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{{Short description|Genus of molluscs (snails)}}
{{About|the genus of snails|the continguous area of the United States (CONUS)|Contiguous United States|people with the surname "Conus", and other uses|Conus (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil range =
| taxon = Conus
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Eocene|Recent}}
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Eocene|Recent}}
| image = Conus abbas 1.jpg
| image = Conus abbas 1.jpg
| image_caption = Apertural and abapertural views of [[gastropod shell|shell]] of ''[[Conus abbas]]''
| image_caption = Apertural and abapertural views of [[gastropod shell|shell]] of ''[[Conus abbas]]''
| display_parents = 3
| authority = [[Linnaeus]], 1758<ref name="WoRMS" />
| taxon = Conus
| type_species= ''Conus marmoreus'' (type species of Conus (Conus)
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref name="WoRMS" />
| type_species_authority =<small> Linnaeus, 1758</small>
| type_species= ''[[Conus marmoreus]]'' (type species of Conus (Conus)
| type_species_authority =<small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small>
| subdivision = See [[List of Conus species]]
| synonyms_ref= <ref name="WoRMS" />
| synonyms_ref= <ref name="WoRMS" />
| synonyms = See [[List of Conus species]]
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}}
| display_parents = 3
}}
[[File:Conus pelagicus Brocchi 1814Pliocene Cyprus.jpg|thumb|Fossil ''Conus pelagicus'' from the Pliocene of Cyprus]]

'''''Conus''''' is a [[genus]] of predatory [[sea snail]]s, or [[cone snail]]s, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]]s in the family [[Conidae]].<ref name="WoRMS">Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137813 on 2015-11-12</ref> Prior to 2009, cone snail species had all traditionally been grouped into the single genus ''Conus''. However, ''Conus'' is now more precisely defined, and there are several other accepted genera of cone snails. For a list of the currently accepted genera, see [[Conidae]].

For a list of the currently accepted species within the genus ''Conus'', based on the information in the [[World Register of Marine Species]] ([[WoRMS]]) list, see: [[list of Conus species]].

Species in the genus ''Conus'' [[sensu stricto]] can be found in the tropical and subtropical seas of the world, at depths ranging from the [[sublittoral]] to 1,000 m. They are very variable in some of their characters, such as the tuberculation of the [[Spire (mollusc)|spire]] and [[body whorl]], striae, colors and the pattern of coloring. Many fossil species have been described; they are extensively distributed, and first appear in [[Cretaceous]] strata.

==Description==
The thick shell of species in the genus ''Conus'' [[sensu stricto]], is obconic, with the [[Whorl (mollusc)|whorl]]s enrolled upon themselves. The spire is short, smooth or tuberculated. The narrow [[Aperture (mollusc)|aperture]] is elongated with parallel margins parallel and is truncated at the base. The [[Operculum (gastropod)|operculum]] is very small relative to the size of the shell. It is corneous, narrowly elongated, with an apical nucleus, and the impression of
the muscular attachment varies from one-half to two-thirds of the inner surface. The outer lip shows a slight sutural sinus.<ref>[http://ia600307.us.archive.org/10/items/manualconch06tryorich/manualconch06tryorich.pdf G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences]</ref>

==List of synonyms and alternate representations==
As this list shows, many genera that were formerly recognized within the family [[Conidae]], have become subgenera of ''Conus'', and they can also be represented by that subgeneric name as an "alternate representation".
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''Afonsoconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Afonsoconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Africonus'' <small>Petuch, 1975</small>
* ''Africonus'' <small>Petuch, 1975</small>
* ''Afroconus'' <small>Petuch, 1975</small>(in his introduction of this subgenus Petuch uses "Afroconus" but in his subsequent use of this new subgenus he uses "Africonus")
* ''Afroconus'' <small>Petuch, 1975</small> [lapsus]
* ''Arubaconus'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small>
* ''Arubaconus'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small>
* ''Asprella'' <small>Schaufuss, 1869</small>
* ''Asprella'' <small>Schaufuss, 1869</small>
Line 42: Line 28:
* ''Chelyconus'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Chelyconus'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Cleobula'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Cleobula'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Conasprella'' (''Varioconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conasprelloides'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Conasprelloides'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Continuconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Continuconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Afonsoconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Afonsoconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Asprella)'' <small>Schaufuss, 1869</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Asprella)'' <small>Schaufuss, 1869</small>
* ''Conus (Atlanticonus)'' <small>Petuch & Sargent, 2012</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Atlanticonus)'' <small>Petuch & Sargent, 2012</small>
* ''Conus (Attenuiconus)'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Attenuiconus)'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Austroconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Austroconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Conus (Bermudaconus)'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Bermudaconus)'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Brasiliconus)'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Brasiliconus)'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Calibanus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Calibanus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Chelyconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Chelyconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Conus (Conus)''<small> Linnaeus, 1758</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Conus)''<small> Linnaeus, 1758</small>
* ''Conus (Cylinder)'' <small>Montfort, 1810 </small>· accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Coronaxis)''<small> Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Conus (Darioconus)'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Cylinder)'' <small>Montfort, 1810 </small>
* ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' <small>Cotton, 1945</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Cylindrella)''<small> Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Conus (Dendroconus)'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Darioconus)'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Conus (Ductoconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' <small>Cotton, 1945</small>
* ''Conus (Elisaconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Dendroconus)'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Conus (Embrikena)'' <small>Iredale, 1937</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Ductoconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Eremiconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Elisaconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Eugeniconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Embrikena)'' <small>Iredale, 1937</small>
* ''Conus (Floraconus)'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Eremiconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Conus (Fraterconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Eugeniconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Gastridium)'' <small>Modeer, 1793</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Floraconus)'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Conus (Harmoniconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Fraterconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Hermes)'' <small>Montfort, 1810 </small>· accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Fulgiconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Gastridium)'' <small>Modeer, 1793</small>
* ''Conus (Kellyconus)'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Genuanoconus)'' <small>J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Conus (Klemaeconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Harmoniconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Lamniconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Hermes)'' <small>Montfort, 1810 </small>
* ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' <small>Monterosato, 1923</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Leporiconus)'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Kellyconus)'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Leptoconus)'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Kioconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Lindaconus)'' <small>Petuch, 2002</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Klemaeconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Lithoconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Lamniconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Lividoconus)'' <small>Wils, 1970</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' <small>Monterosato, 1923</small>
* ''Conus (Monteiroconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Leporiconus)'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Conus (Papyriconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Leptoconus)'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Lindaconus)'' <small>Petuch, 2002</small>
* ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Lithoconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Conus (Plicaustraconus)'' <small>Moolenbeek, 2008</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Lividoconus)'' <small>Wils, 1970</small>
* ''Conus (Pseudolilliconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Magelliconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Pseudonoduloconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Malagasyconus)'' <small>Monnier & Tenorio, 2015</small>
* ''Conus (Pseudopterygia)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Monteiroconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Puncticulis)'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Papyriconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Pyruconus)'' <small>Olsson, 1967</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Conus (Quasiconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Conus (Rhizoconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Plicaustraconus)'' <small>Moolenbeek, 2008</small>
* ''Conus (Rubroconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Pseudonoduloconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Conus (Sandericonus)'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Pseudopterygia)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Sciteconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Puncticulis)'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Purpuriconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Pyruconus)'' <small>Olsson, 1967</small>
* ''Conus (Quasiconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Conus (Rhizoconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Conus (Rubroconus)'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Sandericonus)'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small>
* ''Conus (Sciteconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Spuriconus)''<small> Petuch, 2003</small>
* ''Conus (Spuriconus)''<small> Petuch, 2003</small>
* ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Tesselliconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Strioconus)'' <small>Thiele, 1929</small>
* ''Conus (Textilia)'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Tesselliconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Conus (Turriconus)'' <small>Shikama & Habe, 1968</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Textilia)'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Conus (Virgiconus)'' <small>Cotton, 1945</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Theliconus)'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Conus (Virroconus)'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small> · accepted, alternate representation
* ''Conus (Turriconus)'' <small>Shikama & Habe, 1968</small>
* ''Cornutoconu''s <small>Suzuki, 1972</small>
* ''Conus (Virgiconus)'' <small>Cotton, 1945</small>
* ''Conus (Virroconus)'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Conus (Vituliconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Cornutoconus'' <small>Suzuki, 1972</small>
* ''Coronaxis'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Coronaxis'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Coronaxis'' (''Cylindrella'') <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Coronaxis'' (''Tuliparia'') <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Cucullus'' <small>Röding, 1798</small>
* ''Cucullus'' <small>Röding, 1798</small>
* ''Cylinder'' <small>Montfort, 1810</small>
* ''Cylinder'' <small>Montfort, 1810</small>
* ''Cylindrus'' <small>Batsch, 1789</small>
* ''Cylindrella'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small> (Invalid: junior homonym of ''Cylindrella'' Pfeiffer, 1840 [Gastropoda, Urocoptidae] and placed on the Official Index by ICZN Opinion 1030; ''Asprella'' is a replacement name)
* ''Cylindrus'' <small>Batsch, 1789</small> (name to be rejected: ICZN petition pending)
* ''Darioconus'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Darioconus'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Dauciconus'' <small>Cotton, 1945</small>
* ''Dauciconus'' <small>Cotton, 1945</small>
* ''Dendroconus'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Dendroconus'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Dendroconus'' (''Erythroconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Dendroconus'' (''Harmoniconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Dendroconus'' (''Ketyconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Dendroconus'' (''Lithoconus'') <small>Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Dendroconus'' (''Sciteconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Dendroconus'' (''Socioconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Dendroconus'' (''Splinoconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Dendroconus'' (''Strioconus'') <small>Thiele, 1929</small>
* ''Dendroconus'' (''Tesselliconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Ductoconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Ductoconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Dyraspis'' <small>Iredale, 1949</small>
* ''Dyraspis'' <small>Iredale, 1949</small>
Line 119: Line 126:
* ''Eugeniconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Eugeniconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Floraconus'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Floraconus'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Floraconus'' (''Sciteconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Fraterconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Fraterconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Fulgiconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Fulgiconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
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* ''Harmoniconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Harmoniconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Hermes'' <small>Montfort, 1810</small>
* ''Hermes'' <small>Montfort, 1810</small>
* ''Heroconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Hermes'' (''Heroconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Hermes'' (''Hermes'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Isoconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Isoconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Kalloconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Kalloconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Kalloconus'' (''Trovaoconus'') <small>) J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Kellyconus'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small>
* ''Kellyconus'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small>
* ''Ketyconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Ketyconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Kioconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Kioconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Kioconus'' (''Isoconus'') <small>J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Kioconus'' (''Ongoconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Klemaeconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Klemaeconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Kurodaconus'' Shikama & Habe, 1968
* ''Kurodaconus'' Shikama & Habe, 1968
* ''Lamniconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Lamniconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Lautoconus'' <small>Monterosato, 1923</small>
* ''Lautoconus'' <small>Monterosato, 1923</small>
* ''Lautoconus (Lautoconus)'' <small>Monterosato, 1923</small>
* ''Leporiconus'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Leporiconus'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Leptoconus'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Leptoconus'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Leptoconus (Phasmoconus)'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Leptoconus (Calibanus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Leptoconus (Chelyconus)'' <small>Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Leptoconus (Gradiconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Leptoconus (Graphiconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Leptoconus (Lamniconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Leptoconus (Phasmoconus)'' <small>Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Leptoconus (Protoconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Leptoconus (Purpuriconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Leptoconus (Rhizoconus)'' <small>Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Leptoconus (Thoraconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Lindaconus'' <small>Petuch, 2002</small>
* ''Lindaconus'' <small>Petuch, 2002</small>
* ''Lithoconus'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Lithoconus'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Lividiconus'' [lapsus]
* ''Lividoconus'' <small>Wils, 1970</small>
* ''Lividoconus'' <small>Wils, 1970</small>
* ''Magelliconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Magelliconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
Line 151: Line 174:
* ''Nimboconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Nimboconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Nitidoconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Nitidoconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Ongoconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Nubecula'' <small>Herrmanssen, 1847</small>
* ''Papyriconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Papyriconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Phasmoconus'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Phasmoconus'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Phasmoconus (Fulgiconus)'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Phasmoconus'' (''Fulgiconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Phasmoconus'' (''Graphiconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Phasmoconus'' (''Phasmoconus'') <small>Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Pictoconus'' <small>Limpalaër & Monnier, 2018</small>
* ''Pionoconus'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Pionoconus'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Plicaustraconus'' <small>Moolenbeek, 2008</small>
* ''Plicaustraconus'' <small>Moolenbeek, 2008</small>
Line 161: Line 187:
* ''Protostrioconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Protostrioconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Pseudohermes'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Pseudohermes'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Pseudolilliconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Pseudonoduloconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Pseudonoduloconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Pseudopterygia'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Pseudopterygia'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
Line 178: Line 203:
* ''Sciteconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Sciteconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Seminoleconus''<small> Petuch, 2003</small>
* ''Seminoleconus''<small> Petuch, 2003</small>
* ''Socioconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Splinoconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Spuriconus''<small> Petuch, 2003</small>
* ''Spuriconus''<small> Petuch, 2003</small>
* ''Stellaconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Stellaconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Stephanoconus'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Stephanoconus'' <small> Mörch, 1852</small>
* ''Strategoconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Strategoconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Strategoconus'' (''Vituliconus'') <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Strioconus'' <small>Thiele, 1929</small>
* ''Strioconus'' <small>Thiele, 1929</small>
* ''Sulciconus'' <small>Bielz, 1869</small>
* ''Sulciconus'' <small>Bielz, 1869</small>
Line 190: Line 214:
* ''Tesselliconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Tesselliconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Textilia'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Textilia'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Thalassiconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Textiliinae'' <small>da Motta, 1995</small>
* ''Theliconus'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small> (objective synonym of ''Hermes'')
* ''Thalassiconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>)
* ''Thoraconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Thoraconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Trovaoconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Trovaoconus'' <small>Tucker & Tenorio, 2009</small>
* ''Tuckericonus'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small>
* ''Tuckericonus'' <small>Petuch, 2013</small>
* ''Tuliparia'' <small>Swainson, 1840</small>
* ''Turriconus'' <small>Shikama & Habe, 1968</small>
* ''Turriconus'' <small>Shikama & Habe, 1968</small>
* ''Turriconus'' (''Kurodaconus'') <small>Shikama & Habe, 1968</small>
* ''Turriconus'' (''Mitraconus'') <small>J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2013</small>
* ''Turriconus'' (''Turriconus '') <small>Shikama & Habe, 1968</small>
* ''Utriculus'' <small>Schumacher, 1817</small>
* ''Utriculus'' <small>Schumacher, 1817</small>
* ''Varioconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Varioconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
Line 202: Line 228:
* ''Virroconus'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Virroconus'' <small>Iredale, 1930</small>
* ''Vituliconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
* ''Vituliconus'' <small>da Motta, 1991</small>
{{div col end}}
{{hidden end}}
}}
[[File:Conus pelagicus Brocchi 1814Pliocene Cyprus.jpg|thumb|200 px|Fossil ''Conus pelagicus'' from the Pliocene of Cyprus]]

'''''Conus''''' is a [[genus]] of venomous and predatory [[sea snail]]s, or [[cone snail]]s, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]]s in the family [[Conidae]].<ref name="WoRMS">Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137813 on 2015-11-12</ref> Prior to 2009, it included all cone snail species but is now more precisely defined, as are other cone snail genera.

==Description==
The thick shell of species in the genus ''Conus'' [[sensu stricto]], is obconic, with the [[Whorl (mollusc)|whorl]]s enrolled upon themselves. The spire is short, smooth or tuberculated. The narrow [[Aperture (mollusc)|aperture]] is elongated with parallel margins and is truncated at the base. The [[Operculum (gastropod)|operculum]] is very small relative to the size of the shell. It is corneous, narrowly elongated, with an apical nucleus, and the impression of the [[Skeletal muscle|muscular]] attachment varies from one-half to two-thirds of the inner surface. The outer lip shows a slight sutural sinus.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/manualconch06tryorich G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences]</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
Species in the genus ''Conus'' [[sensu stricto]] can be found in the tropical and subtropical seas of the world, at depths ranging from the [[sublittoral]] (c. 200 m) to 1,000 m (656 to 3,280 ft). They are very variable in some of their characters, such as the tuberculation of the [[Spire (mollusc)|spire]] and [[body whorl]], striae, colors and the pattern of coloring.

The oldest known fossil of ''Conus'' is from the lower [[Eocene]], about 55 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duda |first1=Thomas F. Jr. |last2=Kohn |first2=Alan J. |date=February 2005 |title=Species-level pylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus ''Conus'' |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S105579030400291X |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=2 |at=Abstract, Introduction |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.09.012 |pmid=15619440 |bibcode=2005MolPE..34..257D |via=Science Direct}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
[[List of Conus species]]
* [[Cone snail]]: general characteristics.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* Röckel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A.J. 1995. ''Manual of the Living Conidae. Volume 1: Indo-Pacific Region''. Wiesbaden : Hemmen 517 pp.
* Röckel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A.J. 1995. ''Manual of the Living Conidae. Volume 1: Indo-Pacific Region''. Wiesbaden : Hemmen 517 pp.
* Filmer R.M. (2001). ''A Catalogue of Nomenclature and Taxonomy in the Living Conidae 1758 - 1998''. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 388pp.
* Filmer R.M. (2001). ''A Catalogue of Nomenclature and Taxonomy in the Living Conidae 1758 - 1998''. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 388pp.
* Tucker J.K. (2009). ''Recent cone species database''. September 4, 2009 Edition
* Tucker J.K. (2009). ''Recent cone species database''. September 4, 2009 Edition
* Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) ''Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods''. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp
* Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) ''Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods''. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp
* Monnier E., Limpalaër L., Robin A. & Roux C. (2018). ''A taxonomic iconography of living Conidae''. Harxheim: ConchBooks. 2 vols. 1205 pp.page(s): 345
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyu055 Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). ''One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails.'' Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1-23]
* [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyu055 Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). ''One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails.'' Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1-23]


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Kohn A. A. (1992). Chronological Taxonomy of ''Conus'', 1758-1840. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
* {{Cite book |last=Kohn |first=A. A. |year=1992 |title=Chronological Taxonomy of ''Conus'', 1758–1840 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=9781560980940 |oclc=24009184}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Conus}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1247092}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Conus| ]]
[[Category:Conidae]]
[[Category:Conidae]]
[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Gastropod genera]]

Latest revision as of 10:14, 29 May 2024

This article is about the genus of snails. For the continguous area of the United States (CONUS), see Contiguous United States. For people with the surname "Conus", and other uses, see Conus (disambiguation).

Conus
Temporal range: Eocene–Recent
Apertural and abapertural views of shell of Conus abbas
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Neogastropoda
Superfamily: Conoidea
Family: Conidae
Genus: Conus
Linnaeus, 1758[1]
Type species
Conus marmoreus (type species of Conus (Conus)
Species

See List of Conus species

Synonyms[1]
List
  • Afonsoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Africonus Petuch, 1975
  • Afroconus Petuch, 1975 [lapsus]
  • Arubaconus Petuch, 2013
  • Asprella Schaufuss, 1869
  • Atlanticonus Petuch & Sargent, 2012
  • Attenuiconus Petuch, 2013
  • Austroconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Bermudaconus Petuch, 2013
  • Brasiliconus Petuch, 2013
  • Calamiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Calibanus da Motta, 1991
  • Cariboconus Petuch, 2003
  • Chelyconus Mörch, 1852
  • Cleobula Iredale, 1930
  • Conasprella (Varioconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conasprelloides Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Continuconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Conus (Afonsoconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Conus (Asprella) Schaufuss, 1869
  • Conus (Atlanticonus) Petuch & Sargent, 2012
  • Conus (Attenuiconus) Petuch, 2013
  • Conus (Austroconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Conus (Bermudaconus) Petuch, 2013
  • Conus (Brasiliconus) Petuch, 2013
  • Conus (Calibanus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Chelyconus) Mörch, 1852
  • Conus (Conus) Linnaeus, 1758
  • Conus (Coronaxis) Swainson, 1840
  • Conus (Cylinder) Montfort, 1810
  • Conus (Cylindrella) Swainson, 1840
  • Conus (Darioconus) Iredale, 1930
  • Conus (Dauciconus) Cotton, 1945
  • Conus (Dendroconus) Swainson, 1840
  • Conus (Ductoconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Elisaconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Conus (Embrikena) Iredale, 1937
  • Conus (Eremiconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Conus (Eugeniconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Floraconus) Iredale, 1930
  • Conus (Fraterconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Conus (Fulgiconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Gastridium) Modeer, 1793
  • Conus (Genuanoconus) J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Conus (Harmoniconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Hermes) Montfort, 1810
  • Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Kellyconus) Petuch, 2013
  • Conus (Kioconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Klemaeconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Conus (Lamniconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Lautoconus) Monterosato, 1923
  • Conus (Leporiconus) Iredale, 1930
  • Conus (Leptoconus) Swainson, 1840
  • Conus (Lindaconus) Petuch, 2002
  • Conus (Lithoconus) Mörch, 1852
  • Conus (Lividoconus) Wils, 1970
  • Conus (Magelliconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Malagasyconus) Monnier & Tenorio, 2015
  • Conus (Monteiroconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Papyriconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Conus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852
  • Conus (Pionoconus) Mörch, 1852
  • Conus (Plicaustraconus) Moolenbeek, 2008
  • Conus (Pseudonoduloconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Conus (Pseudopterygia) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Conus (Puncticulis) Swainson, 1840
  • Conus (Purpuriconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Pyruconus) Olsson, 1967
  • Conus (Quasiconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Conus (Rhizoconus) Mörch, 1852
  • Conus (Rubroconus) Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Conus (Sandericonus) Petuch, 2013
  • Conus (Sciteconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Spuriconus) Petuch, 2003
  • Conus (Stephanoconus) Mörch, 1852
  • Conus (Strategoconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Strioconus) Thiele, 1929
  • Conus (Tesselliconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Conus (Textilia) Swainson, 1840
  • Conus (Theliconus) Swainson, 1840
  • Conus (Turriconus) Shikama & Habe, 1968
  • Conus (Virgiconus) Cotton, 1945
  • Conus (Virroconus) Iredale, 1930
  • Conus (Vituliconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Cornutoconus Suzuki, 1972
  • Coronaxis Swainson, 1840
  • Coronaxis (Cylindrella) Swainson, 1840
  • Coronaxis (Tuliparia) Swainson, 1840
  • Cucullus Röding, 1798
  • Cylinder Montfort, 1810
  • Cylindrus Batsch, 1789
  • Darioconus Iredale, 1930
  • Dauciconus Cotton, 1945
  • Dendroconus Swainson, 1840
  • Dendroconus (Erythroconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Dendroconus (Harmoniconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Dendroconus (Ketyconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Dendroconus (Lithoconus) Mörch, 1852
  • Dendroconus (Sciteconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Dendroconus (Socioconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Dendroconus (Splinoconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Dendroconus (Strioconus) Thiele, 1929
  • Dendroconus (Tesselliconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Ductoconus da Motta, 1991
  • Dyraspis Iredale, 1949
  • Elisaconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Embrikena Iredale, 1937
  • Eremiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Erythroconus da Motta, 1991
  • Eugeniconus da Motta, 1991
  • Floraconus Iredale, 1930
  • Floraconus (Sciteconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Fraterconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Fulgiconus da Motta, 1991
  • Gastridium Modeer, 1793
  • Genuanoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Gladioconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Gradiconus da Motta, 1991
  • Graphiconus da Motta, 1991
  • Harmoniconus da Motta, 1991
  • Hermes Montfort, 1810
  • Hermes (Heroconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Hermes (Hermes) da Motta, 1991
  • Isoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Kalloconus da Motta, 1991
  • Kalloconus (Trovaoconus) ) J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Kellyconus Petuch, 2013
  • Ketyconus da Motta, 1991
  • Kioconus da Motta, 1991
  • Kioconus (Isoconus) J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Kioconus (Ongoconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Klemaeconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Kurodaconus Shikama & Habe, 1968
  • Lamniconus da Motta, 1991
  • Lautoconus Monterosato, 1923
  • Lautoconus (Lautoconus) Monterosato, 1923
  • Leporiconus Iredale, 1930
  • Leptoconus Swainson, 1840
  • Leptoconus (Calibanus) da Motta, 1991
  • Leptoconus (Chelyconus) Mörch, 1852
  • Leptoconus (Gradiconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Leptoconus (Graphiconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Leptoconus (Lamniconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Leptoconus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852
  • Leptoconus (Protoconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Leptoconus (Purpuriconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Leptoconus (Rhizoconus) Mörch, 1852
  • Leptoconus (Thoraconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Lindaconus Petuch, 2002
  • Lithoconus Mörch, 1852
  • Lividiconus [lapsus]
  • Lividoconus Wils, 1970
  • Magelliconus da Motta, 1991
  • Miliariconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Mitraconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Monteiroconus da Motta, 1991
  • Nataliconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Nimboconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Nitidoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Nubecula Herrmanssen, 1847
  • Papyriconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Phasmoconus Mörch, 1852
  • Phasmoconus (Fulgiconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Phasmoconus (Graphiconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Phasmoconus (Phasmoconus) Mörch, 1852
  • Pictoconus Limpalaër & Monnier, 2018
  • Pionoconus Mörch, 1852
  • Plicaustraconus Moolenbeek, 2008
  • Poremskiconus Petuch, 2013
  • Protoconus da Motta, 1991 (Invalid: junior homonym of Protoconus Yu, 1979 and Protoconus Stinchcomb, 1986; Tenorioconus is a replacement name)
  • Protostrioconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Pseudohermes Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Pseudonoduloconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Pseudopterygia Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Puncticulis Swainson, 1840
  • Purpuriconus da Motta, 1991
  • Pyruconus Olsson, 1967
  • Quasiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Regiconus Iredale, 1930
  • Rhizoconus Mörch, 1852
  • Rhombiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Rhombus Montfort, 1810 (Invalid: junior homonym of Rhombus Walbaum, 1792 [Pisces])
  • Rolaniconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Rollus Montfort, 1810
  • Rubroconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Sandericonus Petuch, 2013
  • Sciteconus da Motta, 1991
  • Seminoleconus Petuch, 2003
  • Spuriconus Petuch, 2003
  • Stellaconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Stephanoconus Mörch, 1852
  • Strategoconus da Motta, 1991
  • Strategoconus (Vituliconus) da Motta, 1991
  • Strioconus Thiele, 1929
  • Sulciconus Bielz, 1869
  • Taranteconus Azuma, 1972
  • Tenorioconus Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011
  • Tesselliconus da Motta, 1991
  • Textilia Swainson, 1840
  • Textiliinae da Motta, 1995
  • Thalassiconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2013)
  • Thoraconus da Motta, 1991
  • Trovaoconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009
  • Tuckericonus Petuch, 2013
  • Turriconus Shikama & Habe, 1968
  • Turriconus (Kurodaconus) Shikama & Habe, 1968
  • Turriconus (Mitraconus) J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2013
  • Turriconus (Turriconus ) Shikama & Habe, 1968
  • Utriculus Schumacher, 1817
  • Varioconus da Motta, 1991
  • Virgiconus Cotton, 1945
  • Virroconus Iredale, 1930
  • Vituliconus da Motta, 1991
Fossil Conus pelagicus from the Pliocene of Cyprus

Conus is a genus of venomous and predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.[1] Prior to 2009, it included all cone snail species but is now more precisely defined, as are other cone snail genera.

Description

[edit]

The thick shell of species in the genus Conus sensu stricto, is obconic, with the whorls enrolled upon themselves. The spire is short, smooth or tuberculated. The narrow aperture is elongated with parallel margins and is truncated at the base. The operculum is very small relative to the size of the shell. It is corneous, narrowly elongated, with an apical nucleus, and the impression of the muscular attachment varies from one-half to two-thirds of the inner surface. The outer lip shows a slight sutural sinus.[2]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Species in the genus Conus sensu stricto can be found in the tropical and subtropical seas of the world, at depths ranging from the sublittoral (c. 200 m) to 1,000 m (656 to 3,280 ft). They are very variable in some of their characters, such as the tuberculation of the spire and body whorl, striae, colors and the pattern of coloring.

The oldest known fossil of Conus is from the lower Eocene, about 55 million years ago.[3]

See also

[edit]

List of Conus species

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137813 on 2015-11-12
  2. ^ G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences
  3. ^ Duda, Thomas F. Jr.; Kohn, Alan J. (February 2005). "Species-level pylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 34 (2). Abstract, Introduction. Bibcode:2005MolPE..34..257D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.09.012. PMID 15619440 – via Science Direct.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Kohn, A. A. (1992). Chronological Taxonomy of Conus, 1758–1840. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 9781560980940. OCLC 24009184.
[edit]
  • Media related to Conus at Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conus&oldid=1226230983"