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{{Short description|Human monoclonal antibody medication}}
{{Drugbox
{{update|lack of effectiveness against the [[Omicron variant]]|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{cs1 config |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=6}}
{{Infobox drug
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 464387301
| verifiedrevid = 464387301
| type = mab
| type = mab
| image =
| image =
| alt =
| alt =
⚫
| caption =

<!-- Monoclonal antibody data -->
| mab_type = mab
| mab_type = mab
| source = u
| source = u
| target = [[Interleukin 6 receptor|IL-6R]]
| target = [[Interleukin 6 receptor|IL-6R]]

<!-- Clinical data -->
⚫
| pronounce =
| tradename = Kevzara
| tradename = Kevzara
| Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|MTM|sarilumab}}
| Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|monograph|sarilumab}}
| MedlinePlus =
| MedlinePlus = a617032
| DailyMedID = Sarilumab
| pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
| pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
| pregnancy_AU_comment =
| pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X -->
| pregnancy_category=
| pregnancy_category=
⚫
| routes_of_administration = [[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]]
⚫
| legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->
| class =
| legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
| ATC_prefix = L04
⚫
| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM -->
| ATC_suffix = AC14
⚫
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_status =
| ATC_supplemental =

⚫
| routes_of_administration = [[Subcutaneous injection]]
<!-- Legal status -->
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_AU_comment =
| legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F -->
| legal_BR_comment =
| legal_CA = Rx-only
| legal_CA_comment = <ref>{{cite web | title=Arthritis | website=[[Health Canada]] | date=8 May 2018 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/drug-health-products/drug-medical-device-highlights-2017/approved-drugs/arthritis.html | access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Regulatory Decision Summary for Kevzara | website=Drug and Health Products Portal | date=12 January 2017 | url=https://dhpp.hpfb-dgpsa.ca/review-documents/resource/RDS00205 | access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref>
⚫
| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->
| legal_DE_comment =
| legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C -->
| legal_NZ_comment =
⚫
| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->
| legal_UK_comment =
⚫
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_US_comment = <ref name="Kevzara FDA label">{{cite web | title=Kevzara- sarilumab injection, solution | website=DailyMed | date=17 June 2024 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=827bc01c-d379-4266-a18c-c7f904b76af3 | access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>
| legal_EU = Rx-only
| legal_EU_comment = <ref name="Kevzara EPAR">{{cite web | title=Kevzara EPAR | website=European Medicines Agency (EMA) | date=23 June 2017 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/kevzara | access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>
| legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->
| legal_UN_comment =
| legal_status = <!-- For countries not listed above -->

<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->
| bioavailability = 80%
| bioavailability = 80%
| protein_bound =
| protein_bound =
| metabolism = likely [[protease]]s
| metabolism = likely [[protease]]s
| metabolites =
| onset =
| elimination_half-life = 21 days (steady-state, estimated)
| elimination_half-life = 21 days (steady-state, estimated)
| duration_of_action =
⚫
| excretion =
| excretion =

<!-- Identifiers -->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CAS_number = 1189541-98-7
| CAS_number = 1189541-98-7
| CAS_supplemental =
⚫
| ATC_prefix = L04
| ATC_suffix = AC14
| PubChem =
| IUPHAR_ligand =
| PubChemSubstance = 135626879
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank =
| DrugBank =
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = none
| ChemSpiderID = none
| UNII_Ref =
| KEGG = D10161
| UNII = NU90V55F8I
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
| UNII = NU90V55F8I
| KEGG = D10161
| ChEBI_Ref =
| ChEBI =
| ChEMBL_Ref =
| ChEMBL =
| NIAID_ChemDB =
| PDB_ligand =
| synonyms =

<!-- Chemical and physical data -->
| C=6388 | H=9918 | N=1718 | O=1998 | S=44
| C=6388 | H=9918 | N=1718 | O=1998 | S=44
}}
}}


'''Sarilumab''' (trade name '''Kevzara''') is a human [[monoclonal antibody]] against the [[interleukin-6]] [[Interleukin 6#Receptor|receptor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council: Sarilumab| website= ama-assn.org |publisher= [[American Medical Association]]| url= http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/usan/sarilumab.pdf |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Regeneron Pharmaceuticals]] and [[Sanofi]] developed the drug for the treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]] (RA), for which it received US [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] approval on 22 May 2017 and [[European Medicines Agency]] approval on 23 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/004254/human_med_002114.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124|title=Kevzara: Authorisation details|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]]|access-date=28 September 2017}}</ref>
'''Sarilumab''', sold under the brand name '''Kevzara''', is a human [[monoclonal antibody]] medication against the [[interleukin-6]] [[Interleukin 6#Receptor|receptor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council: Sarilumab| website= ama-assn.org |publisher= [[American Medical Association]]| url= http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/usan/sarilumab.pdf |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Regeneron Pharmaceuticals]] and [[Sanofi]] developed the drug for the treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]] (RA), for which it received US [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] approval on 22 May 2017 and [[European Medicines Agency]] approval on 23 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/004254/human_med_002114.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124|title=Kevzara: Authorisation details|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]]|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927060452/http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema//index.jsp?curl=pages%2Fmedicines%2Fhuman%2Fmedicines%2F004254%2Fhuman_med_002114.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Development in [[ankylosing spondylitis]] has been suspended after the drug failed to show clinical benefit over [[methotrexate]] in a phase II trial.<ref name=SR2011>{{cite press release| url= http://investor.regeneron.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=590869| title= Sanofi and Regeneron Report Positive Phase 2b Trial Results with Sarilumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis| date= July 12, 2011| website= regeneron.com| publisher= Regeneron | location= Paris & Tarrytown, New York}}</ref>
Development in [[ankylosing spondylitis]] has been suspended after the drug failed to show clinical benefit over [[methotrexate]] in a phase II trial.<ref name=SR2011>{{cite press release| url= http://investor.regeneron.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=590869| title= Sanofi and Regeneron Report Positive Phase 2b Trial Results with Sarilumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis| date= 12 July 2011| website= regeneron.com| publisher= Regeneron | location= Paris & Tarrytown, New York}}</ref>


==Medical uses==
==Medical uses==
Sarilumab is used for the treatment of moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis in people who have not responded to, or did not tolerate, more conventional treatments. It can be used alone or in combination with [[methotrexate]] or other [[disease-modifying antirheumatic drug]]s (DMARDs).<ref name="EPAR">{{cite web|url=http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/004254/WC500230068.pdf|title=Kevzara: EPAR – Product Information|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]]|date=2017-09-26}}</ref><ref name="Drugs.com">[[Drugs.com]]: Sarilumab {{Drugs.com|monograph|sarilumab}}. Accessed 2017-11-29.</ref>
Sarilumab is used for the treatment of moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis in people who have not responded to, or did not tolerate, more conventional treatments.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boyce EG, Rogan EL, Vyas D, Prasad N, Mai Y | title = Sarilumab: Review of a Second IL-6 Receptor Antagonist Indicated for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis | journal = Annals of Pharmacotherapy | date = Feb 2018 | pmid = 29482351 | doi = 10.1177/1060028018761599 | volume=52 | issue = 8 | pages=780–791| s2cid = 3580054 }}</ref> It can be used alone or in combination with [[methotrexate]] or other [[disease-modifying antirheumatic drug]]s (DMARDs).<ref name="EPAR">{{cite web|url=http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/004254/WC500230068.pdf|title=Kevzara: EPAR – Product Information|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]]|date=26 September 2017|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618040428/http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/004254/WC500230068.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Drugs.com">[[Drugs.com]]: Sarilumab {{Drugs.com|monograph|sarilumab}}. Accessed 29 November 2017.</ref>


==Contraindications==
==Contraindications==
In Europe, sarilumab is contraindicated in people with active, severe infections.<ref name="EPAR" /> While this is not listed as a contraindication under the US FDA approval, there is a [[boxed warning]] that recommends testing for hidden [[tuberculosis]] infection before treatment and monitoring for signs of an infection during therapy with sarilumab.<ref name="Drugs.com" />
In the European Union, sarilumab is contraindicated in people with active, severe infections.<ref name="EPAR" /> While this is not listed as a contraindication under the US FDA approval, there is a [[boxed warning]] that recommends testing for hidden [[tuberculosis]] infection before treatment and monitoring for signs of an infection during therapy with sarilumab.<ref name="Drugs.com" />


==Side effects==
==Side effects==
The MONARCH trial suggested a significantly higher incidence of [[neutropenia]] in patients receiving 200 mg sarilumab every 2 weeks, compared to patients being treated with [[adalimumab]] (13.6% vs 0.5%). However, infection rates were similar between both groups (28.8% vs 27.7%).<ref name=MPT-monarch/>
The MONARCH trial suggested a significantly higher incidence of [[neutropenia]] in patients receiving 200&nbsp;mg sarilumab every 2 weeks, compared to patients being treated with [[adalimumab]] (13.6% vs 0.5%). However, infection rates were similar between both groups (28.8% vs 27.7%).<ref name=MPT-monarch/>


Other common side effects that occurred in 1% to 10% of patients included [[thrombocytopenia]] (low [[platelet]] count), infections of the [[upper respiratory tract]] and the [[urinary tract]], oral herpes, [[hyperlipidaemia]], and reactions at the injection site.<ref name="EPAR" />
Other common side effects that occurred in 1% to 10% of patients included [[thrombocytopenia]] (low [[platelet]] count), infections of the [[upper respiratory tract]] and the [[urinary tract]], oral herpes, [[hyperlipidaemia]], and [[injection site reaction]]s such as pain or redness.<ref name="EPAR" />


==Clinical trials==
==Clinical trials==
===Rheumatoid arthritis===
===Rheumatoid arthritis===
On May 15, 2013, both companies announced that 2 new trials were starting (COMPARE and ASCERTAIN) and the first patients had already been enrolled.<ref>[http://en.sanofi.com/Images/33027_20130515_sari_en.pdf Sanofi and Regeneron Announce Patient Enrollment in Two Phase 3 Trials with Sarilumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). May 2013]</ref>
On 15 May 2013, both companies announced that 2 new trials were starting (COMPARE and ASCERTAIN) and the first patients had already been enrolled.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.sanofi.com/Images/33027_20130515_sari_en.pdf |title=Sanofi and Regeneron Announce Patient Enrollment in Two Phase 3 Trials with Sarilumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). May 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=19 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119105220/http://en.sanofi.com/Images/33027_20130515_sari_en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


In June 2015, a phase 3 trial (with [[methotrexate]]) for RA reported meeting its three coprimary endpoints.<ref name=J2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Genovese MC, Fleischmann R, Kivitz AJ, Rell-Bakalarska M, Martincova R, Fiore S, Rohane P, van Hoogstraten H, Garg A, Fan C, van Adelsberg J, Weinstein SP, Graham NM, Stahl N, Yancopoulos GD, Huizinga TW, van der Heijde D | display-authors = 6 | title = Sarilumab Plus Methotrexate in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Response to Methotrexate: Results of a Phase III Study | journal = Arthritis & Rheumatology | volume = 67 | issue = 6 | pages = 1424–37 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 25733246 | doi = 10.1002/art.39093 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
In June 2015, a phase III trial (with [[methotrexate]]) for RA reported meeting its three coprimary endpoints.<ref name=J2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Genovese MC, Fleischmann R, Kivitz AJ, Rell-Bakalarska M, Martincova R, Fiore S, Rohane P, van Hoogstraten H, Garg A, Fan C, van Adelsberg J, Weinstein SP, Graham NM, Stahl N, Yancopoulos GD, Huizinga TW, van der Heijde D | title = Sarilumab Plus Methotrexate in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Response to Methotrexate: Results of a Phase III Study | journal = Arthritis & Rheumatology | volume = 67 | issue = 6 | pages = 1424–37 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 25733246 | doi = 10.1002/art.39093 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


In Nov 2015, the SARIL-RA-TARGET trial reported good results (meeting both its coprimary end points).<ref name=P3-2015>{{cite web | first = Tracey | last = Walker | name-list-format = vanc | url = http://formularyjournal.modernmedicine.com/formulary-journal/news/sarilumab-effective-broad-range-ra-patients-study | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121015656/http://formularyjournal.modernmedicine.com/formulary-journal/news/sarilumab-effective-broad-range-ra-patients-study | archive-date = 21 November 2015 | url-status = dead | title = Sarilumab effective in broad range of RA patients: Study | work = Formulary Watch }}</ref>
In November 2015, the SARIL-RA-TARGET trial reported good results (meeting both its coprimary end points).<ref name=P3-2015>{{cite web | first = Tracey | last = Walker | name-list-style = vanc | url = http://formularyjournal.modernmedicine.com/formulary-journal/news/sarilumab-effective-broad-range-ra-patients-study | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121015656/http://formularyjournal.modernmedicine.com/formulary-journal/news/sarilumab-effective-broad-range-ra-patients-study | archive-date = 21 November 2015 | url-status = dead | title = Sarilumab effective in broad range of RA patients: Study | work = Formulary Watch }}</ref>


In Nov 2016, the ''MONARCH'' phase III trial comparing sarilimab to [[adalimumab]] (an anti-TNF) found sarilumab superior at reducing the [[DAS28]]-ESR score in patients with RA after 24 weeks.<ref name=MPT-monarch>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burmester GR, Lin Y, Patel R, van Adelsberg J, Mangan EK, Graham NM, van Hoogstraten H, Bauer D, Ignacio Vargas J, Lee EB | display-authors = 6 | title = Efficacy and safety of sarilumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (MONARCH): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group phase III trial | journal = Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases | volume = 76 | issue = 5 | pages = 840–847 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 27856432 | pmc = 5530335 | doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210310 }}</ref>
In November 2016, the ''MONARCH'' phase III trial comparing sarilimab to [[adalimumab]] (an anti-TNF) found sarilumab superior at reducing the [[DAS28]]-ESR score in patients with RA after 24 weeks.<ref name=MPT-monarch>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burmester GR, Lin Y, Patel R, van Adelsberg J, Mangan EK, Graham NM, van Hoogstraten H, Bauer D, Ignacio Vargas J, Lee EB | title = Efficacy and safety of sarilumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (MONARCH): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group phase III trial | journal = Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases | volume = 76 | issue = 5 | pages = 840–847 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 27856432 | pmc = 5530335 | doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210310 }}</ref>


In July 2019, a multi-center trial was launched to study 'Sarilumab in Patients With Glucocorticoid-Dependent Sarcoidosis.' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://med.stanford.edu/cardiac-sarcoidosis/publications.html|title=More Information|website=Sarcoidosis Program|language=en|access-date=2019-08-09}}</ref>
In July 2019, a multi-center trial was launched to study 'Sarilumab in Patients With Glucocorticoid-Dependent Sarcoidosis.' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://med.stanford.edu/cardiac-sarcoidosis/publications.html|title=More Information|website=Sarcoidosis Program|language=en|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809164955/http://med.stanford.edu/cardiac-sarcoidosis/publications.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>


⚫
==History==
⚫
In October 2016, the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) refused approval for marketing as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis due to [[good manufacturing practice]] (GMP) violations.<ref name=MPT-monarch/> The drug was eventually approved by the FDA on 22 May 2017.

⚫
== Research ==
===COVID-19===
===COVID-19===
In March 2020 The Feinstein Institute of Northwell Health announced in March a study on "a human antibody that may prevent the activity" of IL-6 for the treatment of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.longislandpress.com/2020/03/21/northwell-health-initiates-clinical-trials-of-2-covid-19-drugs/|title=Northwell Health Initiates Clinical Trials of 2 COVID-19 Drugs|date=21 March 2020}}</ref>
A study of 420 patients was halted in September 2020, due to lack of demonstrated effectiveness in treating [[COVID-19]] symptoms.<ref>[https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/09/01/business/sanofi-halts-tests-arthritis-drug-treating-covid-19/ Sanofi halts tests of arthritis drug for use as a COVID-19 treatment]</ref>


On 7 January 2021, following results from the REMAP-CAP trial, [[Tocilizumab]] and Sarilumab were added to the UK recommended list for COVID-19 treatment, the [[number needed to treat]] is 12, meaning for every 12 intensive care unit patients treated 1 additional person survives compared to treatment as normal, also speeding up patients' recovery and reducing the length of time that critically-ill patients need to spend in intensive care by about a week
⚫
==History==
<ref>{{Cite news|first=Michelle|last=Roberts|date=7 January 2021|title=Two more life-saving Covid drugs discovered|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-55574662|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
⚫
In October 2016 the [[US FDA]] refused approval (for RA) due to [[good manufacturing practice|GMP]] violations.<ref name=MPT-monarch/> The drug was eventually approved by the FDA on 22 May 2017.


Tocilizumab seems to be more beneficial, whereas the clinical efficacy of Sarilumab has not been established as data on decreased mortality was often not significant. The number of trials did not allow for the identification of a specific patient subset that benefits the most from Sarilumab treatment, yet (May 2022).<ref>- Yu SY, Koh DH, Choi M, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of interleukin-6 receptor antagonists (tocilizumab and sarilumab) in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):1154-1165. doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2059405</ref><ref>- Sivapalasingam S, Lederer DJ, Bhore R, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Sarilumab in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial [published online ahead of print, 2022 Feb 26]. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;ciac153. doi:10.1093/cid/ciac153</ref>
⚫
== See also ==
* [[Anti-IL-6]] anti-inflammatories


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|32em}}
{{reflist}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bermejo I, Ren S, Simpson E, Clowes M, Scott DL, Young A, Stevenson M | title = Sarilumab for Previously-Treated Moderate or Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Evidence Review Group Perspective of a NICE Single Technology Appraisal | journal = PharmacoEconomics | volume = 36| issue = 12| pages = 1427–1437| date = June 2018 | pmid = 29882210 | doi = 10.1007/s40273-018-0677-7 | url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/131862/3/Pharmacoeconomics%20sarilumab%20v4.pdf }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bermejo I, Ren S, Simpson E, Clowes M, Scott DL, Young A, Stevenson M | title = Sarilumab for Previously-Treated Moderate or Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Evidence Review Group Perspective of a NICE Single Technology Appraisal | journal = PharmacoEconomics | volume = 36| issue = 12| pages = 1427–1437| date = June 2018 | pmid = 29882210 | doi = 10.1007/s40273-018-0677-7 | s2cid = 46969760 | url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/131862/3/Pharmacoeconomics%20sarilumab%20v4.pdf }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Genovese MC, van Adelsberg J, Fan C, Graham NM, van Hoogstraten H, Parrino J, Mangan EK, Spindler A, Huizinga TW, van der Heijde D | title = Two years of sarilumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to MTX: safety, efficacy and radiographic outcomes | journal = Rheumatology (Oxford, England) | volume = 57 | issue = 8 | pages = 1423–1431 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29746672 | pmc = 6055572 | doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/key121 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Genovese MC, van Adelsberg J, Fan C, Graham NM, van Hoogstraten H, Parrino J, Mangan EK, Spindler A, Huizinga TW, van der Heijde D | title = Two years of sarilumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to MTX: safety, efficacy and radiographic outcomes | journal = Rheumatology | volume = 57 | issue = 8 | pages = 1423–1431 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29746672 | pmc = 6055572 | doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/key121 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = McCarty D, Robinson A | title = Efficacy and safety of sarilumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 61–67 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29492111 | pmc = 5802641 | doi = 10.1177/1759720X17752037 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = McCarty D, Robinson A | title = Efficacy and safety of sarilumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 61–67 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29492111 | pmc = 5802641 | doi = 10.1177/1759720X17752037 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Raimondo MG, Biggioggero M, Crotti C, Becciolini A, Favalli EG | title = Profile of sarilumab and its potential in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis | journal = Drug Design, Development and Therapy | volume = 11 | issue = | pages = 1593–1603 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28579757 | pmc = 5447699 | doi = 10.2147/DDDT.S100302 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Raimondo MG, Biggioggero M, Crotti C, Becciolini A, Favalli EG | title = Profile of sarilumab and its potential in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis | journal = Drug Design, Development and Therapy | volume = 11 | pages = 1593–1603 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28579757 | pmc = 5447699 | doi = 10.2147/DDDT.S100302 | doi-access = free }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{Immunosuppressants}}

{{Monoclonals for immune system}}
{{Monoclonals for immune system}}
{{Interleukin receptor modulators}}
{{Interleukin receptor modulators}}
{{Portal bar | Medicine}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Monoclonal antibodies]]
[[Category:Monoclonal antibodies]]
[[Category:Immunosuppressants]]
[[Category:Immunosuppressants]]
[[Category:Sanofi]]
[[Category:Sanofi]]
[[Category:Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs]]

Latest revision as of 00:09, 27 August 2024

Sarilumab
Monoclonal antibody
TypeWhole antibody
SourceHuman
TargetIL-6R
Clinical data
Trade namesKevzara
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa617032
License data
Routes of
administration		Subcutaneous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability80%
Metabolismlikely proteases
Elimination half-life21 days (steady-state, estimated)
Identifiers
CAS Number
ChemSpider
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Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6388H9918N1718O1998S44
Molar mass144164.28 g·mol−1
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Sarilumab, sold under the brand name Kevzara, is a human monoclonal antibody medication against the interleukin-6 receptor.[6] Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi developed the drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), for which it received US FDA approval on 22 May 2017 and European Medicines Agency approval on 23 June 2017.[7]

Development in ankylosing spondylitis has been suspended after the drug failed to show clinical benefit over methotrexate in a phase II trial.[8]

Medical uses

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Sarilumab is used for the treatment of moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis in people who have not responded to, or did not tolerate, more conventional treatments.[9] It can be used alone or in combination with methotrexate or other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).[10][11]

Contraindications

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In the European Union, sarilumab is contraindicated in people with active, severe infections.[10] While this is not listed as a contraindication under the US FDA approval, there is a boxed warning that recommends testing for hidden tuberculosis infection before treatment and monitoring for signs of an infection during therapy with sarilumab.[11]

Side effects

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The MONARCH trial suggested a significantly higher incidence of neutropenia in patients receiving 200 mg sarilumab every 2 weeks, compared to patients being treated with adalimumab (13.6% vs 0.5%). However, infection rates were similar between both groups (28.8% vs 27.7%).[12]

Other common side effects that occurred in 1% to 10% of patients included thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), infections of the upper respiratory tract and the urinary tract, oral herpes, hyperlipidaemia, and injection site reactions such as pain or redness.[10]

Clinical trials

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Rheumatoid arthritis

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On 15 May 2013, both companies announced that 2 new trials were starting (COMPARE and ASCERTAIN) and the first patients had already been enrolled.[13]

In June 2015, a phase III trial (with methotrexate) for RA reported meeting its three coprimary endpoints.[14]

In November 2015, the SARIL-RA-TARGET trial reported good results (meeting both its coprimary end points).[15]

In November 2016, the MONARCH phase III trial comparing sarilimab to adalimumab (an anti-TNF) found sarilumab superior at reducing the DAS28-ESR score in patients with RA after 24 weeks.[12]

In July 2019, a multi-center trial was launched to study 'Sarilumab in Patients With Glucocorticoid-Dependent Sarcoidosis.' [16]

History

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In October 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) refused approval for marketing as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis due to good manufacturing practice (GMP) violations.[12] The drug was eventually approved by the FDA on 22 May 2017.

Research

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COVID-19

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A study of 420 patients was halted in September 2020, due to lack of demonstrated effectiveness in treating COVID-19 symptoms.[17]

On 7 January 2021, following results from the REMAP-CAP trial, Tocilizumab and Sarilumab were added to the UK recommended list for COVID-19 treatment, the number needed to treat is 12, meaning for every 12 intensive care unit patients treated 1 additional person survives compared to treatment as normal, also speeding up patients' recovery and reducing the length of time that critically-ill patients need to spend in intensive care by about a week [18]

Tocilizumab seems to be more beneficial, whereas the clinical efficacy of Sarilumab has not been established as data on decreased mortality was often not significant. The number of trials did not allow for the identification of a specific patient subset that benefits the most from Sarilumab treatment, yet (May 2022).[19][20]

References

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  1. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  2. ^ "Arthritis". Health Canada. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  3. ^ "Regulatory Decision Summary for Kevzara". Drug and Health Products Portal. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  4. ^ "Kevzara- sarilumab injection, solution". DailyMed. 17 June 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  5. ^ "Kevzara EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 23 June 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  6. ^ "Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council: Sarilumab" (PDF). ama-assn.org. American Medical Association.
  7. ^ "Kevzara: Authorisation details". European Medicines Agency. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  8. ^ "Sanofi and Regeneron Report Positive Phase 2b Trial Results with Sarilumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis". regeneron.com (Press release). Paris & Tarrytown, New York: Regeneron. 12 July 2011.
  9. ^ Boyce EG, Rogan EL, Vyas D, Prasad N, Mai Y (February 2018). "Sarilumab: Review of a Second IL-6 Receptor Antagonist Indicated for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 52 (8): 780–791. doi:10.1177/1060028018761599. PMID 29482351. S2CID 3580054.
  10. ^ a b c "Kevzara: EPAR – Product Information" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 26 September 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  11. ^ a b Drugs.com: Sarilumab Monograph. Accessed 29 November 2017.
  12. ^ a b c Burmester GR, Lin Y, Patel R, van Adelsberg J, Mangan EK, Graham NM, et al. (May 2017). "Efficacy and safety of sarilumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (MONARCH): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group phase III trial". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 76 (5): 840–847. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210310. PMC 5530335. PMID 27856432.
  13. ^ "Sanofi and Regeneron Announce Patient Enrollment in Two Phase 3 Trials with Sarilumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). May 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  14. ^ Genovese MC, Fleischmann R, Kivitz AJ, Rell-Bakalarska M, Martincova R, Fiore S, et al. (June 2015). "Sarilumab Plus Methotrexate in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Response to Methotrexate: Results of a Phase III Study". Arthritis & Rheumatology. 67 (6): 1424–37. doi:10.1002/art.39093. PMID 25733246.
  15. ^ Walker T. "Sarilumab effective in broad range of RA patients: Study". Formulary Watch. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  16. ^ "More Information". Sarcoidosis Program. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  17. ^ Sanofi halts tests of arthritis drug for use as a COVID-19 treatment
  18. ^ Roberts M (7 January 2021). "Two more life-saving Covid drugs discovered". BBC News. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  19. ^ - Yu SY, Koh DH, Choi M, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of interleukin-6 receptor antagonists (tocilizumab and sarilumab) in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):1154-1165. doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2059405
  20. ^ - Sivapalasingam S, Lederer DJ, Bhore R, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Sarilumab in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial [published online ahead of print, 2022 Feb 26]. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;ciac153. doi:10.1093/cid/ciac153

Further reading

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