a company controlled by Blue Star Line.<ref name="LR">{{Cite book |url=https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41b0247.pdf |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamships and Motor Ships |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] |year=1941 |location=London |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref>

The ''Imperial Star'' class were [[motor ship]]s. ''Dunedin Star'' had a pair of 9-cylinder, [[Two-stroke diesel engine|two-stroke]], [[Single- and double-acting cylinders|single-acting]] [[Sulzer (manufacturer)|Sulzer Bros]] [[Marine propulsion#Reciprocating|marine diesel engines]] developing a total of 2,516 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]] and driving twin [[Propeller|screws]]. Her navigation equipment included wireless [[direction finding]], an [[echo sounding]] device and a [[gyrocompass]].<ref name=LR/>

==Second World War service==
After the United Kingdom entered the [[Second World War]] in September 1939 ''Dunedin Star'' initially continued her [[cargo liner]] service between Britain and Australia. As she was a fast merchant ship, she sailed unescorted until November 1940.<ref name="Hague">{{Cite web |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=DUNEDIN%20STAR~armain |title=Dunedin Star |last=Hague |first=Arnold |website=Ship Movements |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref>

On 10 October 1939, the ship left [[Port of Liverpool|Liverpool]] for [[Port of Brisbane|Brisbane]]. she called at [[Las Palmas]], [[Port of Cape Town|Cape Town]], [[Port Elizabeth]], [[East London, South Africa|East London]], [[Port of Durban|Durban]], [[Lourenço Marques]], [[Port Jackson|Sydney]] and [[Rockhampton]], and reached Brisbane on 26 November. Three days later, the ship began her return voyage, and called at [[Newcastle, New South Wales]], [[Sydney]], [[Port of Melbourne|Melbourne]] and [[Port Adelaide|Adelaide]]. she spent Christmas of 1939 sailing west across the [[Indian Ocean]] and New Year's Day of 1940 in Cape Town, then called at Las Palmas. On 18 January, she reached [[Port of London|London]].<ref name=Hague/>

On 31 January 1940, ''Dunedin Star'' left London for Brisbane again. She called at Las Palmas and [[Port of Gladstone|Gladstone, Queensland]], and reached Brisbane on 10 March. She began her return voyage six days later, and called at [[Port of Albany|Albany]], Western Australia; [[Fremantle Harbour|Fremantle]]; Cape Town and Las Palmas, reaching London on 3 May.<ref name=Hague/>

On 2 June 1940, ''Dunedin Star'' left London for [[Queensland]] again. She called at [[Lisbon]], [[São Vicente, Cape Verde]], Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and [[Cairns]], and reached [[Port of Townsville|Townsville]] in northeastern Queensland on 18 July. On 22 June [[Battle of France#Armistice|France had surrendered to Germany]], which removed the powerful [[French Navy]] from the defense of Allied shipping, gave all of France's Atlantic ports and naval bases to the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' and its most strategic airfields to the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''. Therefore, when ''Dunedin Star'' began her voyage home from Townsville on 21 July, she called at Rockhampton and Sydney but then turned east across the [[Pacific Ocean]] to [[Panama]]. She reached [[Balboa, Panama]] on 23 August, passed through the [[Panama Canal]] and called at [[Cristóbal, Colón]] two days later. The ship called at [[Curaçao]] in the [[Netherlands Antilles]] before crossing the North Atlantic, reaching [[Avonmouth]] on the [[Bristol Channel]] on 10 September.<ref name=Hague/>

''Dunedin Star'' stayed in Avonmouth for a month, leaving on 10 October and reaching Liverpool two days later. On 1 November, she left Liverpool with [[List of Allied convoy codes during World War II#W|Convoy WS]] 4, which divided into fast (WS 4F) and slow (WS 4S) sections. ''Dunedin Star'' went with WS 4F to [[Freetown]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=WS.4!~miscmain |title=Convoy WS.4 |last=Hague |first=Arnold |website=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> [[Sierra Leone]] and then continued ''via'' Durban to [[Suez]], where she arrived on 22 December. she seems to have spent Christmas of 1940 and New Year's 1941 in Suez.<ref name=Hague/> On 12 January, she left for [[Colombo Harbour|Colombo]] in [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]], where she arrived on 22 January. she made the [[Red Sea]] leg of her voyage from Suez to [[Aden]] with Convoy SW 4B,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=SW.4B!~miscmain |title=Convoy SW.4B |last=Hague |first=Arnold |website=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> then detached and crossed the Indian Ocean unescorted.<ref name=Hague/>

===Operation Halberd===
[[File:HMS Birmingham convoy.jpg|thumb|Part of the escort of Convoy GM 2 to Malta: [[Royal Navy]] cruisers {{HMS|Edinburgh|16|6}}, {{HMS|Hermione|74|2}} and {{HMS|Euryalus|42|2}}]]
By August 1941, ''Dunedin Star'' was back in Britain. On 9 August, she left the [[Firth of Clyde]] with Convoy WS 8C to [[Scapa Flow]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=WS.8C!~miscmain |title=Convoy WS.8C |last=Hague |first=Arnold |website=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> returning to the Clyde on 17 August. Then, with a Blue Star sister ship, {{MV|Imperial Star|1935|2}}, she took part in [[Operation Halberd]] to relieve the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|siege of Malta]]. On 17 September they left the Clyde with Convoy WS 011D, which at sea became Convoy WS 11X.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=WS.11X!~miscmain |title=Convoy WS.11X |last=Hague |first=Arnold |website=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> The convoy was bound for [[Mumbai Harbour|Bombay]] but the ships for Operation Halberd detached in the North Atlantic and reached [[Gibraltar]] on 24 September. There eight merchant ships formed [[List of Allied convoy codes during World War II#G|Convoy GM]] 2, which left the same day under heavy [[Royal Navy]] escort for Malta.

On 27 September 1941, the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] Italian ''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'' aircraft attacked the convoy but were repulsed by naval escorts and air cover. That evening an Italian [[torpedo bomber]] hit ''Imperial Star''. No crew were killed and the ship did not sink but was disabled so she was [[Scuttling|scuttled]] and abandoned. The remainder of the convoy safely reached the [[Grand Harbour]] at [[Valletta]] the next day. ''Dunedin Star'' stayed in Malta for four weeks, leaving unescorted on 22 October and calling at Gibraltar three days later.<ref name=Hague/>

''Dunedin Star''{{'}}s movements for the next five months are not recorded. Then on 22 March 1942, she left the Clyde with Convoy WS 17 to Freetown.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=WS.17!~miscmain |title=Convoy WS.17 |last=Hague |first=Arnold |website=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> She continued ''via'' Cape Town to the Indian Ocean, reaching Bombay on 16 May and leaving Colombo on 13 July for Fremantle. There she joined [[List of Allied convoy codes during World War II#Z|Convoy ZK]] 12, which left on 27 July for Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=ZK.12!~miscmain |title=Convoy ZK.12 |last=Hague |first=Arnold |website=Shorter Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> ''Dunedin Star'' detached ''en route'' and reached Melbourne on 3 August. Again, she returned from Australia to Britain ''via'' Panama, where she called on 17 September before crossing the North Atlantic and reaching Liverpool on 1 November.<ref name=Hague/>

==Loss==
On 9 November 1942, ''Dunedin Star'' left Liverpool for [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] ''via'' [[Saldanha Bay]], Cape Town and [[Aden Colony|Aden]].<ref name=BS/> Her cargo was munitions and supplies for the British [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] in the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Middle East]], and she was carrying 85 crew and 21 fare-paying passengers.<ref name="White">{{Cite web |url=http://www.melbournestar.co.uk/Dunedin_Star.html |title=MV Dunedin Star |website=MV Melbourne Star |publisher=John White |access-date=15 August 2014 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310123415/https://www.melbournestar.co.uk/Dunedin_Star.html |url-status=dead }} includes photographs</ref>

{{location map|Namibia|width=
|lat_deg= -18.13
|lon_deg= 11.55
|caption=Approximate position of ''Dunedin Star''{{'}}s wreck on the coast of [[Namibia]]
|relief= yes
}}
''Dunedin Star'' left Liverpool with [[List of Allied convoy codes during World War II#O|Convoy ON]] 145, which  was bound for [[Port of New York and New Jersey|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/on/index.html?onz.php?convoy=145!~onzmain |title=Convoy ON.145 |last=Hague |first=Arnold |website=ON Convoy Series |publisher=Don Kindell, ConvoyWeb |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> In the North Atlantic ''Dunedin Star'' detached and headed for [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]. However, at 22h30 on 29 November off the [[Skeleton Coast]] of [[South West Africa]] she struck an underwater obstacle,<ref name=White/> presumed by the subsequent South African [[Public inquiry|Court of Inquiry]] to be the poorly charted Clan Alpine Shoal.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}Her wireless operator sent a [[distress signal]], which was received ashore at [[Walvis Bay]].

''Dunedin Star'' began rapidly taking on water and her pumps were unable to cope. Her [[Sea captain|master]], Captain RB Lee, chose to beach the ship for the safety of her passengers, crew, and valuable cargo. In a heavy sea she grounded {{convert|550|yd}} offshore, about {{convert|50|mi}} south of the [[Cunene River]] mouth which formed the border with [[Portuguese Angola]].{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

Captain Lee feared the heavy sea could break up the ship. Therefore, he had the crew lower her motor boat and start putting people ashore. The boat completed two trips, putting ashore a total of 63 people including eight women, three babies and a number of elderly men. Then the rough sea disabled the boat and she was stranded on the beach. They were left with no shelter and only the boat's water and food rations to sustain them. Another 42 people, including Captain Lee, were left aboard the beached ship.<ref name=White/>

A [[Transnet|South African Railways and Harbours]] [[tugboat|tug]], the {{GRT|328}} {{SS|Sir Charles Elliot||2}}, left Walvis Bay and headed north to reach the wreck. The {{GRT|197}} [[minesweeper]] {{ship|HMSAS|Nerine}}, a converted civilian vessel, left Walvis Bay at 14h00 on 30 November, laden with emergency supplies packed into [[Carley float]]s to take ashore to the survivors on the beach. The [[Norway|Norwegian]] {{GRT|6465}} cargo ship {{MV|Temeraire||2}} and [[Manchester Liners]]' {{GRT|6048}} cargo steamship {{SS|Manchester Division||2}} also diverted to help. Meanwhile, from [[Windhoek]] a land rescue convoy, led by Captain JWB Smith of the [[South African Police]], set out to reach those survivors who were ashore.<ref name=White/>

The ships reached ''Dunedin Star'' on 1 or 2 December. ''Nerine'' launched some of her supply-laden Carley floats to reach the shore party, but the strong current swept them away. She moved closer to the shore, launched her remaining floats and returned to Walvis Bay. ''Temeraire'' launched her motor boat and took 10 men off ''Dunedin Star'', but the boat shipped a lot of water which stopped her motor. The Norwegian boatmen then rowed for an hour-and-a-half to ''Manchester Division'', which took the 10 survivors aboard. The Norwegians were now so exhausted that ''Temeraire'' had to take them and their boat back aboard. The next day ''Sir Charles Elliot'' arrived. ''Temeraire'' again lowered her motorboat, which in four trips rescued the remaining 32 men from ''Dunedin Star'' and transferred them all to ''Sir Charles Elliot''. In the heavy sea the tug then struggled to get alongside ''Manchester Division'' to transfer all of the rescued men except Captain Lee and his [[Chief engineer|chief]] and [[second engineer]]s, who were taken aboard ''Nerine''.<ref name=White/>

On 3 December, ''Sir Charles Elliot'' left to return to Walvis Bay, but about 06h00 the next morning she grounded just north of Rocky Point. Most of her crew managed to swim ashore through the strong current, but [[Chief mate|First Officer]] Angus McIntyre and deckhand Mathias Korabseb did not survive.<ref name=White/>

[[File:SAAF-Lockheed PV1 Ventura-001.jpg|thumb|A [[South African Air Force|SAAF]] [[Lockheed Ventura]] aircraft]]
At 14h00 on 3 December, a [[South African Air Force]] [[Lockheed Ventura#South African Air Force|Lockheed Ventura]] coastal patrol aircraft was sent from Cape Town to drop supplies on the beach for the survivors. At about 16h20 the pilot, Captain Immins Naude, found the beach. His crew dropped the supplies but most were destroyed on impact. Naude landed on a nearby flat piece of land with the intention of rescuing some of the remaining survivors on the beach. Unfortunately, the land was a [[Salt pan (geology)|salt pan]] obscured by desert sand. The next day it was discovered that the Ventura's [[landing gear|undercarriage]] had sunk through the crusted surface of the salt, damaging the aircraft and leaving it stuck in the sand.<ref name=White/>

Three other SAAF Venturas flew supply missions to drop water, food and other emergency supplies. They often flew several flights a day to the survivors on the beach. At times they also dropped supplies to Captain Smith's land convoy on the way from Windhoek to the beach. On 8 December Captain Smith's land convoy reached Rocky Point and ''Sir Charles Elliot''{{'}}s survivors and took them to a makeshift landing strip. There [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt Col]] PS Joubert landed a Ventura and picked up the tug's surviving crew.<ref name=White/>

In Walvis Bay, ''Nerine'' refuelled and loaded new supplies, and on 7 December headed north again. she reached ''Dunedin Star'' two days later and launched her [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]], which unsuccessfully tried to fire a line ashore by rocket. Instead ''Nerine''{{'}}s radio operator, Denis Scully, swam ashore with a rope tied around his waist. That day 14 crew, two women and two children were taken off the beach and transferred to ''Nerine''. On 10 December eight more of the survivors from the beach were transferred to the minesweeper.<ref name=White/>

Captain Smith's convoy then reached the beach and rescued those survivors who had not been transferred by lifeboat to ''Nerine''. Smith's 11 trucks got back to Windhoek on 23 December, where the survivors stayed before continuing overland by train. They reached Cape Town on 28 December.<ref name=White/>

On 17 January 1943, Captain Naude left Windhoek leading an overland convoy to recover the Ventura. After on-site repairs and a four-day digging effort, he finally got the plane airborne on 29 January. However, after only 43 minutes' flying time the aircraft developed engine trouble and crashed into the sea about 200 yards offshore near Rocky Point. Naude and his two fellow aircrew members survived the crash and managed to swim ashore. Their returning land convoy rescued them on 1 February.<ref name=White/>{{sfn|Taffrail|1973|p=131}}

All of ''Dunedin Star''{{'}}s passengers, crew and DEMS gunners survived, thanks to the courage and resource of many rescuers by sea, air, and land. But it was at a high cost: one Ventura aircraft, the tug ''Sir Charles Elliot'' and two of the tug's crew were killed.<ref name=White/>

The Court of Enquiry found Captain Lee culpable for the loss of his ship. Blue Star Line dismissed him and he turned to be a publican in England. In 1943 or 1944, Blue Star re-engaged him as the master of one of the merchant ships for one of the Allied landings in Europe. After this contract, Blue Star did not offer him another ship. He later emigrated to India, where he died shortly after his arrival.<ref name=White/>

Six of ''Dunedin Star''{{'}}s crew including an assistant engineer went on to serve on {{MV|Melbourne Star|1936|2}}, and were killed when she sank in the North Atlantic on 2 April 1943. ''Dunedin Star''{{'}}s chief electrician went on to serve on the [[Landing ship, infantry|landing ship]] {{SS|Empire Javelin||2}}, and was killed when she sank in the [[English Channel]] on 28 December 1944.<ref name=White/>

Some of ''Dunedin Star''{{'}}s cargo was salvaged in 1951.<ref name=BS/> Some remains are visible to this day on the beach, among them a section of decking from the bow or of the stern.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==Successor ship==
[[File:StateLibQld 1 169223 Dunedin Star (ship).jpg|thumb|The second {{SS|Dunedin Star|1950|2}}, built in [[Glasgow]] in 1950]]
After the War, Blue Star Line bought a cargo ship that was being built by [[Alexander Stephen and Sons]] at [[Linthouse]] on the [[River Clyde]]. She had been [[Keel laying|laid down]] for Lancashire Shipping Ltd as ''Bolton Castle'' for trade with China. However, in 1949, the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] reduced this trade so Lancashire Shipping sold her on the stocks to Blue Star.<ref name="BS2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bluestarline.org/dunedin2.html |title=Blue Star's M.V. "Dunedin Star" 2 |date=25 November 2012 |publisher=Blue Star on the Web |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref>

The new ship was launched on 18 April 1950 as a second {{SS|Dunedin Star|1950|2}} and completed that September. she was a [[Steam turbine#Marine propulsion|turbine steamship]], and at {{GRT|7322}} was considerably smaller than her predecessor. Unusually for a Blue Star ship, she had only some of her holds refrigerated. Nevertheless, she spent 25 years in service with the Blue Star group.<ref name=BS2/>

In 1968, the ship was transferred to the Blue Star subsidiary [[Lamport and Holt]], which renamed her ''Roland 2''. She spent most of the next seven years on a regular route between [[Río de la Plata]], Brazil and the UK. In 1975, she was sold to Pallas Maritime of [[Cyprus]], who renamed her ''Jessica''. After two more changes of the owner, she was scrapped in 1978 at [[Gadani ship-breaking yard]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref name=BS2/>

==See also==
*''[[Eduard Bohlen]]'' – a German cargo and passenger ship that was wrecked on the Skeleton Coast in 1909

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources and further reading==
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naMFHgAACAAJ |title=Dead Reckoning: The Dunedin Star Disaster |last=Dawson |first=Jeff |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=2005 |isbn=0-7538-2044-7 }}
*{{Cite book |title=Skeleton Coast |last=Marsh |first=John H. |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |year=1944 |edition=1st |location=London }}
*{{Cite book |url=http://rapidttp.co.za/skeleton |title=Skeleton Coast |last1=Marsh |first1=John H |last2=Anson |first2=Lyman |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=1958 |edition=2nd |location=London |orig-year=1944}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W75aoZLDG9YC&q=Dunedin+Star |title=Skeleton Coast |last=Schoeman |first=Amy |publisher=[[Random House|Struik]] |year=2003 |isbn=1-86872-891-9 |location=Cape Town, Johnnesburg }}
*{{Cite book |title=Blue Star Line at War, 1939–45 |last="Taffrail" (Henry Taprell Dorling) |publisher=[[W. Foulsham & Company Limited|W. Foulsham & Co]] |year=1973 |isbn=0-572-00849-X |location=London |pages=78, 80, 84, 87, 118–131 |ref={{sfnref|Taffrail|1973}}}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticgreatsea00winc_0 |title=Atlantic: great sea battles, heroic discoveries, titanic storms, and a vast ocean of a million stories |last=Winchester |first=S |publisher=Harper |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-170258-7 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}

==External links==
*{{Cite episode |title=Extreme Survival |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ray-Mears-Extreme-Survival-3/dp/B00007JGGR |series=3 |last=Mears |first=Ray |date=2003 |series-link=Extreme Survival}} television documentary including interviews with survivors and SAAF pilot Captain Immins Naude

{{coord|18.13|S|11.55|E|display=title}}
{{Blue Star ships}}
{{November 1942 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunedin Star}}
[[Category:1935 ships]]
[[Category:1942 in South West Africa]]
[[Category:Cargo liners]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in November 1942]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Mersey]]
[[Category:Ships of the Blue Star Line]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of Namibia]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Ships of the Lamport and Holt Line]]