Budi Utomo: Difference between revisions

Budi Utomo
Boedi Oetomo
Abbreviation	B.O.
Successor	Parindra
Formation	20 May 1908
Dissolved	25 December 1935
Type	Nationalist organization
Membership	10,000 (end 1909)

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Budi Utomo (old spelling: Boedi Oetomo, meaning "Noble Endeavour")^[2] was an early native nationalist political society in the Dutch East Indies.^[3] The organization's founding in 1908 is considered instrumental to the beginning of the Indonesian National Awakening.

History

Budi Utomo is considered the first nationalist society in the Dutch East Indies. The founder of Budi Utomo was Wahidin Soedirohoesodo, a retired government doctor who felt that native intellectuals should improve public welfare through education and culture.^[4] The society held its first congress on 20 May 1908,^[5] a gathering of students at STOVIA, a medical school in Batavia (present-day Jakarta). The first leader was Soedirohoesodo, but at the organization's first major gathering in Yogyakarta in October 1908, he stepped aside for younger organizers.

The Dutch were tolerant of the rise and development of Indonesian nationalism. Budi Utomo did not have mass appeal, and they regarded the nationalist activities in the first decade of the 20th century as a natural outcome of the Ethical Policy, which emphasised the importance of looking after the welfare of the people.^{[citation needed]}

The membership was an upper-class elite of natives, government officials, and intellectuals, confined very largely to Java and the Javanese. The furtherance of popular education became the main activity. A few branches expanded into native commerce and industry. Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, who would later find the more radical Indische Party, expanded the scope of the society to include more working classes and also the rest of the Indïes outside of Java.^[6] The organization enjoyed rapid growth; in 1910, the society had 10,000 members enrolled in 40 branches.^[5] At the same time, it received official recognition from the colonial government.

Budi Utomo's primary aim was at first not political. However, it gradually shifted toward political aims with representatives in the conservative Volksraad (the People's Council) and the provincial councils in Java. Budi Utomo officially dissolved in 1935. After its dissolution, some members joined the largest political party of the time, the moderate Greater Indonesian Party (Parindra). In keeping with the outlook of Budi Utomo, former members—whether in the Volksraad or Parindra—insisted on using the Indonesian language for all public statements.^[7]

The use of Budi Utomo to mark the inception of modern nationalism in Indonesia is not without controversy. Although many scholars agree that Budi Utomo was likely the first modern indigenous political organization,^[8] others question its value as an index of Indonesian nationalism. For example, in his novels, Pramoedya Ananta Toer pointed to the exclusively aristocratic and male composition of Budi Utomo.^[9] Ariel Heryanto^[10] questions the nationalism of Budi Utomo, given that its existence was permitted by the Dutch regime: "Because of [Budi Utomo's] remarkably conservative character, the Dutch colonial administration tolerated [it]."^[9] Heryanto points to a "more populist and egalitarian" Muslim association (Sarekat Dagang Islamiyah), born a few years prior, as a more genuinely nationalist organization—one which was banned by the Dutch.^[9] In enshrining Budi Utomo as the first nationalist organization, the current government reiterates a colonial version of Indonesian history.^[9]

Legacy

The birth of Budi Utomo on 20 May 1908 has been officially commemorated as the National Awakening Day in Indonesia since 1948.^[11]

The Museum of National Awakening in Jakarta, dedicated to the Indonesian National Awakening, is housed in a former STOVIA building related to the birth of Budi Utomo. Initially four museums, including a museum to Budi Utomo and a museum to health and medicine, on 7 February 1984, these topical museums were consolidated into the Museum of National Awakening.^[12]

Notes

^ Pringgodigdo 1991, p. 2.
^ "Budi Utomo | Indonesian political organization | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
^ Suhartono (1994). Sejarah Pergerakan Nasional dari Budi Utomo sampai Proklamasi 1908–1945. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. p. 32. ISBN 9789798581083.
^ Vickers, Adrian. 2005. A History of Modern Indonesia, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 73
^ ^a ^b cf. Vandenbosch (1931).
^ Indïes was the popular term coined by the Dutch East Indies government to indicate the inhabitants of the Netherlands East Indïes.
^ Mrazek, Rudolf. 2002. Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 33
^ cf. Mrazek, p. 89
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Heryanto, Ariel. 2008. "Questioning the relevance of national awakening today," The Jakarta Post, May 21, 2008. Archived at "Ariel Heryanto\'s Blog » on "national awakening"". Archived from the original on July 21, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
^ Convenor, Indonesia Studies, University of Melbourne
^ Abdullah, Taufik (2009). Indonesia: Towards Democracy. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 18. ISBN 9789812303660. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
^ Egidius Patnistik (July 17, 2008). "Menelusuri Jejak Boedi Oetomo di Museum Kebangkitan Nasional". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). Retrieved February 12, 2013.

References

Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9108-8.
Pringgodigdo, A. K. (1991). Sejarah Pergerakan Rakyat Indonesia [A History of Indonesian Popular Movements] (in Indonesian). Dian Rakyat. ISBN 979-523-041-7.
Vandenbosch, Amry (1931). "Nationalism in Netherlands East India". Pacific Affairs. 4 (12). Pacific Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 12: 1051–1069. doi:10.2307/2750579. JSTOR 2750579.

External links

Peter Lowensteyn, "Indonesia Between 1908 and 1928: New Nationalism"

[FOOTNOTEPringgodigdo19912-1] Pringgodigdo 1991, p. 2.

[2] "Budi Utomo | Indonesian political organization | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved February 24, 2023.

[3] Suhartono (1994). Sejarah Pergerakan Nasional dari Budi Utomo sampai Proklamasi 1908–1945. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. p. 32. ISBN 9789798581083.

[4] Vickers, Adrian. 2005. A History of Modern Indonesia, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 73

[vandenbosch31-5] . Vandenbosch (1931).

[6] Indïes was the popular term coined by the Dutch East Indies government to indicate the inhabitants of the Netherlands East Indïes.

[7] Mrazek, Rudolf. 2002. Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 33

[8] . Mrazek, p. 89

[blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au-9] Heryanto, Ariel. 2008. "Questioning the relevance of national awakening today," The Jakarta Post, May 21, 2008. Archived at "Ariel Heryanto\'s Blog » on "national awakening"". Archived from the original on July 21, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2008.

[10] Convenor, Indonesia Studies, University of Melbourne

[Abdullah2009-11] Abdullah, Taufik (2009). Indonesia: Towards Democracy. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 18. ISBN 9789812303660. Retrieved May 18, 2018.

[kompas-12] Egidius Patnistik (July 17, 2008). "Menelusuri Jejak Boedi Oetomo di Museum Kebangkitan Nasional". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). Retrieved February 12, 2013.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 | name                = Budi Utomo
 | full_name           =
-| native_name         = {{lang-nl|Boedi Oetomo}}
+| native_name         = Boedi Oetomo
+| native_name_lang = nl
-| native_name_lang    = <!-- re{{lang-jv|Budi Utomo}}quired ISO 639-1 code of the above native language -->
-| logo                =
+| logo                = Logo Budi Utomo.png
 | logo_size           =
 | logo_alt            =
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 | map2_alt            =
 | map2_caption        =
-| abbreviation        =
+| abbreviation        = B.O.
 | nickname            =
 | pronounce           =
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 | founder             = <!-- or |founders = -->
 | founding_location   =
-| dissolved           = 1935
+| dissolved           = 25 December 1935
 | merger              = <!-- other organizations (if any) merged with, to constitute the new organization -->
 | type                = Nationalist organization
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 | bodystyle           =
 }}
-'''Budi Utomo''' (Dutch: '''Boedi Oetomo'''), meaning "Prime Philosophy", was the first native [[Political movement|political society]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sejarah Pergerakan Nasional dari Budi Utomo sampai Proklamasi 1908-1945|last=Suhartono|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=1994|isbn=9789798581083|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref> The political society is considered instrumental on the beginning of the [[Indonesian National Awakening]].
+'''Budi Utomo''' ([[Van Ophuijsen Spelling System|old spelling]]: ''Boedi Oetomo'', meaning "Noble Endeavour")<ref>{{Cite web |title=Budi Utomo {{!}} Indonesian political organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Budi-Utomo |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> was an early native nationalist political society in the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sejarah Pergerakan Nasional dari Budi Utomo sampai Proklamasi 1908–1945|last=Suhartono|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=1994|isbn=9789798581083|location=Yogyakarta|pages=32}}</ref> The organization's founding in 1908 is considered instrumental to the beginning of the [[Indonesian National Awakening]].
 ==History==
-Budi Utomo was founded on 20 May, 1908, and was the first native political society in the Dutch East Indies. The founder of Budi Utomo was a pensioned government doctor who felt that native intellectuals should improve education and culture among the public.<ref>Vickers, Adrian. 2005. ''A History of Modern Indonesia,'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 73</ref> The society held its first congress in May 1908.<ref name="vandenbosch31">cf. Vandenbosch (1931).</ref> The congress was a gathering of students in [[Jakarta|Batavia]]. The first leader was Dr. [[Wahidin Soedirohoesodo]], but by the organization's first major gathering in [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta]] in October 1908, he stepped aside for younger organizers.
+Budi Utomo is considered the first nationalist society in the Dutch East Indies. The founder of Budi Utomo was [[Wahidin Soedirohoesodo]], a retired government doctor who felt that native intellectuals should improve public welfare through education and culture.<ref>Vickers, Adrian. 2005. ''A History of Modern Indonesia,'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 73</ref> The society held its first congress on 20 May 1908,<ref name="vandenbosch31">cf. Vandenbosch (1931).</ref> a gathering of students at [[STOVIA]], a medical school in [[Jakarta|Batavia]] (present-day Jakarta). The first leader was Soedirohoesodo, but at the organization's first major gathering in [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta]] in October 1908, he stepped aside for younger organizers.
-The Dutch were tolerant of the rise and development of Indonesian nationalism. Budi Utomo did not have mass appeal and they regarded the nationalist activities in the first decade of the 20th century as a natural outcome of the [[Dutch Ethical Policy|Ethical Policy]], which emphasised the importance of looking after the welfare of the people.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
+The Dutch were tolerant of the rise and development of Indonesian nationalism. Budi Utomo did not have mass appeal, and they regarded the nationalist activities in the first decade of the 20th century as a natural outcome of the [[Dutch Ethical Policy|Ethical Policy]], which emphasised the importance of looking after the welfare of the people.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
-The membership was an upper class elite of natives, government officials and intellectuals, confined very largely in Java and the [[Javanese people|Javanese]]. The furtherance of popular education became the main activity. Few branches expanded the activity into native commerce and industry. [[Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo]], who would later found the more radical [[Indische Party]], expanded the scope of the society to include more working classes, and also the rest of the ''Indïes'' outside of Java.<ref>''Indïes'' was the popular term coined by the [[Dutch East Indies]] government to indicate the inhabitants of the ''Netherlands East Indïes''.</ref> The organization enjoyed a rapid growth; in 1910 the society had 10,000 members enrolled in 40 branches.<ref name="vandenbosch31" /> At the same time, it received official recognition from the colonial government.
+The membership was an upper-class elite of natives, government officials, and intellectuals, confined very largely to Java and the [[Javanese people|Javanese]]. The furtherance of popular education became the main activity. A few branches expanded into native commerce and industry. [[Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo]], who would later find the more radical [[Indische Party]], expanded the scope of the society to include more working classes and also the rest of the ''Indïes'' outside of Java.<ref>''Indïes'' was the popular term coined by the [[Dutch East Indies]] government to indicate the inhabitants of the ''Netherlands East Indïes''.</ref> The organization enjoyed rapid growth; in 1910, the society had 10,000 members enrolled in 40 branches.<ref name="vandenbosch31" /> At the same time, it received official recognition from the colonial government.
-Budi Utomo's primary aim was first not political. However, it gradually shifted toward political aims with representatives in the conservative ''Volksraad'' (the People's Council) and in the provincial councils in Java. Budi Utomo officially dissolved in 1935, but it has marked the first nationalist movement in the early twentieth century. After dissolution, some of the members joined the largest political party of the time, the moderate [[Great Indonesia Party#Pre-war party|Greater Indonesian Party (Parindra)]]. In keeping with the outlook of Budi Utomo, former members—whether in the [[Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)|Volksraad]] or Parindra—insisted on the Indonesian language for all public statements.<ref>Mrazek, Rudolf. 2002. ''Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony,'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 33</ref>
+Budi Utomo's primary aim was at first not political. However, it gradually shifted toward political aims with representatives in the conservative ''Volksraad'' (the People's Council) and the provincial councils in Java. Budi Utomo officially dissolved in 1935. After its dissolution, some members joined the largest political party of the time, the moderate [[Great Indonesia Party#Pre-war party|Greater Indonesian Party (Parindra)]]. In keeping with the outlook of Budi Utomo, former members—whether in the [[Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)|Volksraad]] or Parindra—insisted on using the [[Indonesian language]] for all public statements.<ref>Mrazek, Rudolf. 2002. ''Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony,'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 33</ref>
-The use of Budi Utomo to mark the inception of modern nationalism in Indonesia is not without controversy. Although many scholars agree that Budi Utomo was likely the first modern indigenous political organization,<ref>cf. Mrazek, p. 89</ref> others question its value as an index of Indonesian nationality. For example, in his novels, [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]] pointed to the exclusively aristocratic and male composition of Budi Utomo.<ref name="blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au">Heryanto, Ariel. 2008. "Questioning the relevance of national awakening today," ''The Jakarta Post,'' May 21, 2008. Archived at {{cite web |url=http://blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au/arielh/2008/05/22/on-national-awakening/ |title=Ariel Heryanto\'s Blog » on "national awakening" |access-date=June 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721135631/http://blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au/arielh/2008/05/22/on-national-awakening/ |archive-date=July 21, 2008 }}</ref> [[Ariel Heryanto]]<ref>Convenor, Indonesia Studies, University of Melbourne</ref> questions the nationalism of Budi Utomo, given that its existence was permitted by the Dutch regime: "Because of [Budi Utomo's] remarkably conservative character, the Dutch colonial administration tolerated [it]."<ref name="blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au" /> Heryanto points to a "more populist and egalitarian" Muslim association ([[Sarekat Islam|Sarekat Dagang Islamiyah]]), born a few years prior, as a more genuinely nationalist organization: one which was banned by the Dutch.<ref name="blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au" /> In enshrining Budi Utomo as the first nationalist organization, the current government reiterates the colonial version of history.<ref name="blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au" />
+The use of Budi Utomo to mark the inception of modern nationalism in Indonesia is not without controversy. Although many scholars agree that Budi Utomo was likely the first modern indigenous political organization,<ref>cf. Mrazek, p. 89</ref> others question its value as an index of Indonesian nationalism. For example, in his novels, [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]] pointed to the exclusively aristocratic and male composition of Budi Utomo.<ref name="blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au">Heryanto, Ariel. 2008. "Questioning the relevance of national awakening today," ''The Jakarta Post,'' May 21, 2008. Archived at {{cite web |url=http://blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au/arielh/2008/05/22/on-national-awakening/ |title=Ariel Heryanto\'s Blog » on "national awakening" |access-date=June 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721135631/http://blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au/arielh/2008/05/22/on-national-awakening/ |archive-date=July 21, 2008 }}</ref> [[Ariel Heryanto]]<ref>Convenor, Indonesia Studies, University of Melbourne</ref> questions the nationalism of Budi Utomo, given that its existence was permitted by the Dutch regime: "Because of [Budi Utomo's] remarkably conservative character, the Dutch colonial administration tolerated [it]."<ref name="blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au" /> Heryanto points to a "more populist and egalitarian" Muslim association ([[Sarekat Islam|Sarekat Dagang Islamiyah]]), born a few years prior, as a more genuinely nationalist organization—one which was banned by the Dutch.<ref name="blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au" /> In enshrining Budi Utomo as the first nationalist organization, the current government reiterates a colonial version of Indonesian history.<ref name="blogs.arts.unimelb.edu.au" />
 ==Legacy==
-The birth of Budi Utomo on May 20, 1908, has been officially commemorated as the [[Public holidays in Indonesia|Day of National Awakening]] in Indonesia since 1948.<ref name="Abdullah2009">{{cite book|last=Abdullah|first=Taufik|title=Indonesia: Towards Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c39TDpLki8wC&pg=PA18|access-date=May 18, 2018|year=2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789812303660|page=18}}</ref>
+The birth of Budi Utomo on 20 May 1908 has been officially commemorated as the [[Public holidays in Indonesia|National Awakening Day]] in Indonesia since 1948.<ref name="Abdullah2009">{{cite book|last=Abdullah|first=Taufik|title=Indonesia: Towards Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c39TDpLki8wC&pg=PA18|access-date=May 18, 2018|year=2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789812303660|page=18}}</ref>
-The [[Museum of National Awakening]] in Jakarta was dedicated to the [[Indonesian National Awakening]], particularly because the building was a former [[STOVIA]] institution which is considered related with the birth of Budi Utomo. The building was initially made into four museums: Budi Utomo Museum, Museum of Women, Museum of Pers, and Museum of Health and Medicine. On February 7, 1984, the four museums were converged into the Museum of National Awakening.<ref name="kompas">{{cite news |language=id |title=Menelusuri Jejak Boedi Oetomo di Museum Kebangkitan Nasional |author=Egidius Patnistik |url=http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2008/07/17/10373471/Menelusuri.Jejak.Boedi.Oetomo.di.Museum.Kebangkitan.Nasional |newspaper=KOMPAS |date=July 17, 2008 |access-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref>
+The [[Museum of National Awakening]] in Jakarta, dedicated to the [[Indonesian National Awakening]], is housed in a former [[STOVIA]] building related to the birth of Budi Utomo. Initially four museums, including a museum to Budi Utomo and a museum to health and medicine, on 7 February 1984, these topical museums were consolidated into the Museum of National Awakening.<ref name="kompas">{{cite news |language=id |title=Menelusuri Jejak Boedi Oetomo di Museum Kebangkitan Nasional |author=Egidius Patnistik |url=http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2008/07/17/10373471/Menelusuri.Jejak.Boedi.Oetomo.di.Museum.Kebangkitan.Nasional |newspaper=KOMPAS |date=July 17, 2008 |access-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref>
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 125: / Line 125: @@
 ==References==
+{{refbegin}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Kahin| first=George McTurnan| author-link = George McTurnan Kahin| year= 1952| title=Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia| publisher=Cornell University Press| location =Ithaca, NY| isbn=0-8014-9108-8}}
 * {{cite book |last=Pringgodigdo |first=A. K. |title=Sejarah Pergerakan Rakyat Indonesia |language = id |trans-title = A History of Indonesian Popular Movements |publisher=Dian Rakyat |year=1991| isbn = 979-523-041-7}}
 * {{cite journal|title=Nationalism in Netherlands East India|journal=Pacific Affairs|first=Amry |last=Vandenbosch|volume=4|issue=12|year=1931|pages=1051–1069|doi=10.2307/2750579|publisher=Pacific Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 12|jstor=2750579}}
+{{refend}}
 ==External links==
 * Peter Lowensteyn, "[http://www.lowensteyn.com/indonesia/nationalist.html Indonesia Between 1908 and 1928: New Nationalism]"
-[[Category:Dutch East Indies]]
+[[Category:Political youth organizations]]
-[[Category:Indonesian National Awakening]]
+[[Category:Political organisations based in the Dutch East Indies]]
 [[Category:1908 establishments in the Dutch East Indies]]
+[[Category:Youth organizations established in 1908]]
 [[Category:Organizations established in 1908]]
+[[Category:Indonesian National Awakening]]