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#REDIRECT [[Multiplicity (subculture)#Origins and related practices]] |
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{{Short description|Psychological phenomenon in which a body can display multiple distinct personas}} |
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{{About|the psychological concept|the online subculture loosely based around this concept|Multiplicity (subculture)}} |
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{{Cleanup rewrite|date=September 2022}} |
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'''Multiplicity''', also known as '''plurality''' or '''polypsychism''', is the broad psychological phenomenon in which a body can feature multiple personalities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=cooper |first=mick |date=1996 |title=MODES OF EXISTENCE: TOWARDS A PHENOMENOLOGICAL POLYPSYCHISM |url=https://study.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/Ch.%203%20-%20Self-plurality%20from%20an%20existential%20perspective.pdf |journal=Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The plural self: multiplicity in everyday life |date=1999 |publisher=Sage Publ |isbn=978-0-7619-6076-8 |editor-last=Rowan |editor-first=John |edition=1. publ |location=London |pages=2}}</ref> In contrast to [[dissociative identity disorder]], the more general phenomenon of identifying as multiple is under-researched.<ref name="Ribáry">{{Cite journal |last1=Ribáry |first1=Gergő |last2=Lajtai |first2=László |last3=Demetrovics |first3=Zsolt |last4=Maraz |first4=Aniko |date=2017-06-13 |title=Multiplicity: An Explorative Interview Study on Personal Experiences of People with Multiple Selves |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=8 |page=938 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00938 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=5468408 |pmid=28659840 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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{{Rcat shell|{{R to section}}{{R from merge}}}} |
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In personality research, plurality can also be referred to as a [[personality style]] defined as "an individual's relatively consistent inclinations and [[preference]]s across contexts".<ref name="BEYONDDSM">Eriksen, Karen & Kress, Victoria E. (2005). "A Developmental, Constructivist Model for Ethical Assessment (Which Includes Diagnosis, of Course)". ''Beyond the DSM Story: Ethical Quandaries, Challenges, and Best Practices''. Thousand Oaks, CA: Page Publications. {{ISBN|0-7619-3032-9}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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The [[ancient Egyptian]] view of selfhood was very different than the modern Western one, and has been described as polypsychic; texts from the era describe the akh (soul) as being composed of eight parts. <ref name=egypt>{{cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/consciousness-and-beyond/202306/ancient-concepts-of-the-mind-brain-and-soul|title=Ancient Concepts of the Mind, Brain (and Soul)}}</ref> |
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The concept of multiplicity in modern times began with 19th century [[Animal magnetism|mesmerist]]<ref name=":0" /> who were bewildered by the fact that when they induced magnetic sleep in a person, a new life emerged of which the subject was unaware existed, with some even claiming that this new personality could live a continuous life of its own. This caused the creation of the concept of dipsychism, the idea that the human mind exhibits duality.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rowan |first=John |title=Personification Using the Dialogical Self in Psychotherapy and Counselling |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2009 |isbn=9781135151676 |pages=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellenberger |first=Henri |title=The Discovery Of The Unconscious: The History And Evolution Of Dynamic Psychiatry |publisher=Basic Books |year=1989 |isbn=0465016731 |pages=145}}</ref> Dipsychism later evolved into polypsychism, the idea that the human mind was a cluster of subpersonalities which was coined by magnetizer Durand de gros.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Ellenberger |first=Henri |title=The Discovery Of The Unconscious: The History And Evolution Of Dynamic Psychiatry |publisher=Basic Books |year=1981 |isbn=0465016731 |pages=146}}</ref> Polypsyphiscm would continue to play a part in psychology with various people creating their own theories – including [[Carl Jung]], who switched from a dipsychic model to polypsychic model during his lifetime.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stiles |first=Cara |date=2017-03-22 |title=The Interface of Carl Jung and Dissociative Identity Disorder: From Autonomous Complex to Personality |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=15205495&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA520586798&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Journal of Heart Centered Therapies |language=English |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=3–23}}</ref> |
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==Plurality in personality research== |
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[[Stephen E. Braude]] and Rita Carter use a different definition of personality style, defining "personality style" as "personality" and proposing that a person may have multiple selves and not have any relatively consistent inclinations and preferences in personality. This may happen as an adaptation to a change of environment and role within a person's life and may be consciously adopted or encouraged, in a similar way to acting or [[role-playing]].<ref>{{citation |page=86 |title=First Person Plural: Multiple Personality and the Philosophy of Mind |author=Stephen E. Braude |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1995 |isbn=9780847679966}}</ref> For example, a woman may adopt a kind, nurturing personality when dealing with her children but change to a more aggressive, forceful personality when going to work as a high-flying executive as her responsibilities change.<ref name="Carter">{{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=Rita |title=Multiplicity: The New Science of Personality, Identity, and the Self |date=March 2008 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=9780316115384}}</ref> |
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Playing [[Video game|video games]] has been cited as a context in which people entertain multiplicity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multiplicity and Identity Mitigation in Video Games {{!}} Nightmare Mode [Archived] |url=https://nightmaremode.thegamerstrust.com/2010/06/18/multiplicity-and-identity-mitigation-in-video-games/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* {{Section link|Demonic possession#Medicine and psychology}} |
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* [[Hypostatic model of personality]] |
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* [[Personality style]] |
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* [[Subpersonality]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book |author=Ian Hacking |pages=39–54 |title=What's Normal?: Narratives of Mental & Emotional Disorders |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780873386531}} |
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*{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Self |chapter=Multiple Selves |author=Jennifer Radden |pages=547 et seq |publisher=Oxford Handbooks Online |year=2011 |isbn=9780199548019}} |
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==External links== |
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*[https://morethanone.info/ MoreThanOne.info], an information page on plurality |
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[[Category:Personality typologies]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:24, 3 October 2023
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