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{{Short description|Former country in Indonesia}}
{{Short description|Former country in Indonesia}}
{{other uses|Bone}}
{{No footnotes|date=April 2009}}
{{Expand Indonesian|Kesultanan Bone|date=August 2014}}
{{Expand Indonesian|Kesultanan Bone|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|native_name = {{native name|bug|Akkarungeng ri Bone}}
| native_name = {{lang|bug|ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ ᨑᨗ ᨅᨚᨊᨛ}}<br>{{native name|bug|Akkarungeng ri Bone}}
|conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Bone
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Bone
|common_name = Bone
| common_name = Bone
|status = Dissolved
| status = Dissolved
|status_text = Part of [[Indonesia]]
| status_text = Part of [[Indonesia]]
| event_start =
| event_start =
| year_start = 14th century
| life_span = 14th century–1905; 1931–1950
| date_start =
| year_start = 14th century
⚫
| date_start =
|event_end= Loss of independence to the Dutch
| event_end = Loss of independence to the Dutch
|year_end = 1905<ref name="South Sulawesi">{{cite web |title=South Sulawesi |language=English |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Celebes |date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
| year_end = 1905<ref name="South Sulawesi">{{cite web |title=South Sulawesi |language=English |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Celebes |date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
|date_end =
|p1 =
| date_end =
| p1 =
|flag_p1 =
| flag_p1 =
|s1= Bone Regency
⚫
| s1 = Dutch East Indies
|flag_s1 = Lambang_Kabupaten_Bone.jpeg
⚫
| flag_s1 = Flag of the Netherlands.svg
⚫
|s2= Dutch East Indies
| s2 = Republic of Indonesia
⚫
|flag_s2 = Flag of the Netherlands.svg
|s3 = Republic of Indonesia
| flag_s2 = Flag of Indonesia.svg
|flag_s3 = Flag of Indonesia.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Bone.png
⚫
| image_coat =
|image_flag = Bendera Kesultanan Bone.png
⚫
| image_map = AMH-8027-KB Map of Celebes.jpg
⚫
|image_coat =
⚫
| image_map_caption =
⚫
|image_map = AMH-8027-KB Map of Celebes.jpg
⚫
| capital = [[Watampone]]
⚫
| image_map_caption =
⚫
| common_languages = [[Bugis language|Bugis]]
⚫
| capital = [[Watampone]]
⚫
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
⚫
| common_languages = [[Bugis language|Bugis]]
⚫
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
⚫
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| title_leader = Sultan, ''Arung Mangkaue' ri Bone''
⚫
|government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader1 = Manurunge ri Matajang
|title_leader = Sultan
|leader1 = Manurunge ri Matajang
| year_leader1 = 1300s
|year_leader1 = 1300s
| leader2 = Petta Panre Bessie
|leader2 = Petta Panre Bessie
| year_leader2 = 1358-1424
⚫
| leader3 = [[Arung Palakka|Sultan Saaduddin Arung Palakka]]
|year_leader2 = 1358-1424
| year_leader3 = 1672-1696
⚫
|leader3 = [[Arung_Palakka|La Tenritatta to Unru']]
|year_leader3 = 1672-1696
| leader4 = [[Andi Mappanyukki]]
|leader4 = [[Andi Mappanyukki]]
| year_leader4 = 1931-1946
|year_leader4 = 1931-1946, 1951-1964
| era =
|era =
| currency =
|currency =
| footnotes =
⚫
| today = [[Indonesia]]<br /> <small> (as [[Bone Regency]])</small>
⚫
|footnotes =
⚫
|today = [[Indonesia]]<br /> <small> (as [[Bone Regency]])</small>
}}
}}


Line 49: Line 48:
'''Bone''' (also ''Boni'', or ''Bone Saoraja'') was a [[sultanate]] in the south-west peninsula of what is now [[Sulawesi]] (formerly Celebes), a province of modern-day [[Indonesia]]. It came under Dutch rule in 1905, and was succeeded by the [[Bone Regency]].<ref name="South Sulawesi">{{cite web |title=South Sulawesi |language=English |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Celebes |date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
'''Bone''' (also ''Boni'', or ''Bone Saoraja'') was a [[sultanate]] in the south-west peninsula of what is now [[Sulawesi]] (formerly Celebes), a province of modern-day [[Indonesia]]. It came under Dutch rule in 1905, and was succeeded by the [[Bone Regency]].<ref name="South Sulawesi">{{cite web |title=South Sulawesi |language=English |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Celebes |date=16 December 2022}}</ref>


Covering an area of {{convert|2600|km2}}, Bone's chief town [[Boni (town)|Boni]], lay {{convert|130|km}} northeast of the city of [[Makassar]], home to the [[Bugis]] people.
Covering an area of {{convert|2600|km2}}{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}, Bone's chief town [[Boni (town)|Boni]], lay {{convert|130|km}} northeast of the city of [[Makassar]], home to the [[Bugis]] people.


[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Paleis van de vorstin van Bone op Celebes TMnr 60015648.jpg|thumb|Palace of the Sultan of Bone, {{circa}} 1900-1920|alt=A black and white picture of a thatched roof building on stilts]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Paleis van de vorstin van Bone op Celebes TMnr 60015648.jpg|thumb|Bola Soba, palace to receive guests; {{circa}} 1900-1920|alt=A black and white picture of a thatched roof building on stilts]]


==History==
==History==
Bone was an ''[[adat]]''-based [[Bugis people|Bugis]] kingdom whose origins can be traced back to the early 15th century. Its chronicle (as yet unpublished) provides detailed information on its rulers, starting from La Umasa, who ruled in the early 15th century, through to La Tenrtatta, who died in 1699. Under La Umasa and his nephew La Saliu (Kerrépelua) who succeeded him, Bone expanded from a handful of settlements around the modern capital Watampone to a small kingdom roughly one-third the size of kabupaten Bone.
Bone was an ''[[adat]]''-based [[Bugis people|Bugis]] kingdom whose origins can be traced back to the early 15th century. Its chronicle (as yet unpublished) provides detailed information on its rulers, starting from La Umasa, who ruled in the early 15th century, through to La Tenrtatta, who died in 1699. Under La Umasa and his nephew La Saliu (Kerrépelua) who succeeded him, Bone expanded from a handful of settlements around the modern capital Watampone to a small kingdom roughly one-third the size of Kabupaten Bone (the present regency).


In the early 16th century the kingdom expanded northwards, fighting with Luwu for control of the mouth of the River Cenrana, a major east coast trade exit. In 1582 Bone entered an alliance with the [[Wajo Kingdom|Wajo]] and [[Soppeng Kingdom|Soppeng kingdom]]s for mutual defence against the rising power of Gowa-Tallo. This alliance became known as ''Tellumpocco'e'' ({{lit}} the Three Summits) or ''LaMumpatue Ri Timurung'' ({{lit}} The burying of the stones at Timurung).<ref name="Bone regency 2019">{{cite web | title=Sejarah Kabupaten Bone | website=Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Bone | date=2019-12-05 | url=https://bone.go.id/2019/12/05/sejarah-kabupaten-bone/ | language=id | access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>
In the early 16th century the kingdom expanded northwards, fighting with Luwu for control of the mouth of the River Cenrana, a major east coast trade exit. In 1582 Bone entered an alliance with the [[Wajo Kingdom|Wajo]] and [[Soppeng Kingdom|Soppeng kingdom]]s for mutual defence against the rising power of [[Sultanate of Gowa|Gowa]]-[[Kingdom of Tallo|Tallo]]. This alliance became known as ''Tellumpocco'e'' ({{lit}} the Three Summits) or ''LaMumpatue Ri Timurung'' ({{lit}} The burying of the stones at Timurung).<ref name="Bone regency 2019">{{cite web | title=Sejarah Kabupaten Bone | website=Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Bone | date=2019-12-05 | url=https://bone.go.id/2019/12/05/sejarah-kabupaten-bone/ | language=id | access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>


[[File:South Sulawesi between Gowa and the Tellumpocco.png|thumb|Geopolitical map of kingdoms in [[South Sulawesi]] in 16th century]]
[[File:South Sulawesi between Gowa and the Tellumpocco.png|thumb|Geopolitical map of kingdoms in [[South Sulawesi]] in 16th century]]


In 1611, during the reign of the tenth king of Bone We Tenrituppu MatinroE ri Sidenreng, Bone was invaded by the Sultanate of Gowa and pressured to convert to Islam.<ref name ="Noorduyn">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27863842 |title=Makasar and the Islamization of Bima |last=Noorduyn |first=J. |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |year=1987 |volume=143 |issue=2/3 |pages=312–342 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003330 |jstor=27863842 |quote="The Makasarese king understood the meaning of this and began what is known as the Islamic war, in Makasarese bunduq kasallannganga, by which he succeeded in the next four years in forcing the major Buginese kingdoms to accept Islam one by one, Bone as the last in 1611."}}</ref>{{sfn|Pamelleri, Riwayat}} Bone State later enjoyed a period of prosperity in the middle of the 17th century.<ref name="Bone regency 2019">{{cite web | title=Sejarah Kabupaten Bone | website=Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Bone | date=2019-12-05 | url=https://bone.go.id/2019/12/05/sejarah-kabupaten-bone/ | language=id | access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>
In 1611, during the reign of the tenth king of Bone We Tenrituppu MatinroE ri Sidenreng, Bone was invaded by the Sultanate of Gowa and pressured to convert to Islam.<ref name ="Noorduyn">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27863842 |title=Makasar and the Islamization of Bima |last=Noorduyn |first=J. |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |year=1987 |volume=143 |issue=2/3 |pages=312–342 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003330 |jstor=27863842 |quote="The Makasarese king understood the meaning of this and began what is known as the Islamic war, in Makasarese bunduq kasallannganga, by which he succeeded in the next four years in forcing the major Buginese kingdoms to accept Islam one by one, Bone as the last in 1611."}}</ref>{{sfn|Pamelleri, Riwayat}} Bone State later enjoyed a period of prosperity in the middle of the 17th century.<ref name="Bone regency 2019"/>


Bone became the most powerful state of South Sulawesi under [[Arung Palakka|Arung (ruler of) Palakka]], La Tenritatta (1634 or 1635 – 1696) who sided with the Dutch admiral Cornelis Speelman against the Makasar kingdom of Goa-Tallo, which led to the defeat and capture of Makassar in 1669. From this year until 1814 when the British temporarily gained power of the region, Bone was by treaty and in practice the overlord of South Sulawesi, with the exception of Dutch-controlled areas on the west and south coast, including the important port-city of Makassar. When the Dutch returned to Makassar in 1816 they attempted to reduce Bone's status from equal to vassal, a move strongly resisted by Bone's rulers.
Bone became the most powerful state of South Sulawesi under [[Arung Palakka|Arung (ruler of) Palakka]], La Tenritatta (1634 or 1635 – 1696) who sided with the Dutch admiral Cornelis Speelman against the Makasar kingdom of Gowa-Tallo, which led to the defeat and capture of Makassar in 1669. From this year until 1814 when the British temporarily gained power of the region, Bone was by treaty and in practice the overlord of South Sulawesi, with the exception of Dutch-controlled areas on the west and south coast, including the important port-city of Makassar. When the Dutch returned to Makassar in 1816 they attempted to reduce Bone's status from equal to vassal, a move strongly resisted by Bone's rulers.


Following a military defeat during the [[South Sulawesi expeditions of 1905]], the Bone State lost its independence to the Dutch.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Hari |last=Budiarti |title=Taking and Returning Objects in a Colonial Context: Tracing the Collections Acquired during the Bone-Gowa Military Expeditions |encyclopedia=Colonial Collections Revisited |editor=Pieter J. ter Keurs |location=Leiden |publisher=CNWS Publications |year=2007 |p=128}}</ref>
Over the course of the 19th century, the power of Bone was reduced as a result of several wars waged against it in [[First Bone War|1824]], [[Second Bone War|1859]], and 1905.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gibson |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5cBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|title=And the Sun Pursued the Moon: Symbolic Knowledge and Traditional Authority among the Makassar |date=2005-03-31 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-7457-5 |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> Following a military defeat during the [[South Sulawesi expeditions of 1905]], the Bone State lost its independence to the Dutch.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Hari |last=Budiarti |title=Taking and Returning Objects in a Colonial Context: Tracing the Collections Acquired during the Bone-Gowa Military Expeditions |encyclopedia=Colonial Collections Revisited |editor=Pieter J. ter Keurs |location=Leiden |publisher=CNWS Publications |year=2007 |page=128}}</ref> Bone, along with Gowa, became under direct administration.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gibson |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5cBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |title=And the Sun Pursued the Moon: Symbolic Knowledge and Traditional Authority among the Makassar |date=2005-03-31 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-7457-5 |pages=182–3 |language=en}}</ref>

In the late 1920s, the Dutch restored many royal rulers as a way to suppress the tide of nationalist sentiment. Bone was no exception; in 1931, [[Andi Mappanyukki|Mappanyuki]], a scion of both the houses of Gowa and Bone, was restored to his family's ancestral position in Watampone.<ref name=":0" />


In May 1950, the people held demonstrations in Watampone against the royalty and Bone's membership in the [[State of East Indonesia]]. This caused the sultan to join Indonesia.{{sfn|Pamelleri, Riwayat}}
In May 1950, the people held demonstrations in Watampone against the royalty and Bone's membership in the [[State of East Indonesia]]. This caused the sultan to join Indonesia.{{sfn|Pamelleri, Riwayat}}


==List of rulers==
==List of rulers==
Rulers of Bone used the title ''Arung Mangkaue' ri Bone'' (the king who resides in Bone), shortened to ''Arumpone, MangkauE, or ArungE' ri Bone.''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Rulers of Bone<ref name="Bone regency 2019">{{cite web | title=Sejarah Kabupaten Bone | website=Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Bone | date=2019-12-05 | url=https://bone.go.id/2019/12/05/sejarah-kabupaten-bone/ | language=id | access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>
|+List of Arumpone<ref name="omar">{{Cite thesis |last=Omar |first=Rahilah |date=2003-11-01 |title=The history of Boné A.D. 1775-1795: the diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin |url=https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/4212301 |pages=52, 319|language=en}}</ref>
! No
! No
! Monarch
! Monarch
Line 77: Line 79:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| Manurunge ri Matajang, Mata Silompoe
| Manurung ri Matajang (Mata Silompoé)
| Male
| Male
| 1330 – 1365 (35 years)
| 1350 – 1366
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| La Ummasa, Petta Panre Bessie
| La Ummasa To'Mulaiyé Panra
| Male
| Male
| 1365 – 1378 (13 years)
| 1366 – 1398
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| La Saliyu Korampelua
| La Saliwu (Kerampelua)
| Male
| Male
| 1378 – 1450 (72 years)
| 1398 – 1470
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| We Banrigau, Mallajange ri Cina
| Wé Benrigau' Daéng Marawa, Mallajang' ri Cina
| Female
| Female
| 1450 – 1510 (60 years)
| 1470 – 1490
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| La Tenrisukki, Mappajunge
| Tenrisukki, Mappajungngé
| Male
| Male
| 1510 – 1535 (25 years)
| 1490 – 1517
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| La Uliyo Bote-E, Matinroe ri Itterung
| La Uliyo Botoé, Matinroé ri Itterung
| Male
| Male
| 1535 – 1560 (25 years)
| 1517 – 1542
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| La Tenrirawe Bongkange, Matinroe ri Guccina
| La Tenrirawe Bongkange, Matinroe ri Guccina
| Male
| Male
| 1560 – 1564 (4 years)
| 1542 – 1584
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| La Inca, Matinroe ri Addenenna
| La Ica, Matinroé ri Adénenna
| Male
| Male
| 1564 – 1565 (11 months)
| 1584 – 1595
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| La Pattawe, Matinroe ri Bettung
| La Patawe, Matinroé ri Bettung
| Male
| Male
| 1565 – 1602 (37 years)
| 1595 – 1602


|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| We Tenrituppu, Matinroe ri Bantaeng
| I Dangka Wé Tenrituppu, Matinroé ri Sidénréng
| Female
| Female
| 1602 – 1611 (9 years)
| 1602 – 1611
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| La Tenriruwa, Sultan Adam
| La Tenriruwa Arung Palakka (Sultan Adam Matinroé ri Bantaéng
| Male
| Male
| 3 months in 1611
| 1611 – 1616 (5 years)
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
| Tenripallé To'Akkeppeyang Arung Timurung, Paduka Sri Sultan 'Alauddin Matinroé ri Talloq
| La Tenripale, Matinroe ri Tallo
| Male
| Male
| 1616 – 1631 (15 years)
| 1611 – 1626
|-
|-
! 13
! 13
| La Maddaremmeng, Matinroe ri Bukaka
| La Maqdaremmeng, Paduka Sultan Muhammad Saleh Matinroé ri Bukaka
| Male
| Male
| 1631 – 1644
| 1626 – 1643
|-
|-
! 14
! 14
| La Tenriaji, Arungpone
| La Tenriaji To'Senrima, Arung Awamponé Pawélaié ri Siang
| Male
| Male
| 1644 – 1672 (28 years)
| 1643 – 1645
⚫
|-
! ''13''
| ''La Maqdaremmeng, Paduka Sultan Muhammad Saleh Matinroé ri Bukaka (restored)''
⚫
| ''Male''
| ''1667 – 1672''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The heritage of Arung Palakka : a history of South Sulawesi (Celebes) in the seventeenth century |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2019667796/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>
|-
|-
! 15
! 15
| [[Arung Palakka|La Tenritatta To'Unru Malampéq-é Gemineqna Daéng Serang Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Sa'aduddin Matinroé ri Bontoalaq]]
| La Tenriatta, [[Arung Palakka]]
| Male
| Male
| 1672 – 1696 (24 years)
| 1672 – 1696
|-
|-
! 16
! 16
| La Patau Matanna Tikka, Matinroe ri Nagauleng
| La Patau Matanna Tikka Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Idris Azimuddin Matinroé ri Nagauleng
| Male
| Male
| 1696-1714 (18 years)
| 1696 – 1714
|-
|-
! 17
! 17
| We Bataritoja, Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin
| Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri Tippulué
| Female
| Female
| 1714 – 1715 (1 year)
| 1714 – 1715
|-
|-
! 18
! 18
| La Paddasajati To'Appawareq Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Sulaiman Matinroé ri Béula
| La Padassajati, Sultan Sulaeman
| Male
| Male
| 1715 – 1718 (3 years)
| 1715 – 1718
|-
|-
! 19
! 19
| La Pareppa, Sultan Ismail
| La Pareppa To'Soppéwali, Paduka Sri Sultan Shahabuddin Ismail Matinroé ri Somba Opu
| Male
| Male
| 1718 – 1721 (3 years)
| 1718 – 1721
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
|La Panaongi, Arung Mampu
|La Panaongi To'Pawawoi Arung Mampu Karaéng Bisei, Paduka Sri Sultan Abdullah Mansor Matinroé ri Bisei
|Male
|Male
| 1721 – 1724 (3 years)
| 1721 – 1724
|-
|-
! 21
! 21
| We Bataritoja, Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin
| ''Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri Tippulué (restored, 2nd reign)''
| Female
| Female
| 1724 – 1749 (25 years)
| 1724 – 1738
|-
!21
|''Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri Tippulué (3rd reign)''
|Female
|1741 – 1749
|-
|-
! 22
! 22
| La Temmassonge, Sultan Abdul Razak
| La Temmassongeq, Paduka Sri Sultan Abdul Razak Jalaluddin Matinroé ri Mallimongeng
| Male
| Male
| 1749 – 1775 (26 years)
| 1749 – 5 June 1775
|-
|-
! 23
! 23
| La Tenritappu, Sultan Ahmad Saleh
| La Tenritappu, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad as-Saleh Syamsuddin Matinroé ri Rompegading
| Male
| Male
| 1775 – 1812 (37 years)
| 5 June 1775 – 1812
|-
|-
! 24
! 24
| La Mappasessu, Sultan Ismail Muhtajuddin
| La Mappatunruq, Paduka Sri Sultan Ismail Mokhtajuddin Matinroé ri Lalebbata
| Male
| Male
| 1812 – 1823 (11 years)
| 1812 – 1823
|-
|-
! 25
! 25
| I Maniratu Arung Data, Paduka Sri Sultanah Salehah Mahdi Rajiatuddin Matinroé ri Kessi
| We Imaniratu, Sultanah Rajituddin
| Female
| Female
| 1823 – 1835 (12 years)
| 1823 – 1835 (12 years)
|-
|-
! 26
! 26
| La Mappaseling, Sultan Adam Najamuddin
| La Mappaseling Arung Panynyiliq, Sultan Adam Najamuddin Matinroé ri Salassana
| Male
| Male
| 1835 – 1845 (10 years)
| 1835 – 1845
|-
|-
! 27
! 27
| La Parénrengi Arung Punyi, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Salleh Muhiyuddin Matinroé ri Adiyang Bénténg
| La Parenrengi, Sulran Ahmad Muhiddin
| Male
| Male
| 1845 – 1857 (12 years)
| 1845 – 1857
|-
|-
! 28
! 28
| We Tenriawaru, Sultanah Ummulhuda
| Pancaitana Bessé Kajuara Tenriawaru Matinroé ri Majennang
| Female
| Female
| 1857 – 1860 (3 years)
| 1857 – 1860
|-
|-
! 29
! 29
| Li Singkeru Rukka, Sultan Ahmad Idris
| Singkerru Rukka, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Idris Matinroé ri To'Paccing
| Male
| Male
| 1860 – 1871 (11 years)
| 1860 – 1871 (11 years)
|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| I Banrigau' Arung Timurung and Datu Chitta Paduka Sri Sultanah Fatimah Matinroé ri Bolampare'na
| We Fatimah Banri, Datu Citta
| Female
| Female
| 1871 – 1895 (24 years)
| 1871 – 1895
|-
|-
! 31
! 31
| La Pawawoi, Karaeng Sigeri
| La Pawawoi Arung Sijelling, Karaéng Sigeri Matinroé ri Bandung
| Male
| Male
| 1895 – 1905 (10 years)
| 1895 – 1905
|-
|-
! 32
! 32
| [[Andi Mappanyukki|La Mappanyukki]] Sultan Ibrahim
| [[Andi Mappanyukki|Andi La Mappanyukki Karaéng Selayar, Paduka Sri Sultan Ibrahim Matinroé ri Gowa]]
| Male
| Male
| 1905 – 1946 (41 years)
| 1931 – 1946
|-
|-
! 33
! 33
| Andi La Paqbénteng Daéng Palawa Arung Pitu and Arung Macégé Matinroé ri Matuju
| La Pabbenteng, Matinroe ri Matuju
| Male
| Male
| 1946 – 1951 (5 years)
| 1946 – 1950
⚫
|-
! 34
| [[Andi Mappanyukki| La Mappanyukki]], Sultan Ibrahim
⚫
| Male
| 1951 – 1964 (13 years)
|}
|}


Line 257: Line 264:
* For the wars in Boni, see Perelaer, ''De Bonische Expedition'', 1859 (Leiden, 1872) {{in lang|nl}}; and Meyers, in the ''Militaire Spectator'' (1880).
* For the wars in Boni, see Perelaer, ''De Bonische Expedition'', 1859 (Leiden, 1872) {{in lang|nl}}; and Meyers, in the ''Militaire Spectator'' (1880).
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Boni |volume=4 |pages=205-206}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Boni |volume=4 |pages=205-206}}
* {{cite web |last=Pamelleri |first=Andi |title=Riwayat Kabupaten Bone |trans-title=A Short History of Bone Regency |language=Indonesian |url=http://yuhardin.scriptintermedia.com/bone/Riwayat%20Kabupaten%20Bone%20%20Asal%20Usul%20%20Sejarah.pdf |date=22 April 2006 |access-date=23 August 2011 |ref={{harvid|Pamelleri, Riwayat}}}}
* {{cite web |last=Pamelleri |first=Andi |title=Riwayat Kabupaten Bone |trans-title=A Short History of Bone Regency |language=Indonesian |url=http://yuhardin.scriptintermedia.com/bone/Riwayat%20Kabupaten%20Bone%20%20Asal%20Usul%20%20Sejarah.pdf |date=22 April 2006 |access-date=23 August 2011 |ref={{harvid|Pamelleri, Riwayat}} |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830104630/http://yuhardin.scriptintermedia.com/bone/Riwayat%20Kabupaten%20Bone%20%20Asal%20Usul%20%20Sejarah.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=South Sulawesi |language=English |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Celebes |date=16 December 2022}}
* {{cite web |title=South Sulawesi |language=English |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Celebes |date=16 December 2022}}


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[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:History of Sulawesi]]
[[Category:History of Sulawesi]]

{{Indonesia-stub}}

Latest revision as of 03:59, 10 August 2024

For other uses, see Bone.
Sultanate of Bone
ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ ᨑᨗ ᨅᨚᨊᨛ
Akkarungeng ri Bone (Buginese)
14th century–1905; 1931–1950
Flag of Bone
Flag
StatusPart of Indonesia
CapitalWatampone
Common languagesBugis
Religion
Sunni Islam
GovernmentMonarchy
Sultan, Arung Mangkaue' ri Bone 
• 1300s
Manurunge ri Matajang
• 1358-1424
Petta Panre Bessie
• 1672-1696
Sultan Saaduddin Arung Palakka
• 1931-1946
Andi Mappanyukki
History 
• Established
14th century
• Loss of independence to the Dutch
1905[1]
 Succeeded by
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Today part ofIndonesia
(as Bone Regency)
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Bone (also Boni, or Bone Saoraja) was a sultanate in the south-west peninsula of what is now Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), a province of modern-day Indonesia. It came under Dutch rule in 1905, and was succeeded by the Bone Regency.[1]

Covering an area of 2,600 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi)[citation needed], Bone's chief town Boni, lay 130 kilometres (81 mi) northeast of the city of Makassar, home to the Bugis people.

A black and white picture of a thatched roof building on stilts
Bola Soba, palace to receive guests; c. 1900-1920

History

[edit]

Bone was an adat-based Bugis kingdom whose origins can be traced back to the early 15th century. Its chronicle (as yet unpublished) provides detailed information on its rulers, starting from La Umasa, who ruled in the early 15th century, through to La Tenrtatta, who died in 1699. Under La Umasa and his nephew La Saliu (Kerrépelua) who succeeded him, Bone expanded from a handful of settlements around the modern capital Watampone to a small kingdom roughly one-third the size of Kabupaten Bone (the present regency).

In the early 16th century the kingdom expanded northwards, fighting with Luwu for control of the mouth of the River Cenrana, a major east coast trade exit. In 1582 Bone entered an alliance with the Wajo and Soppeng kingdoms for mutual defence against the rising power of Gowa-Tallo. This alliance became known as Tellumpocco'e (lit. the Three Summits) or LaMumpatue Ri Timurung (lit. The burying of the stones at Timurung).[2]

Geopolitical map of kingdoms in South Sulawesi in 16th century

In 1611, during the reign of the tenth king of Bone We Tenrituppu MatinroE ri Sidenreng, Bone was invaded by the Sultanate of Gowa and pressured to convert to Islam.[3][4] Bone State later enjoyed a period of prosperity in the middle of the 17th century.[2]

Bone became the most powerful state of South Sulawesi under Arung (ruler of) Palakka, La Tenritatta (1634 or 1635 – 1696) who sided with the Dutch admiral Cornelis Speelman against the Makasar kingdom of Gowa-Tallo, which led to the defeat and capture of Makassar in 1669. From this year until 1814 when the British temporarily gained power of the region, Bone was by treaty and in practice the overlord of South Sulawesi, with the exception of Dutch-controlled areas on the west and south coast, including the important port-city of Makassar. When the Dutch returned to Makassar in 1816 they attempted to reduce Bone's status from equal to vassal, a move strongly resisted by Bone's rulers.

Over the course of the 19th century, the power of Bone was reduced as a result of several wars waged against it in 1824, 1859, and 1905.[5] Following a military defeat during the South Sulawesi expeditions of 1905, the Bone State lost its independence to the Dutch.[6] Bone, along with Gowa, became under direct administration.[7]

In the late 1920s, the Dutch restored many royal rulers as a way to suppress the tide of nationalist sentiment. Bone was no exception; in 1931, Mappanyuki, a scion of both the houses of Gowa and Bone, was restored to his family's ancestral position in Watampone.[7]

In May 1950, the people held demonstrations in Watampone against the royalty and Bone's membership in the State of East Indonesia. This caused the sultan to join Indonesia.[4]

List of rulers

[edit]

Rulers of Bone used the title Arung Mangkaue' ri Bone (the king who resides in Bone), shortened to Arumpone, MangkauE, or ArungE' ri Bone.

List of Arumpone[8]
No Monarch Gender Reign
1 Manurung ri Matajang (Mata Silompoé) Male 1350 – 1366
2 La Ummasa To'Mulaiyé Panra Male 1366 – 1398
3 La Saliwu (Kerampelua) Male 1398 – 1470
4 Wé Benrigau' Daéng Marawa, Mallajang' ri Cina Female 1470 – 1490
5 Tenrisukki, Mappajungngé Male 1490 – 1517
6 La Uliyo Botoé, Matinroé ri Itterung Male 1517 – 1542
7 La Tenrirawe Bongkange, Matinroe ri Guccina Male 1542 – 1584
8 La Ica, Matinroé ri Adénenna Male 1584 – 1595
9 La Patawe, Matinroé ri Bettung Male 1595 – 1602
10 I Dangka Wé Tenrituppu, Matinroé ri Sidénréng Female 1602 – 1611
11 La Tenriruwa Arung Palakka (Sultan Adam Matinroé ri Bantaéng Male 3 months in 1611
12 Tenripallé To'Akkeppeyang Arung Timurung, Paduka Sri Sultan 'Alauddin Matinroé ri Talloq Male 1611 – 1626
13 La Maqdaremmeng, Paduka Sultan Muhammad Saleh Matinroé ri Bukaka Male 1626 – 1643
14 La Tenriaji To'Senrima, Arung Awamponé Pawélaié ri Siang Male 1643 – 1645
13 La Maqdaremmeng, Paduka Sultan Muhammad Saleh Matinroé ri Bukaka (restored) Male 1667 – 1672[9]
15 La Tenritatta To'Unru Malampéq-é Gemineqna Daéng Serang Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Sa'aduddin Matinroé ri Bontoalaq Male 1672 – 1696
16 La Patau Matanna Tikka Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Idris Azimuddin Matinroé ri Nagauleng Male 1696 – 1714
17 Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri Tippulué Female 1714 – 1715
18 La Paddasajati To'Appawareq Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Sulaiman Matinroé ri Béula Male 1715 – 1718
19 La Pareppa To'Soppéwali, Paduka Sri Sultan Shahabuddin Ismail Matinroé ri Somba Opu Male 1718 – 1721
20 La Panaongi To'Pawawoi Arung Mampu Karaéng Bisei, Paduka Sri Sultan Abdullah Mansor Matinroé ri Bisei Male 1721 – 1724
21 Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri Tippulué (restored, 2nd reign) Female 1724 – 1738
21 Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri Tippulué (3rd reign) Female 1741 – 1749
22 La Temmassongeq, Paduka Sri Sultan Abdul Razak Jalaluddin Matinroé ri Mallimongeng Male 1749 – 5 June 1775
23 La Tenritappu, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad as-Saleh Syamsuddin Matinroé ri Rompegading Male 5 June 1775 – 1812
24 La Mappatunruq, Paduka Sri Sultan Ismail Mokhtajuddin Matinroé ri Lalebbata Male 1812 – 1823
25 I Maniratu Arung Data, Paduka Sri Sultanah Salehah Mahdi Rajiatuddin Matinroé ri Kessi Female 1823 – 1835 (12 years)
26 La Mappaseling Arung Panynyiliq, Sultan Adam Najamuddin Matinroé ri Salassana Male 1835 – 1845
27 La Parénrengi Arung Punyi, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Salleh Muhiyuddin Matinroé ri Adiyang Bénténg Male 1845 – 1857
28 Pancaitana Bessé Kajuara Tenriawaru Matinroé ri Majennang Female 1857 – 1860
29 Singkerru Rukka, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Idris Matinroé ri To'Paccing Male 1860 – 1871 (11 years)
30 I Banrigau' Arung Timurung and Datu Chitta Paduka Sri Sultanah Fatimah Matinroé ri Bolampare'na Female 1871 – 1895
31 La Pawawoi Arung Sijelling, Karaéng Sigeri Matinroé ri Bandung Male 1895 – 1905
32 Andi La Mappanyukki Karaéng Selayar, Paduka Sri Sultan Ibrahim Matinroé ri Gowa Male 1931 – 1946
33 Andi La Paqbénteng Daéng Palawa Arung Pitu and Arung Macégé Matinroé ri Matuju Male 1946 – 1950

See also

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "South Sulawesi". 16 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Sejarah Kabupaten Bone". Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Bone (in Indonesian). 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  3. ^ Noorduyn, J. (1987). "Makasar and the Islamization of Bima". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 143 (2/3): 312–342. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003330. JSTOR 27863842. The Makasarese king understood the meaning of this and began what is known as the Islamic war, in Makasarese bunduq kasallannganga, by which he succeeded in the next four years in forcing the major Buginese kingdoms to accept Islam one by one, Bone as the last in 1611.
  4. ^ a b Pamelleri, Riwayat.
  5. ^ Gibson, Thomas (2005-03-31). And the Sun Pursued the Moon: Symbolic Knowledge and Traditional Authority among the Makassar. University of Hawaii Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-8248-7457-5.
  6. ^ Budiarti, Hari (2007). "Taking and Returning Objects in a Colonial Context: Tracing the Collections Acquired during the Bone-Gowa Military Expeditions". In Pieter J. ter Keurs (ed.). Colonial Collections Revisited. Leiden: CNWS Publications. p. 128.
  7. ^ a b Gibson, Thomas (2005-03-31). And the Sun Pursued the Moon: Symbolic Knowledge and Traditional Authority among the Makassar. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 182–3. ISBN 978-0-8248-7457-5.
  8. ^ Omar, Rahilah (2003-11-01). The history of Boné A.D. 1775-1795: the diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin (Thesis). pp. 52, 319.
  9. ^ "The heritage of Arung Palakka : a history of South Sulawesi (Celebes) in the seventeenth century". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2024-04-05.

References

[edit]
  • For the wars in Boni, see Perelaer, De Bonische Expedition, 1859 (Leiden, 1872) (in Dutch); and Meyers, in the Militaire Spectator (1880).
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Boni" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–206.
  • Pamelleri, Andi (22 April 2006). "Riwayat Kabupaten Bone" [A Short History of Bone Regency] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  • "South Sulawesi". 16 December 2022.

Further reading

[edit]

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