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{{Short description|Artificial plasmid}}
{{lowercase title}}
{{lowercase title}}
[[File:pBR322.svg|thumb|A schematic representation of the pBR322 vector with restriction sites indicated in blue.]]
[[File:pBR322.svg|thumb|A schematic representation of the pBR322 vector with restriction sites indicated in blue.]]
'''pBR322''' is a [[plasmid]] and was one of the first widely used ''[[E. coli]]'' [[cloning]] [[Vector (molecular biology)|vector]]s. Created in 1977 in the laboratory of [[Herbert Boyer]] at the [[University of California, San Francisco]], it was named after the [[postdoctoral research]]ers who constructed it. The p stands for "plasmid," and BR for "Bolivar" and "Rodriguez."
'''pBR322''' is a [[plasmid]] and was one of the first widely used ''[[E. coli]]'' [[cloning]] [[Vector (molecular biology)|vector]]s. Created in 1977 in the laboratory of [[Herbert Boyer]] at the [[University of California, San Francisco]], it was named after [[Francisco Bolivar Zapata]], the [[postdoctoral research]]er and [[Raymond L. Rodriguez]]. The p stands for "plasmid," and BR for "Bolivar" and "Rodriguez."


pBR322 is 4361 base pairs in length<ref>{{cite journal | author=Watson, N. | title=A new revision of the sequence of plasmid pBR322 | journal=Gene | volume=70| pages=399–403| year =1988 | pmid=3063608 | doi=10.1016/0378-1119(88)90212-0 | issue=2}}</ref> and has two antibiotic resistance genes – the [[gene]] ''[[Beta-lactamase|bla]]'' encoding the [[ampicillin]] [[Antibiotic resistance|resistance]] (Amp<sup>R</sup>) [[protein]], and the gene ''tetA'' encoding the [[tetracycline]] resistance (Tet<sup>R</sup>) protein. It contains the [[origin of replication]] of pMB1, and the ''[[rop protein|rop]]'' gene, which encodes a restrictor of plasmid copy number. The plasmid has unique [[restriction sites]] for more than forty [[restriction enzymes]]. Eleven of these forty sites lie within the Tet<sup>R</sup> gene. There are two sites for restriction enzymes [[HindIII]] and [[ClaI]] within the [[promoter (genetics)|promoter]] of the Tet<sup>R</sup> gene. There are six key [[restriction sites]] inside the Amp<sup>R</sup> gene.<ref name=Balbas1986>{{cite journal |vauthors=Balbás P, Soberón X, Merino E, Zurita M, Lomeli H, Valle F, Flores N, Bolivar F |title=Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special-purpose derivatives--a review |journal=Gene |volume=50 |issue=1-3 |pages=3–40 |year=1986 |pmid=3034735 |doi= 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90307-0|url=}}</ref>
pBR322 is 4361 base pairs in length<ref>{{cite journal | author=Watson, N. | title=A new revision of the sequence of plasmid pBR322 | journal=Gene | volume=70| pages=399–403| year =1988 | pmid=3063608 | doi=10.1016/0378-1119(88)90212-0 | issue=2}}</ref> and has two [[Antimicrobial resistance|antibiotic resistance]] genes – the [[gene]] ''[[Beta-lactamase|bla]]'' encoding the [[ampicillin]] resistance (Amp<sup>R</sup>) [[protein]], and the gene ''tetA'' encoding the [[tetracycline]] resistance (Tet<sup>R</sup>) protein. It contains the [[origin of replication]] of pMB1, and the ''[[rop protein|rop]]'' gene, which encodes a restrictor of [[plasmid copy number]]. The plasmid has unique [[restriction sites]] for more than forty [[restriction enzymes]]. Eleven of these forty sites lie within the Tet<sup>R</sup> gene. There are two sites for restriction enzymes [[HindIII]] and [[ClaI]] within the [[promoter (genetics)|promoter]] of the Tet<sup>R</sup> gene. There are six key [[restriction sites]] inside the Amp<sup>R</sup> gene.The source of these antibiotic resistance genes are from pSC101 for Tetracycline and RSF2124 for Ampicillin.<ref name=Balbas1986>{{cite journal |vauthors=Balbás P, Soberón X, Merino E, Zurita M, Lomeli H, Valle F, Flores N, Bolivar F |title=Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special-purpose derivatives--a review |journal=Gene |volume=50 |issue=1–3 |pages=3–40 |year=1986 |pmid=3034735 |doi= 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90307-0}}</ref>


The circular sequence is numbered such that 0 is the middle of the unique EcoRI site and the count increases through the Tet<sup>R</sup> gene. The Amp<sup>R</sup> gene is [[penicillin]] [[beta-lactamase]]. Promoters P1 and P3 are for the beta-lactamase gene. P3 is the natural promoter, and P1 is artificially created by the [[DNA ligase|ligation]] of two different DNA fragments to create pBR322. P2 is in the same region as P1, but it is on the opposite strand and initiates [[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]] in the direction of the tetracycline resistance gene.<ref name=seq>{{cite web | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nuccore&id=208958 |title=pBR322 Nucleotide Sequences, NCBI Sequence Viewer v2.0}}</ref>
The circular sequence is numbered such that 0 is the middle of the unique [[EcoRI]] site and the count increases through the Tet<sup>R</sup> gene. If we have to remove ampicillin for instance, we must use restriction endonuclease or molecular scissors against [[PstI]] and then pBR322 will become anti-resistant to ampicillin. The same process of Insertional Inactivation can be applied to Tetracycline. The Amp<sup>R</sup> gene is [[penicillin]] [[beta-lactamase]]. Promoters P1 and P3 are for the beta-lactamase gene. P3 is the natural promoter, and P1 is artificially created by the [[DNA ligase|ligation]] of two different DNA fragments to create pBR322. P2 is in the same region as P1, but it is on the opposite strand and initiates [[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]] in the direction of the tetracycline resistance gene.<ref name=seq>{{cite web | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nuccore&id=208958 |title=pBR322 Nucleotide Sequences, NCBI Sequence Viewer v2.0|date=30 September 2008 }}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
Early cloning experiments may be conducted using natural plasmids such the [[ColE1]] and [[pSC101]]. Each of these plasmids may have its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the [[ColE1]] plasmid and its derivatives have the advantage of higher copy number and allow for [[chloramphenicol]] amplification of plasmid to produce a high yield of plasmid, however screening for immunity to [[colicin]] E1 is not technically simple.<ref name=old /> The plasmid pSC101, a natural plasmid from ''Salmonella panama'',<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Mol. Microbiol. |date=February 1991|volume=5|issue=2|pages=233–7|title=The replication of plasmid pSC101 |vauthors=Manen D, Caro L |pmid= 2041467 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02103.x}}</ref> confers [[tetracycline]] resistance which allows for simpler screening process with antibiotic selection, but it is a low copy number plasmid which does not give a high yield of plasmid. Another plasmid, RSF 2124, which is a derivative of ColE1, confers ampicillin resistance but is larger.
Early cloning experiments may be conducted using natural plasmids such the [[ColE1]] and [[pSC101]]. Each of these plasmids may have its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the [[ColE1]] plasmid and its derivatives have the advantage of higher copy number and allow for [[chloramphenicol]] amplification of plasmid to produce a high yield of plasmid, however screening for immunity to [[colicin]] E1 is not technically simple.<ref name=old /> The plasmid pSC101, a natural plasmid from ''Salmonella panama'',<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Mol. Microbiol. |date=February 1991|volume=5|issue=2|pages=233–7|title=The replication of plasmid pSC101 |vauthors=Manen D, Caro L |pmid= 2041467 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02103.x|s2cid=37314534 }}</ref> confers [[tetracycline]] resistance which allows for simpler screening process with antibiotic selection, but it is a low copy number plasmid which does not give a high yield of plasmid. Another plasmid, RSF 2124, which is a derivative of ColE1, confers ampicillin resistance but is larger.


Many other plasmids were artificially constructed to create one that would be ideal for cloning purpose, and pBR322 was found to be most versatile by many and was therefore the one most popularly used.<ref name=old>{{cite book |title=Principles of Gene Manipulation |author=R.W. Old |author2=S.B. Primrose |last-author-amp=yes |pages= 53&ndash;61 |edition=5th }}</ref> It has two antibiotic resistance genes, as [[selectable markers]], and a number of convenient unique restriction sites that made it suitable as a [[cloning vector]]. The plasmid was constructed with genetic material from 3 main sources – the [[tetracycline]] resistance gene of pSC101, the ampicillin resistance gene of RSF 2124, and the [[origin of replication|replication elements]] of pMB1, a close relative of the [[ColE1]] plasmid.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Gene |date= 1977|volume= 2 |issue=2|pages=75–93|title=Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. I. Ampicillin-resistant derivatives of the plasmid pMB9 |vauthors=Bolivar F, Rodriguez RL, Betlach MC, Boyer HW|pmid=344136 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(77)90074-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Gene|date= 1977|volume=2|issue=2|pages=95–113 |title=Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multipurpose cloning system|vauthors=Bolivar F, Rodriguez RL, Greene PJ, Betlach MC, Heyneker HL, Boyer HW, Crosa JH, Falkow S |pmid=344137 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(77)90000-2}}</ref>
Many other plasmids were artificially constructed to create one that would be ideal for cloning purpose, and pBR322 was found to be most versatile by many and was therefore the one most popularly used.<ref name=old>{{cite book |title=Principles of Gene Manipulation |author=R.W. Old |author2=S.B. Primrose |name-list-style=amp |pages= 53&ndash;61 |edition=5th }}</ref> It has two antibiotic resistance genes, as [[selectable markers]], and a number of convenient unique restriction sites that made it suitable as a [[cloning vector]]. The plasmid was constructed with genetic material from 3 main sources – the [[tetracycline]] resistance gene of pSC101, the ampicillin resistance gene of RSF 2124, and the [[origin of replication|replication elements]] of pMB1, a close relative of the [[ColE1]] plasmid.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Gene |date= 1977|volume= 2 |issue=2|pages=75–93|title=Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. I. Ampicillin-resistant derivatives of the plasmid pMB9 |vauthors=Bolivar F, Rodriguez RL, Betlach MC, Boyer HW|pmid=344136 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(77)90074-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Gene|date= 1977|volume=2|issue=2|pages=95–113 |title=Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multipurpose cloning system|vauthors=Bolivar F, Rodriguez RL, Greene PJ, Betlach MC, Heyneker HL, Boyer HW, Crosa JH, Falkow S |pmid=344137 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(77)90000-2}}</ref>


A large number of other plasmids based on pBR322 have since been constructed specifically designed for a wide variety of purposes.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://pharmareview.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/principle-of-gene-manipulation-and-genomics-by-sandy-b-primrose-richard-twyman.pdf |title=Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics |author=S.B. Primrose |author2=R.M Twyman |last-author-amp=yes |pages=64–65 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|edition= 7th |date= 17 January 2006 |isbn= 978-1405135443 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal =Gene |date=1986 |volume=50|issue=1-3|pages=3–40 |title=Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special-purpose derivatives--a review. |vauthors=Balbás P, Soberón X, Merino E, Zurita M, Lomeli H, Valle F, Flores N, Bolivar F |pmid= 3034735 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(86)90307-0}}</ref> Examples include the [[pUC19|pUC]] series of plasmids.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Gene|date= 1985|volume=33|issue=1|pages=103–19 |title=Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors |vauthors=Yanisch-Perron C, Vieira J, Messing J |pmid=2985470 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(85)90120-9}}</ref> Most [[expression vector]]s for extrachromosomal protein expression and [[shuttle vector]]s contain the pBR322 origin of replication, and fragments of pBR322 are very popular in the construction of intraspecies shuttle or binary vectors and vectors for targeted integration and excision of DNA from chromosome.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=72AGbwPNyFMC&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Recombinant Gene Expression: Reviews and Protocols |editor= Paulina Balbás |editor2= Argelia Lorence |pages=77–85 |publisher=Humana Press Inc. |edition= 2nd |date= April 2004 |isbn= 978-1592597741 }}</ref>
A large number of other plasmids based on pBR322 have since been constructed specifically designed for a wide variety of purposes.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://pharmareview.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/principle-of-gene-manipulation-and-genomics-by-sandy-b-primrose-richard-twyman.pdf |title=Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics |author=S.B. Primrose |author2=R.M Twyman |name-list-style=amp |pages=64–65 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|edition= 7th |date= 17 January 2006 |isbn= 978-1405135443 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal =Gene |date=1986 |volume=50|issue=1–3|pages=3–40 |title=Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special-purpose derivatives--a review. |vauthors=Balbás P, Soberón X, Merino E, Zurita M, Lomeli H, Valle F, Flores N, Bolivar F |pmid= 3034735 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(86)90307-0}}</ref> Examples include the [[pUC19|pUC]] series of plasmids.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Gene|date= 1985|volume=33|issue=1|pages=103–19 |title=Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors |vauthors=Yanisch-Perron C, Vieira J, Messing J |pmid=2985470 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(85)90120-9}}</ref> Most [[expression vector]]s for extrachromosomal protein expression and [[shuttle vector]]s contain the pBR322 origin of replication, and fragments of pBR322 are very popular in the construction of intraspecies shuttle or binary vectors and vectors for targeted integration and excision of DNA from chromosome.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/recombinantgenee00balb_0 |url-access= registration |title=Recombinant Gene Expression: Reviews and Protocols |editor= Paulina Balbás |editor2= Argelia Lorence |pages=[https://archive.org/details/recombinantgenee00balb_0/page/77 77]–85 |publisher=Humana Press Inc. |edition= 2nd |date= April 2004 |isbn= 978-1592597741 }}</ref>


==DNA sequence==
==DNA sequence==
{{missing information|section|annotation: what basepairs are what}}
{{missing information|section|annotation: what basepairs are what|date=March 2019}}
The sequence in pBR322 is<ref name=seq />
The sequence in pBR322 is<ref name=seq />
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[[Category:DNA mobile genetic elements]]
[[Category:DNA mobile genetic elements]]
[[Category:Molecular biology techniques]]
[[Category:Molecular biology techniques]]
[[Category:Plasmids]]

Latest revision as of 06:28, 25 July 2024

A schematic representation of the pBR322 vector with restriction sites indicated in blue.

pBR322 is a plasmid and was one of the first widely used E. coli cloning vectors. Created in 1977 in the laboratory of Herbert Boyer at the University of California, San Francisco, it was named after Francisco Bolivar Zapata, the postdoctoral researcher and Raymond L. Rodriguez. The p stands for "plasmid," and BR for "Bolivar" and "Rodriguez."

pBR322 is 4361 base pairs in length[1] and has two antibiotic resistance genes – the gene bla encoding the ampicillin resistance (AmpR) protein, and the gene tetA encoding the tetracycline resistance (TetR) protein. It contains the origin of replication of pMB1, and the rop gene, which encodes a restrictor of plasmid copy number. The plasmid has unique restriction sites for more than forty restriction enzymes. Eleven of these forty sites lie within the TetR gene. There are two sites for restriction enzymes HindIII and ClaI within the promoter of the TetR gene. There are six key restriction sites inside the AmpR gene.The source of these antibiotic resistance genes are from pSC101 for Tetracycline and RSF2124 for Ampicillin.[2]

The circular sequence is numbered such that 0 is the middle of the unique EcoRI site and the count increases through the TetR gene. If we have to remove ampicillin for instance, we must use restriction endonuclease or molecular scissors against PstI and then pBR322 will become anti-resistant to ampicillin. The same process of Insertional Inactivation can be applied to Tetracycline. The AmpR gene is penicillin beta-lactamase. Promoters P1 and P3 are for the beta-lactamase gene. P3 is the natural promoter, and P1 is artificially created by the ligation of two different DNA fragments to create pBR322. P2 is in the same region as P1, but it is on the opposite strand and initiates transcription in the direction of the tetracycline resistance gene.[3]

Background

[edit]

Early cloning experiments may be conducted using natural plasmids such the ColE1 and pSC101. Each of these plasmids may have its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the ColE1 plasmid and its derivatives have the advantage of higher copy number and allow for chloramphenicol amplification of plasmid to produce a high yield of plasmid, however screening for immunity to colicin E1 is not technically simple.[4] The plasmid pSC101, a natural plasmid from Salmonella panama,[5] confers tetracycline resistance which allows for simpler screening process with antibiotic selection, but it is a low copy number plasmid which does not give a high yield of plasmid. Another plasmid, RSF 2124, which is a derivative of ColE1, confers ampicillin resistance but is larger.

Many other plasmids were artificially constructed to create one that would be ideal for cloning purpose, and pBR322 was found to be most versatile by many and was therefore the one most popularly used.[4] It has two antibiotic resistance genes, as selectable markers, and a number of convenient unique restriction sites that made it suitable as a cloning vector. The plasmid was constructed with genetic material from 3 main sources – the tetracycline resistance gene of pSC101, the ampicillin resistance gene of RSF 2124, and the replication elements of pMB1, a close relative of the ColE1 plasmid.[6][7]

A large number of other plasmids based on pBR322 have since been constructed specifically designed for a wide variety of purposes.[8][9] Examples include the pUC series of plasmids.[10] Most expression vectors for extrachromosomal protein expression and shuttle vectors contain the pBR322 origin of replication, and fragments of pBR322 are very popular in the construction of intraspecies shuttle or binary vectors and vectors for targeted integration and excision of DNA from chromosome.[11]

DNA sequence

[edit]

The sequence in pBR322 is[3]

pBR322 
       1 ttctcatgtt tgacagctta tcatcgataa gctttaatgc ggtagtttat cacagttaaa
      61 ttgctaacgc agtcaggcac cgtgtatgaa atctaacaat gcgctcatcg tcatcctcgg
     121 caccgtcacc ctggatgctg taggcatagg cttggttatg ccggtactgc cgggcctctt
     181 gcgggatatc gtccattccg acagcatcgc cagtcactat ggcgtgctgc tagcgctata
     241 tgcgttgatg caatttctat gcgcacccgt tctcggagca ctgtccgacc gctttggccg
     301 ccgcccagtc ctgctcgctt cgctacttgg agccactatc gactacgcga tcatggcgac
     361 cacacccgtc ctgtggatcc tctacgccgg acgcatcgtg gccggcatca ccggcgccac
     421 aggtgcggtt gctggcgcct atatcgccga catcaccgat ggggaagatc gggctcgcca
     481 cttcgggctc atgagcgctt gtttcggcgt gggtatggtg gcaggccccg tggccggggg
     541 actgttgggc gccatctcct tgcatgcacc attccttgcg gcggcggtgc tcaacggcct
     601 caacctacta ctgggctgct tcctaatgca ggagtcgcat aagggagagc gtcgaccgat
     661 gcccttgaga gccttcaacc cagtcagctc cttccggtgg gcgcggggca tgactatcgt
     721 cgccgcactt atgactgtct tctttatcat gcaactcgta ggacaggtgc cggcagcgct
     781 ctgggtcatt ttcggcgagg accgctttcg ctggagcgcg acgatgatcg gcctgtcgct
     841 tgcggtattc ggaatcttgc acgccctcgc tcaagccttc gtcactggtc ccgccaccaa
     901 acgtttcggc gagaagcagg ccattatcgc cggcatggcg gccgacgcgc tgggctacgt
     961 cttgctggcg ttcgcgacgc gaggctggat ggccttcccc attatgattc ttctcgcttc
    1021 cggcggcatc gggatgcccg cgttgcaggc catgctgtcc aggcaggtag atgacgacca
    1081 tcagggacag cttcaaggat cgctcgcggc tcttaccagc ctaacttcga tcactggacc
    1141 gctgatcgtc acggcgattt atgccgcctc ggcgagcaca tggaacgggt tggcatggat
    1201 tgtaggcgcc gccctatacc ttgtctgcct ccccgcgttg cgtcgcggtg catggagccg
    1261 ggccacctcg acctgaatgg aagccggcgg cacctcgcta acggattcac cactccaaga
    1321 attggagcca atcaattctt gcggagaact gtgaatgcgc aaaccaaccc ttggcagaac
    1381 atatccatcg cgtccgccat ctccagcagc cgcacgcggc gcatctcggg cagcgttggg
    1441 tcctggccac gggtgcgcat gatcgtgctc ctgtcgttga ggacccggct aggctggcgg
    1501 ggttgcctta ctggttagca gaatgaatca ccgatacgcg agcgaacgtg aagcgactgc
    1561 tgctgcaaaa cgtctgcgac ctgagcaaca acatgaatgg tcttcggttt ccgtgtttcg
    1621 taaagtctgg aaacgcggaa gtcagcgccc tgcaccatta tgttccggat ctgcatcgca
    1681 ggatgctgct ggctaccctg tggaacacct acatctgtat taacgaagcg ctggcattga
    1741 ccctgagtga tttttctctg gtcccgccgc atccataccg ccagttgttt accctcacaa
    1801 cgttccagta accgggcatg ttcatcatca gtaacccgta tcgtgagcat cctctctcgt
    1861 ttcatcggta tcattacccc catgaacaga aatccccctt acacggaggc atcagtgacc
    1921 aaacaggaaa aaaccgccct taacatggcc cgctttatca gaagccagac attaacgctt
    1981 ctggagaaac tcaacgagct ggacgcggat gaacaggcag acatctgtga atcgcttcac
    2041 gaccacgctg atgagcttta ccgcagctgc ctcgcgcgtt tcggtgatga cggtgaaaac
    2101 ctctgacaca tgcagctccc ggagacggtc acagcttgtc tgtaagcgga tgccgggagc
    2161 agacaagccc gtcagggcgc gtcagcgggt gttggcgggt gtcggggcgc agccatgacc
    2221 cagtcacgta gcgatagcgg agtgtatact ggcttaacta tgcggcatca gagcagattg
    2281 tactgagagt gcaccatatg cggtgtgaaa taccgcacag atgcgtaagg agaaaatacc
    2341 gcatcaggcg ctcttccgct tcctcgctca ctgactcgct gcgctcggtc gttcggctgc
    2401 ggcgagcggt atcagctcac tcaaaggcgg taatacggtt atccacagaa tcaggggata
    2461 acgcaggaaa gaacatgtga gcaaaaggcc agcaaaaggc caggaaccgt aaaaaggccg
    2521 cgttgctggc gtttttccat aggctccgcc cccctgacga gcatcacaaa aatcgacgct
    2581 caagtcagag gtggcgaaac ccgacaggac tataaagata ccaggcgttt ccccctggaa
    2641 gctccctcgt gcgctctcct gttccgaccc tgccgcttac cggatacctg tccgcctttc
    2701 tcccttcggg aagcgtggcg ctttctcata gctcacgctg taggtatctc agttcggtgt
    2761 aggtcgttcg ctccaagctg ggctgtgtgc acgaaccccc cgttcagccc gaccgctgcg
    2821 ccttatccgg taactatcgt cttgagtcca acccggtaag acacgactta tcgccactgg
    2881 cagcagccac tggtaacagg attagcagag cgaggtatgt aggcggtgct acagagttct
    2941 tgaagtggtg gcctaactac ggctacacta gaaggacagt atttggtatc tgcgctctgc
    3001 tgaagccagt taccttcgga aaaagagttg gtagctcttg atccggcaaa caaaccaccg
    3061 ctggtagcgg tggttttttt gtttgcaagc agcagattac gcgcagaaaa aaaggatctc
    3121 aagaagatcc tttgatcttt tctacggggt ctgacgctca gtggaacgaa aactcacgtt
    3181 aagggatttt ggtcatgaga ttatcaaaaa ggatcttcac ctagatcctt ttaaattaaa
    3241 aatgaagttt taaatcaatc taaagtatat atgagtaaac ttggtctgac agttaccaat
    3301 gcttaatcag tgaggcacct atctcagcga tctgtctatt tcgttcatcc atagttgcct
    3361 gactccccgt cgtgtagata actacgatac gggagggctt accatctggc cccagtgctg
    3421 caatgatacc gcgagaccca cgctcaccgg ctccagattt atcagcaata aaccagccag
    3481 ccggaagggc cgagcgcaga agtggtcctg caactttatc cgcctccatc cagtctatta
    3541 attgttgccg ggaagctaga gtaagtagtt cgccagttaa tagtttgcgc aacgttgttg
    3601 ccattgctgc aggcatcgtg gtgtcacgct cgtcgtttgg tatggcttca ttcagctccg
    3661 gttcccaacg atcaaggcga gttacatgat cccccatgtt gtgcaaaaaa gcggttagct
    3721 ccttcggtcc tccgatcgtt gtcagaagta agttggccgc agtgttatca ctcatggtta
    3781 tggcagcact gcataattct cttactgtca tgccatccgt aagatgcttt tctgtgactg
    3841 gtgagtactc aaccaagtca ttctgagaat agtgtatgcg gcgaccgagt tgctcttgcc
    3901 cggcgtcaac acgggataat accgcgccac atagcagaac tttaaaagtg ctcatcattg
    3961 gaaaacgttc ttcggggcga aaactctcaa ggatcttacc gctgttgaga tccagttcga
    4021 tgtaacccac tcgtgcaccc aactgatctt cagcatcttt tactttcacc agcgtttctg
    4081 ggtgagcaaa aacaggaagg caaaatgccg caaaaaaggg aataagggcg acacggaaat
    4141 gttgaatact catactcttc ctttttcaat attattgaag catttatcag ggttattgtc
    4201 tcatgagcgg atacatattt gaatgtattt agaaaaataa acaaataggg gttccgcgca
    4261 catttccccg aaaagtgcca cctgacgtct aagaaaccat tattatcatg acattaacct
    4321 ataaaaatag gcgtatcacg aggccctttc gtcttcaaga a

See also

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ Watson, N. (1988). "A new revision of the sequence of plasmid pBR322". Gene. 70 (2): 399–403. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(88)90212-0. PMID 3063608.
  2. ^ Balbás P, Soberón X, Merino E, Zurita M, Lomeli H, Valle F, Flores N, Bolivar F (1986). "Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special-purpose derivatives--a review". Gene. 50 (1–3): 3–40. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(86)90307-0. PMID 3034735.
  3. ^ a b "pBR322 Nucleotide Sequences, NCBI Sequence Viewer v2.0". 30 September 2008.
  4. ^ a b R.W. Old & S.B. Primrose. Principles of Gene Manipulation (5th ed.). pp. 53–61.
  5. ^ Manen D, Caro L (February 1991). "The replication of plasmid pSC101". Mol. Microbiol. 5 (2): 233–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02103.x. PMID 2041467. S2CID 37314534.
  6. ^ Bolivar F, Rodriguez RL, Betlach MC, Boyer HW (1977). "Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. I. Ampicillin-resistant derivatives of the plasmid pMB9". Gene. 2 (2): 75–93. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(77)90074-9. PMID 344136.
  7. ^ Bolivar F, Rodriguez RL, Greene PJ, Betlach MC, Heyneker HL, Boyer HW, Crosa JH, Falkow S (1977). "Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multipurpose cloning system". Gene. 2 (2): 95–113. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(77)90000-2. PMID 344137.
  8. ^ S.B. Primrose & R.M Twyman (17 January 2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics (PDF) (7th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1405135443.
  9. ^ Balbás P, Soberón X, Merino E, Zurita M, Lomeli H, Valle F, Flores N, Bolivar F (1986). "Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special-purpose derivatives--a review". Gene. 50 (1–3): 3–40. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(86)90307-0. PMID 3034735.
  10. ^ Yanisch-Perron C, Vieira J, Messing J (1985). "Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors". Gene. 33 (1): 103–19. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(85)90120-9. PMID 2985470.
  11. ^ Paulina Balbás; Argelia Lorence, eds. (April 2004). Recombinant Gene Expression: Reviews and Protocols (2nd ed.). Humana Press Inc. pp. 77–85. ISBN 978-1592597741.
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