Paccia Marciana: Difference between revisions

Paccia Marciana
Paccia Marciana
Known for	first wife of Septimius Severus
Spouse	Septimius Severus (ca. 175-ca. 186)
Children	Septimia Major (possibly)[citation needed]; Septimia Minor (possibly)[citation needed]

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Paccia Marciana was the first wife of Septimius Severus, who later became Roman emperor. They married around 175 and she died of natural causes around 186.^[1]

Name and marriage

Her name shows her links to two Roman gentes, the Paccia and the Marcia - the latter also included Marcia, mother of the emperor Trajan and his sister Ulpia Marciana.^[2] She originated in Leptis Magna and was of Punic or Libyan origin, but virtually nothing else is known of her. Severus probably met her during his tenure as legate under his uncle - he does not mention her in his autobiography, though he later commemorated her with statues when he became Emperor.^{[citation needed]}

Disputed issue

The Historia Augusta claims that Marciana and Severus had two daughters but their existence is nowhere else attested. It appears that the marriage produced no surviving children, despite lasting for more than ten years.^[3] Aurelius Victor, Eutropius and the unknown author of Epitome de Caesaribus state that she and not Severus' second wife Julia Domna was the mother of Caracalla, though this is now disregarded and thought to be linked to their claims that Julia married Caracalla.^[4] Julia Domna is widely accepted to be the mother of both Caracalla and his younger brother Geta.^{[citation needed]}

Severan dynasty family tree

Septimius Macer

Gaius Claudius Septimius Aper

Fulvius Pius

Lucius Septimius Severus

Publius Septimius Aper

Gaius Septimius Aper

Fulvia Pia

Publius Septimius Geta

Septimia Polla

Julius Bassianus

Septimius

Publius Septimius Geta

Septimia Octavilla

Paccia Marciana (1)

Septimius Severus
(r. 193–211)^[i]

Julia Domna (2)

Julia Maesa

Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus

Gaius Septimius Severus Aper

Fulvia Plautilla

Caracalla
(r. 197–217)^[ii]

Geta
(r. 209–211)^[iii]

Julia Soaemias

Sextus Varius Marcellus

Julia Avita Mamaea

Unknown^[iv] (2)

Julia Cornelia Paula (1)

Aquilia Severa (2 and 4)

Elagabalus
(r. 218–222)^[v]

Annia Faustina (3)

Sallustia Orbiana

Severus Alexander
(r. 222–235)^[v]

(1) = 1st spouse
(2) = 2nd spouse
(3) = 3rd spouse
(4) = 4th spouse
Dark green indicates an emperor of the Severan dynasty

Notes:

Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.

^ Birley, Anthony R. (1999). Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. p. i.
^ Burrell, Barbara (2004). Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors. BRILL. p. 216. ISBN 90-04-12578-7.
^ Burrell, Barbara (2004). Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors. BRILL. p. 247. ISBN 90-04-12578-7.
^ Icks, Martijn (2011). The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-1-84885-362-1.
^ ^a ^b Gibbon, Edward; Smith, William (1889). The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. pp. 45–47.

Bibliography:

Birley, Anthony R. (1999). Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415165911.
Gibbon, Edward; Smith, William (1889). The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. London: Murray. OCLC 993285639.

References

^ Birley, Anthony R. (1999) [1971]. Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415165911, page 75
^ Birley, Anthony R. (1999) [1971]. Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415165911
^ Birley, Anthony R. (1999) [1971]. Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415165911, page 52
^ Aurelius Victor 21: 2-3; Eutropius 8,20,1; Epitome de Caesaribus 21.5.

[5] Birley, Anthony R. (1999). Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. p. i.

[6] Burrell, Barbara (2004). Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors. BRILL. p. 216. ISBN 90-04-12578-7.

[7] Burrell, Barbara (2004). Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors. BRILL. p. 247. ISBN 90-04-12578-7.

[8] Icks, Martijn (2011). The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-1-84885-362-1.

[gibbon-9] Gibbon, Edward; Smith, William (1889). The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. pp. 45–47.

[1] Birley, Anthony R. (1999) [1971]. Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415165911, page 75

[2] Birley, Anthony R. (1999) [1971]. Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415165911

[3] Birley, Anthony R. (1999) [1971]. Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415165911, page 52

[4] Aurelius Victor 21: 2-3; Eutropius 8,20,1; Epitome de Caesaribus 21.5.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[i]

[ii]

[iii]

[iv]

[v]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|First wife of future Roman emperor Septimius Severus}}
+{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
+{{Infobox person
+| name               = Paccia Marciana
+| image              = Paccia Marciana.jpg
+| caption            =
+| birth_date         =
+| birth_place        =
+| death_date         =
+| death_place        =
+| resting_place      =
+| nationality        =
+| citizenship        =
+| known_for          = first wife of [[Septimius Severus]]
+| spouse             = [[Septimius Severus]] (ca. 175-ca. 186)
+| children           = Septimia Major (possibly){{citation needed|date=November 2023}}<br>Septimia Minor (possibly){{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
+| mother             =
+| father             =
+}}
+[[File:Posthumous dedication to Paccia Marciana.jpg|thumb|Posthumous inscription honoring Paccia]]
 '''Paccia Marciana''' was the first wife of [[Septimius Severus]], who later became Roman emperor. They married around 175 and she died of natural causes around 186.<ref>[[Anthony Birley|Birley, Anthony R.]] (1999) [1971]. ''Septimius Severus: The African Emperor.'' London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0415165911}}, page 75</ref>
 ==Name and marriage==
-Her name shows her links to two Roman gentes, the [[Paccia (gens)|Paccia]] and the [[Marcia (gens)|Marcia]] - the latter also included [[Ulpia Marciana]], elder sister of the emperor [[Trajan]]<ref>[[Anthony Birley|Birley, Anthony R.]] (1999) [1971]. ''Septimius Severus: The African Emperor.'' London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0415165911}}</ref>. She originated in [[Leptis Magna]] and was of [[Punics|Punic]] or [[Libu|Libyan]] origin, but virtually nothing else is known of her. Severus probably met her during his tenure as [[Legatus|legate]] under his uncle - he does not mention her in his autobiography, though he later commemorated her with statues when he became Emperor.
+Her name shows her links to two Roman gentes, the [[Paccia gens|Paccia]] and the [[Marcia gens|Marcia]] - the latter also included [[Marcia (mother of Trajan)|Marcia]], mother of the emperor [[Trajan]] and his sister [[Ulpia Marciana]].<ref>[[Anthony Birley|Birley, Anthony R.]] (1999) [1971]. ''Septimius Severus: The African Emperor.'' London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0415165911}}</ref> She originated in [[Leptis Magna]] and was of [[Punics|Punic]] or [[Libu|Libyan]] origin, but virtually nothing else is known of her. Severus probably met her during his tenure as [[Legatus|legate]] under his uncle - he does not mention her in his autobiography, though he later commemorated her with statues when he became Emperor.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
 ==Disputed issue==
 <!--offspring-->
-The ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' claims that Marciana and Severus had two daughters but their existence is nowhere else attested. It appears that the marriage produced no surviving children, despite lasting for more than ten years<ref>[[Anthony Birley|Birley, Anthony R.]] (1999) [1971]. ''Septimius Severus: The African Emperor.'' London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0415165911}}, page 52</ref>. [[Aurelius Victor]], [[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]] and the unknown author of ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' state she and not Severus' second wife [[Julia Domna]] was the mother of [[Caracalla]], though this is now disregarded and thought to be linked to their claims that Julia married Caracalla<ref> Aurelius Victor 21: 2-3; Eutropius 8,20,1; Epitome de Caesaribus 21.5.</ref>. Julia Domna is widely accepted to be the mother of both Caracalla and his younger brother [[Geta (emperor)|Geta]].
+The ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' claims that Marciana and Severus had two daughters but their existence is nowhere else attested. It appears that the marriage produced no surviving children, despite lasting for more than ten years.<ref>[[Anthony Birley|Birley, Anthony R.]] (1999) [1971]. ''Septimius Severus: The African Emperor.'' London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0415165911}}, page 52</ref> [[Aurelius Victor]], [[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]] and the unknown author of ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' state that she and not Severus' second wife [[Julia Domna]] was the mother of [[Caracalla]], though this is now disregarded and thought to be linked to their claims that Julia married Caracalla.<ref> Aurelius Victor 21: 2-3; Eutropius 8,20,1; Epitome de Caesaribus 21.5.</ref> Julia Domna is widely accepted to be the mother of both Caracalla and his younger brother [[Geta (emperor)|Geta]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
+==Severan dynasty family tree==
+{{Severan dynasty family tree}}
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-<references/>
 [[Category:2nd-century births]]
 [[category:186 deaths]]
-[[Category:2nd-century Romans]]
 [[Category:2nd-century Roman women]]
-[[category:Ancient Roman women]]
-[[Category:Marcii]]
 [[Category:Paccii]]
-[[Category:People of Africa (Roman province)]]
+[[Category:People from Africa (Roman province)]]
-[[Category:Septimius Severus]]
+[[Category:Family of Septimius Severus]]
-[[Category:Severan dynasty]]
+[[Category:2nd-century Punic people]]
+[[Category:Wives of Roman emperors]]