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{{Short description|Former ballet company}}
{{Infobox ballet company
{{Infobox ballet company
| name = Original Ballet Russe
| name = Original Ballet Russe
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| artistic_director = Colonel [[Wassily de Basil]]
| artistic_director = Colonel [[Wassily de Basil]]
| ballet_master =
| ballet_master =
| choreographers = [[Leonide Massine]] (1932–1937)<br />[[George Balanchine]] (1932–1933)<br />[[Michel Fokine]] (1937–c. 1941)
| choreographers = [[Leonide Massine]] (1932–1937)<br />[[George Balanchine]] (1932–1933)<br />[[Michel Fokine]] (1937–c. 1941)
| company_manager = [[Sol Hurok]]
| company_manager = [[Sol Hurok]]
| successor = [[Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo]]
| successor = [[Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo]]
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=== Massine and Balanchine join ===
=== Massine and Balanchine join ===
The company hired [[Leonide Massine]] and [[George Balanchine]] as choreographers. The majority of the works performed had previously been staged by Diaghilev's company, but other new works were commissioned, such as ''Jeux d'enfants'', with music by [[George Bizet]] and sets by [[Joan Miró]]. Featured dancers included [[David Lichine]] (who soon began choreographing ballets for the company), and the "[[Baby Ballerinas|baby ballerinas]]" [[Irina Baronova]], [[Tamara Toumanova]], and [[Tatiana Riabouchinska]]. The company conductor was [[Efrem Kurtz]],<ref>Anderson, Martin, "A Century in Music: Manuel Rosenthal in Conversation" (April 2000). ''Tempo'' (New Ser.) (212): pp. 31-37.</ref> who stayed until 1942, touring with them extensively, and the librettist was [[Boris Kochno]]. The company gave its first performance in [[Monte Carlo]] in 1932.
The company hired [[Leonide Massine]] and [[George Balanchine]] as choreographers. The majority of the works performed had previously been staged by Diaghilev's company, but other new works were commissioned, such as ''Jeux d'enfants'', with music by [[Georges Bizet]] and sets by [[Joan Miró]]. Featured dancers included [[David Lichine]] (who soon began choreographing ballets for the company), and the "[[Baby Ballerinas|baby ballerinas]]" [[Irina Baronova]], [[Tamara Toumanova]], and [[Tatiana Riabouchinska]]. The company conductor was [[Efrem Kurtz]],<ref>Anderson, Martin, "A Century in Music: Manuel Rosenthal in Conversation" (April 2000). ''Tempo'' (New Ser.) (212): pp. 31-37.</ref> who stayed until 1942, touring with them extensively, and the librettist was [[Boris Kochno]]. The company gave its first performance in [[Monte Carlo]] in 1932.


Without consulting Blum, Col. de Basil dropped Balanchine after one year<ref name=Homans /> – ostensibly because he thought that audiences preferred the works choreographed by Massine. Librettist Kochno was also let go, while dancer Toumanova left the company when Balanchine was fired.
Without consulting Blum, Col. de Basil dropped Balanchine after one year<ref name=Homans /> – ostensibly because he thought that audiences preferred the works choreographed by Massine. Librettist Kochno was also let go, while dancer Toumanova left the company when Balanchine was fired. According to historian Katherine Sorley-Walker, however, Balanchine and Kochno left of their own volition, because they found Blum and De Basil "dictatorial."<ref>{{Cite book|title=De Basil's Ballets Russes|last=Sorley-Walker|first=Katherine|publisher=Atheneum|year=1983|location=New York|pages=20}}</ref>


=== Blum leaves ===
=== Blum leaves, Nijinska joins ===
Col. de Basil and Blum had an acrimonious relationship,<ref name=Homans>Homans, Jennifer. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/books/review/book-review-rene-blum-and-the-ballets-russes-by-judith-chazin-bennahum.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 "René Blum: Life of a Dance Master,"] ''New York Times'' (July 8, 2011).</ref> which ended in 1934 with Blum breaking up the partnership. Col. de Basil renamed his company ''Ballets Russes de Colonel W. de Basil''.<ref name=Answers>{{cite web | accessdate=2010-03-28 | url=http://www.answers.com/topic/les-ballets-russes-de-monte-carlo | title=Les Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo | publisher=The Oxford Dictionary of Dance | year=2004}}</ref>
Col. de Basil and Blum had an acrimonious relationship,<ref name=Homans>Homans, Jennifer. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/books/review/book-review-rene-blum-and-the-ballets-russes-by-judith-chazin-bennahum.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 "René Blum: Life of a Dance Master,"] ''New York Times'' (July 8, 2011).</ref> which ended in 1934 with Blum breaking up the partnership. Col. de Basil renamed his company ''Ballets Russes de Colonel W. de Basil''.<ref name=Answers>{{cite web | access-date=2010-03-28 | url=http://www.answers.com/topic/les-ballets-russes-de-monte-carlo | title=Les Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo | publisher=The Oxford Dictionary of Dance | year=2004}}</ref> In April, 1934, [[Bronislava Nijinska]] directed the company's season at the Théâtre de Monte-Carlo,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ballets Russes: Colonel de Basil's Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo 1932-1952|last=García-Márquez|first=Vicente|publisher=Alfred A.Knopf|year=1990|location=New York|pages=xiii}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=De Basil's Ballets Russes|last=Sorley-Walker|first=Katherine|publisher=Atheneum|year=1983|location=New York|pages=36}}</ref> presenting her ballets ''Bolero,'' ''Variations,'' ''Etude'', and ''Les Comediens Jaloux''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Les Ballets de Monte-Carlo 1911-1944|last=Detaille|first=Georges and Gérard Mulys|publisher=Editions Arc-en-Ciel|year=1954|location=Paris|pages=181–185}}</ref> Nijinska created ''Les Cent Baisers'' for the company's London season in 1935.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De Basil's Ballets Russes|last=Sorley-Walker|first=Katherine|publisher=Atheneum|year=1983|location=New York|pages=55–57}}</ref>


The company struggled financially in the wake of the [[Great Depression]], and was on the verge of bankruptcy. [[Sol Hurok]], an American, took over the management of the Ballet Russe<ref name="andros">{{cite web|title=Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo|url=http://www.michaelminn.net/andros/history/ballet_russe_de_monte_carlo|work=Andros on Ballet|publisher=Michael Minn|accessdate=5 June 2010|author=Andros, Gus Dick |date=February 1997}}</ref> and brought the company to the [[United States]].
The company struggled financially in the wake of the [[Great Depression]], and was on the verge of bankruptcy. [[Sol Hurok]], an American, took over the management of the Ballet Russe<ref name="andros">{{cite web|title=Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo|url=http://www.michaelminn.net/andros/history/ballet_russe_de_monte_carlo|work=Andros on Ballet|publisher=Michael Minn|access-date=5 June 2010|author=Andros, Gus Dick |date=February 1997}}</ref> and brought the company to the [[United States]].


=== The company splits ===
=== The company splits ===
In 1937, Massine left, joining with Blum to form their own company,<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0817F6385A157A93C2AB178AD95F438385F9 "BLUM BALLET SOLD TO COMPANY HERE; World Art, Inc., Formed by Julius Fleischmann, Takes Over Monte Carlo Troupe,"] ''New York Times'' (November 20, 1937).</ref> recruiting several dancers from their previous group. However, the ballets which Massine had choreographed while under contract with Col. de Basil were owned by his company. Massine sued de Basil in [[London]] to regain the intellectual property rights to his own works. He also sued to claim the ''Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo'' name.<ref name="andros" /> The jury decided that de Basil owned Massine's ballets created between 1932 and 1937, but not those created before 1932.<ref name="australiadancing">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110808045124/http://www.australiadancing.org/subjects/4861.html australiadancing] through the Internet Archive</ref> It also ruled that both successor companies could use the name ''Ballet Russe'' – but only Massine and Blum's company could be called [[Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo]]. Col. de Basil renamed his company again, calling it the ''[[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]] Russian Ballet''<ref name=Answers /> and bringing on [[Michel Fokine]] as resident choreographer.
In 1937, Massine left, joining with Blum to form their own company,<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0817F6385A157A93C2AB178AD95F438385F9 "BLUM BALLET SOLD TO COMPANY HERE; World Art, Inc., Formed by Julius Fleischmann, Takes Over Monte Carlo Troupe,"] ''New York Times'' (November 20, 1937).</ref> recruiting several dancers from their previous group. However, the ballets which Massine had choreographed while under contract with Col. de Basil were owned by his company. Massine sued de Basil in [[London]] to regain the intellectual property rights to his own works. He also sued to claim the ''Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo'' name.<ref name="andros" /> The jury decided that de Basil owned Massine's ballets created between 1932 and 1937, but not those created before 1932.<ref name="australiadancing">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110808045124/http://www.australiadancing.org/subjects/4861.html australiadancing]}} through the Internet Archive</ref> It also ruled that both successor companies could use the name ''Ballet Russe'' – but only Massine and Blum's company could be called [[Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo]]. Col. de Basil renamed his company again, calling it the ''[[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]] Russian Ballet''<ref name=Answers /> and bringing on [[Michel Fokine]] as resident choreographer.


[[Sol Hurok]] ended up managing Blum and Massine's company as well. The Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo and the Original Ballet Russe often performed near each other. Under its new name, the company's first season, starting May 1938, was at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Massine's Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo had a season at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane a few hundred yards away,<ref name="andros" /> and this season was known as the "London Ballet Wars".
[[Sol Hurok]] ended up managing Blum and Massine's company as well. The Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo and the Original Ballet Russe often performed near each other. Under its new name, the company's first season, starting May 1938, was at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Massine's Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo had a season at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane a few hundred yards away,<ref name="andros" /> and this season was known as the "London Ballet Wars".
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Finally, in 1939, Col. de Basil gave the company its final name, the ''Original Ballet Russe''.<ref name=Answers />
Finally, in 1939, Col. de Basil gave the company its final name, the ''Original Ballet Russe''.<ref name=Answers />


The company toured extensively throughout Europe and [[Australia]], visiting Australia in 1936–37, 1938–39, and 1939–40.<ref name=Amanda>Amanda. [http://www.theage.com.au/news/film/ballets-russes/2005/07/16/1121455937588.html "Ballets Russes"], ''[[The Age]]'' (17 July 2005)</ref> During his visit to Australia, de Basil commissioned work from Australians, especially from designers, who included [[Sidney Nolan]] and Kathleen and Florence Martin. He also instigated a design competition for an original Australian ballet, which was won by [[Donald Friend]] with designs for a ballet based on a fictitious event in the life of [[Ned Kelly]].{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}. A number of dancers stayed in Australia,<ref>{{cite web
The company toured extensively throughout Europe and [[Australia]], visiting Australia in 1936–37, 1938–39, and 1939–40.<ref name=Amanda>Amanda. [http://www.theage.com.au/news/film/ballets-russes/2005/07/16/1121455937588.html "Ballets Russes"], ''[[The Age]]'' (17 July 2005)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dancing Round the World|last=Haskell|first=Arnold L.|publisher=Victor Gollancz Ltd.|year=1937|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ballet in Australia from Pavlova to Rambert|last=Hall|first=Hugh P.|publisher=Georgian House|year=1948|location=Melbourne}}</ref> During his visit to Australia, de Basil commissioned work from Australians, especially from designers, who included [[Sidney Nolan]] and Kathleen and Florence Martin. He also instigated a design competition for an original Australian ballet, which was won by [[Donald Friend]] with designs for a ballet based on a fictitious event in the life of [[Ned Kelly]].{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}. A number of dancers stayed in Australia,<ref>{{cite web
|title=Madame Kira's legacy of dance to Western Australia
|title=Madame Kira's legacy of dance to Western Australia
|url=https://open.abc.net.au/explore/84092
|url=https://open.abc.net.au/explore/84092
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=== During World War II ===
=== During World War II ===
Soon after they returned to the United States in 1939, [[World War II]] broke out. The company suffered financially, but was able to book an entire cast of dancers on tour to [[Havana, Cuba]], in 1941. [[Alberto Alonso]] and his first wife [[Alexandra Denisova|Patricia Denise]] danced all the principal roles on the Havana tour. The company could not pay the dancers adequately, and some took second jobs in nightclubs to survive. [[Principal dancer]]s were forced to take roles that were not solos.<ref name="APobit">Associated Press, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/former-new-york-city-ballet-star-yvonne-mounsey-who-founded-west-coast-school-dies-at-93/2012/10/03/d437605e-0d94-11e2-ba6c-07bd866eb71a_story.html "Former New York City Ballet star Yvonne Mounsey, who founded West Coast school, dies at 93,"], ''Washington Post'' (Oct. 3, 2012).</ref>
Soon after they returned to the United States in 1939, [[World War II]] broke out. The company suffered financially, but was able to book an entire cast of dancers on tour to [[Havana, Cuba]], in 1941. [[Alberto Alonso]] and his first wife [[Alexandra Denisova|Patricia Denise]] danced all the principal roles on the Havana tour. The company could not pay the dancers adequately, and some took second jobs in nightclubs to survive. [[Principal dancer]]s were forced to take roles that were not solos.<ref name="APobit">Associated Press, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121007181052/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/former-new-york-city-ballet-star-yvonne-mounsey-who-founded-west-coast-school-dies-at-93/2012/10/03/d437605e-0d94-11e2-ba6c-07bd866eb71a_story.html "Former New York City Ballet star Yvonne Mounsey, who founded West Coast school, dies at 93,"], ''Washington Post'' (Oct. 3, 2012).</ref>


While in Cuba, [[David Lichine]] and Tatiana Leskova appeared in ''Conga Pantera'' at the Cabaret Tropicana. Other dancers included Tamara Grigorieva, Nina Verchinina, Anna Leontieva, Genevieve Moulin, Tatiana Leskova, Anna Volkova, Your Lazowski, Dimitri Romanoff, [[Roman Jasinski]], Paul Petroff, and Oleg Tupin.
While in Cuba, [[David Lichine]] and Tatiana Leskova appeared in ''Conga Pantera'' at the Cabaret Tropicana. Other dancers included Tamara Grigorieva, Nina Verchinina, Anna Leontieva, Genevieve Moulin, Tatiana Leskova, Anna Volkova, Your Lazowski, Dimitri Romanoff, [[Roman Jasinski]], Paul Petroff, and Oleg Tupin.


=== Disbandment ===
=== Disbandment ===
In 1947, the Original Ballet Russe gave its last season in London before disbanding.<ref name="lynx">{{cite web|last=Finkelstein|first=Richard|title=A Ballets Russes Chronology|url=http://www.artslynx.org/dance/brchron.htm|work=International Arts Resources|publisher=Artslynx|accessdate=5 June 2010|date=July 12, 2004}}</ref> The company was revived in 1951 by family members G. Kirsta and the Grigorievs, after Col. de Basil died.<ref name="lynx" /> The company proved to be financially unstable, and folded while on tour in Europe in 1952.
In 1947, the Original Ballet Russe gave its last season in London before disbanding.<ref name="lynx">{{cite web|last=Finkelstein|first=Richard|title=A Ballets Russes Chronology|url=http://www.artslynx.org/dance/brchron.htm|work=International Arts Resources|publisher=Artslynx|access-date=5 June 2010|date=July 12, 2004}}</ref> The company was revived in 1951 by family members G. Kirsta and the Grigorievs, after Col. de Basil died.<ref name="lynx" /> The company proved to be financially unstable, and folded while on tour in Europe in 1952.


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
A feature documentary about the company, featuring interviews with many of the dancers, was released in 2005, with the title ''[[Ballets Russes (documentary)|Ballets Russes]]''.
A feature documentary about the company, featuring interviews with many of the dancers, was released in 2005, with the title ''[[Ballets Russes (documentary)|Ballets Russes]]''.


''A Thousand Encores: Ballets Russes in Australia'' was a documentary screened on [[ABC Television]] on November 3, 2009, about the company's three visits to Australia between 1936 and 1940. The documentary claims that there is more footage of the Ballet Russes in Australia than anywhere else in the world. Some film was in colour, a rarity for that time.
''A Thousand Encores: Ballets Russes in Australia'' was a documentary screened on [[ABC Television (Australian TV network)|ABC Television]] on November 3, 2009, about the company's three visits to Australia between 1936 and 1940. The documentary claims that there is more footage of the Ballets Russes in Australia than anywhere else in the world. Some film was in colour, a rarity for that time.


== Works ==
== Works ==
* 1932
* 1932
** [[George Balanchine]]'s ''Cotillion'', ''[[Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (ballet)|Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme]]'', ''La Concurrence'', and ''Suites de Danse''<ref name=Garcia>García-Márques, Vicente. ''Massine: A Biography'' (New York: Knopf, 1995).</ref>
**[[George Balanchine]]'s ''Cotillion'', ''[[Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (ballet)|Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme]]'', ''La Concurrence'', and ''Suites de Danses''<ref name=Garcia>García-Márques, Vicente. ''Massine: A Biography'' (New York: Knopf, 1995).</ref>
** [[Léonide Massine]]'s ''Jeux d'enfants''<ref name=Garcia />
** [[Léonide Massine]]'s ''Jeux d'enfants''<ref name=Garcia />
**Boris Romanoff's ''Chout'' (''Le Bouffon'') ''Pulcinella'', and ''L'Amour Sorcier''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Les Ballets de Monte Carlo 1911-1944|last=Detaille|first=Georges and Gérard Mulys|publisher=Éditions Arc-en-Ciel|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>
**[[Lev Ivanov]]'s ''Le Lac des Cygnes'' (''[[Swan Lake]]''), act II
**[[Michel Fokine]]'s ''Petrouchka, Les Sylphides,'' and ''The Polovtsian Dances from Prince Igor''
* 1933
* 1933
** [[David Lichine]]'s ''Nocturne'' (set to the music of [[Rameau]])<ref name=Garcia />
**[[David Lichine]]'s ''Nocturne'' (set to the music of [[Rameau]])<ref name=Garcia />
** [[Leonide Massine]]'s ''Les Présages'' (set to [[Tchaikovsky]]'s [[Symphony No. 5 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 5]])
** [[Léonide Massine]]'s ''Les Présages'' (set to [[Tchaikovsky]]'s [[Symphony No. 5 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 5]]), ''Le Beau Danube, Beach, Scuola di Ballo,''<ref name=":0" /> and ''Les Matelots''
** 14 September — [[Michel Fokine]]'s ''[[Carnaval (ballet)|Carnaval]]'' (set to [[Robert Schumann]]'s ''[[Carnaval (Schumann)|Carnaval]]'', Op. 9), London, UK
** 14 September — [[Michel Fokine]]'s ''[[Carnaval (ballet)|Carnaval]]'' (set to [[Robert Schumann]]'s ''[[Carnaval (Schumann)|Carnaval]]'', Op. 9), London, UK
** 24 October premiere — [[Leonide Massine]]'s ''Choreartium'' (set to [[Brahm's Fourth Symphony]]), [[Alhambra Theatre]], London, UK
** 24 October premiere — Leonide Massine's ''Choreartium'' (set to [[Brahm's Fourth Symphony]]), [[Alhambra Theatre]], London, UK
**[[Vaslav Nijinsky]]'s ''L'Après-midi d'un faune''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=De Basil's Ballets Russes|last=Sorley Walker|first=Kathrine|publisher=Atheneum|year=1983|location=New York}}</ref>
* 1934
* 1934
** [[Leonide Massine]]'s ''Le Tricorne'', Chicago
**[[Léonide Massine]]'s ''Le Tricorne'', Chicago
** [[Leonide Massine]]'s ''Union Pacific'',<ref name=Garcia /> Philadelphia
** Léonide Massine's ''Union Pacific'',<ref name=Garcia /> Philadelphia
** [[David Lichine]]'s ''Les Imaginaires''
** Léonide Massine's ''La Boutique Fantasque''
** Léonide Massine's ''Les Contes Russes''
**[[David Lichine]]'s ''Les Imaginaires''
**[[Bronislava Nijinska]]'s ''Bolero''
** Bronislava Nijinska's ''Variations''
** Bronislava Nijinska's ''Étude''
** Bronislava Nijinska's ''Les Comediens Jaloux''
**[[Marius Petipa]]'s ''Le Mariage d'Aurore'' (arranged by Nijinska)
**[[Michel Fokine]]'s ''L'Oiseau de feu''
* 1935
* 1935
** [[Leonide Massine]]'s ''Jardin public'', Chicago
**[[Léonide Massine]]'s ''Jardin public'', Chicago
** [[Leonide Massine]]'s ''Le Bal'', Chicago
** Léonide Massine's ''Le Bal'', Chicago
** Léonide Massine's Union Pacific
** Léonide Massine's ''Les femmes de bonne humeur''
** Léonide Massine's ''Le Soleil de Nuit''
**[[Bronislava Nijinska]]'s ''Les Cent Baisers''
**[[Michel Fokine]]'s ''Schéhérazade, Thamar,'' and ''Le Spectre de la Rose''
* 1936
* 1936
** [[David Lichine]]'s ''Le Pavillon''
**[[David Lichine]]'s ''Le Pavillon,'' 24 July premiere
** 24 July premiere — [[Leonide Massine]]'s ''Symphonie Fantastique'' (set to Hector Berlioz' [[Symphony Fantastique|symphony]]), Covent Garden, London, UK
**[[Léonide Massine]]'s ''Symphonie Fantastique'' (set to Hector Berlioz' [[Symphony Fantastique|symphony]]), Covent Garden, London, UK, 13 October
** 13 October — [[Léonide Massine]]'s ''[[La Boutique fantasque]]'', Theatre Royal, Adelaide, Australia<ref>Vicente García-Márquez, ''The Ballets Russes: Colonel de Basil's Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo, 1932-1952'' (New York 1990), p. 155.</ref>
** Léonide Massine's ''[[La Boutique fantasque]]'', Theatre Royal, Adelaide, Australia<ref>Vicente García-Márquez, ''The Ballets Russes: Colonel de Basil's Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo, 1932-1952'' (New York 1990), p. 155.</ref>
** Leon Woizikovsky's ''L'Amour Sorcier''<ref name=":1" />
** Léonide Massine's ''Cimarosiana''
**[[Michel Fokine]]'s ''Cléopâtre'' and ''Papillons''
**[[Bronislava Nijinska]]'s ''Danses slaves et tziganes'' and ''Les Noces''

[[File:Helene Kirsova stars in the De Basil Ballet Russe Petrouchka, Theatre Royal, Sydney, 11 January 1937 Sam Hood.jpg|thumb|[[Hélène Kirsova|Helene Kirsova]] stars in ''[[Petrouchka]]'', [[Theatre Royal, Sydney]], 11 January 1937. <small>Photo from the Sam Hood collection.</small>]]
[[File:Helene Kirsova stars in the De Basil Ballet Russe Petrouchka, Theatre Royal, Sydney, 11 January 1937 Sam Hood.jpg|thumb|[[Hélène Kirsova|Helene Kirsova]] stars in ''[[Petrouchka]]'', [[Theatre Royal, Sydney]], 11 January 1937. <small>Photo from the Sam Hood collection.</small>]]

* 1936–1937 Australia tour
**[[Marius Petipa]]'s ''Aurora's Wedding''
** [[Léonide Massine]]'s ''Le Beau Danube''
** Léonide Massine's ''La Boutique Fantasque''
** [[Michel Fokine]]'s ''Carnaval''
** Léonide Massine's ''Les Contes Russes''
** [[George Balanchine]]'s ''Cotillon''
** Michel Fokine's ''L'Oiseau de Feu''
** [[Bronislava Nijinska]]'s ''Les Cent Baisers''
** Leon Woitzikowsky's ''L'Amour Sorcier''
** [[Vaslav Nijinsky]]'s ''L'Après-midi d'un faune''
** Léonide Massine's ''Le Soleil de Nuit''
** Michel Fokine's ''Petrouchka''
** Leon Woitzikowsky's ''Port Said''
** Léonide Massine's ''Les Presages''
** Michel Fokine's ''Prince Igor''
** Michel Fokine's ''Schéhérazade''
** Léonide Massine's ''Scuola di Ballo''
** Michel Fokine's ''Le Spectre de la Rose''
** [[Lev Ivanov]]'s ''Swan Lake,'' Act II
** Michel Fokine's ''Les Sylphides''
** Michel Fokine's ''Thamar''
* 1937
* 1937
** 11 January — [[Michel Fokine]]'s ''[[Petrouchka]]'', Sydney
** 11 January — [[Michel Fokine]]'s ''[[Petrouchka]]'', Sydney
** [[Michel Fokine]]'s ''Le Coq d'or'' (set to the music of [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]])
** Michel Fokine's ''Le Coq d'or'' (set to the music of [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]])
** [[David Lichine]]'s ''Francesca da Rimini'' and ''Le Lion amoureux''
** [[David Lichine]]'s ''Francesca da Rimini'', ''Le Lion amoureux,'' and ''Les Dieux mendiants''
* 1938
* 1938
** [[Michel Fokine]]'s ''Cendrillon''
** Michel Fokine's ''Cendrillon''
** David Lichine's ''Le Fils Prodigue'' and ''Protée''
* 1939
* 1939
** [[Michel Fokine]]'s ''Paganini''
** [[Michel Fokine]]'s ''Paganini''
*1940
** [[Serge Lifar]]'s ''Le Danube bleu''<ref name=":1" />
*1940 Australia tour
*1940 Australia tour
**[[David Lichine]]'s ''[[Graduation Ball]]''<ref name="catalog">{{cite web|title=Catalogue Information on 'Artists of the company, in Graduation ball, The Original Ballet Russe, Australian tour, His Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, 1940', picture by Hugh P. Hall|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/apps/cdview?pi=nla.pic-vn4174827&fullrecord=yes|work=Hugh P. Hall collection of photographs, 1938-1940|publisher=National Library of Australia|accessdate=5 June 2010}}</ref> (set to the music of [[Johann Strauss II]]), Melbourne
**[[David Lichine]]'s ''[[Graduation Ball]]''<ref name="catalog">{{cite web|title=Catalogue Information on 'Artists of the company, in Graduation ball, The Original Ballet Russe, Australian tour, His Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, 1940', picture by Hugh P. Hall|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/apps/cdview?pi=nla.pic-vn4174827&fullrecord=yes|work=Hugh P. Hall collection of photographs, 1938-1940|publisher=National Library of Australia|access-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> (set to the music of [[Johann Strauss II]]), Melbourne
** [[Igor Schwezoff]]'s ''La Lutte eternelle'', Sydney
**[[Igor Schwezoff]]'s ''La Lutte eternelle'', Sydney
** [[Mikhail Obukhov]] (after Petipa, Saint-Leon)'s ''[[Coppélia]]'', Sydney
**[[Mikhail Obukhov]] (after Petipa, Saint-Leon)'s ''[[Coppélia]]'', Sydney
**[[Nina Verchinina]]'s ''Etude (The Quest)''
⚫
*1941 Havana tour<ref name="danza">{{cite web|title=The Ballet Russe - Ballet Russe de Montecarlo|url=http://www.danzaballet.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1432|publisher=Danza Ballet|accessdate=5 June 2010|author=Villalón, Célida P. |others=Villalón, Vivian (trans.)|date=August 1, 2007}}</ref>
** Serge Lifar's ''Icare'' and ''Pavane (Las Meninas)''
⚫
*1941 Havana tour<ref name="danza">{{cite web|title=The Ballet Russe - Ballet Russe de Montecarlo|url=http://www.danzaballet.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1432|publisher=Danza Ballet|access-date=5 June 2010|author=Villalón, Célida P. |others=Villalón, Vivian (trans.)|date=August 1, 2007}}</ref>
**[[Michael Fokine]]'s ''[[Les Sylphides]]'', ''Le Coq d'or'', ''Paganini'', ''Prince Igor'', ''[[Carnaval (ballet)|Carnaval]]'', ''[[Petrushka (ballet)|Petrushka]]'', ''Sheherazade'', and ''[[Le Spectre de la Rose]]''
**[[Michael Fokine]]'s ''[[Les Sylphides]]'', ''Le Coq d'or'', ''Paganini'', ''Prince Igor'', ''[[Carnaval (ballet)|Carnaval]]'', ''[[Petrushka (ballet)|Petrushka]]'', ''Sheherazade'', and ''[[Le Spectre de la Rose]]''
**[[Leonide Massine]]'s ''Symphonie Fantastique, Les Présages'', and ''Le Beau Danube''
**[[Léonide Massine]]'s ''Symphonie Fantastique, Les Présages'', and ''Le Beau Danube''
**[[Marius Petipa]]'s ''Le Marriage d’Aurore''
**[[Marius Petipa]]'s ''Le Mariage d’Aurore''
**[[George Balanchine]]'s ''Cotillon'' and ''Balustrade''
**[[George Balanchine]]'s ''Cotillon'' and ''Balustrade''
**[[Nijinska]]'s ''Las Cent Baisters''
**[[Nijinska|Bronislava Nijinska]]'s ''Les Cent Baisers''
*1942
**[[Vania Psota]] and S. Pueyrredón de Elizalde's ''Fue una vez''
*1943
** Vania Psota's ''El Malón''
*1944
** Vania Psota's ''La isla de los ceibos''
*1945
**Vania Psota's ''Yx-kik''
*1946
*1946
**spring — [[David Lichine]]'s ''Cain and Abel'', Mexico City<ref>{{cite web|title=Ballets Russes (1909-1962)|url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/ballet_russes.html|work=glbtq Encyclopedia|publisher=glbtq|accessdate=5 June 2010|author=Turnbaugh, Douglas Blair}}</ref>
**spring — [[David Lichine]]'s ''Cain and Abel'', Mexico City<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ballets Russes (1909-1962)|url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/ballet_russes.html|encyclopedia=glbtq Encyclopedia|publisher=glbtq|access-date=5 June 2010|author=Turnbaugh, Douglas Blair}}</ref>
**[[John Taras]]' ''Camille''
**[[William Dollar]]'s ''Constantia''
**[[Anton Dolin (ballet dancer)|Anton Dolin]]'s ''Giselle'' (after Coralli) and ''Pas de Quatre''
**Antonia Cobos' ''Mute Wife''
**Edward Caton's ''Sebastian''
**[[Vania Psota]]'s ''Yara''
* 1947
* 1947
**[[Jerome Robbins]]' ''Pas de Trois''
⚫
** spring — ''[[Giselle]]'', [[Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)|Metropolitan Opera House]], New York<ref>[[John Martin (dance critic)|Martin, John]]. [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0617FA3C58147B93C3AB1788D85F438485F9 "Rosella Hightower Scores in Giselle Role, Replacing Markova, as Ballet Russe Opens"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 21, 1947. Accessed November 5, 2008.</ref>
**[[Bronislava Nijinska]]'s ''Pictures at an Exhibition''
⚫
**spring — ''[[Giselle]]'', [[Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)|Metropolitan Opera House]], New York<ref>[[John Martin (dance critic)|Martin, John]]. [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0617FA3C58147B93C3AB1788D85F438485F9 "Rosella Hightower Scores in Giselle Role, Replacing Markova, as Ballet Russe Opens"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 21, 1947. Accessed November 5, 2008.</ref>
** spring — ''[[Swan Lake]]'', [[Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)|Metropolitan Opera House]], New York
** spring — ''[[Swan Lake]]'', [[Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)|Metropolitan Opera House]], New York
** summer — [[David Lichine]]'s ''[[Graduation Ball]]'', London, UK<ref name=Garcia />
**Boris Kniasev's ''Piccoli'' and ''The Silver Birch''
** summer — [[David Lichine]]'s ''[[Graduation Ball]]'', London, UK<ref name="Garcia" />
*1948
**Anatole Joukovsky's ''Danzas eslavas''
**Nina Verchinina's ''Suite choréographique''
**Nina Verchinina's ''Valse triste''


== References ==
== References ==
Line 127: Line 199:


=== Further reading ===
=== Further reading ===
*{{cite book |last=Garcia-Marquez |first= Vicente |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title= The Ballets Russes: Colonel de Basil's Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo 1932-152|origyear= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |volume= |year=1990 |publisher= Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York |language= |isbn=0-394-52875-1 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}
*{{cite book |last=Garcia-Marquez |first=Vicente |title=The Ballets Russes: Colonel de Basil's Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo 1932-152 |url=https://archive.org/details/balletsrussescol0000garc |year=1990 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0-394-52875-1 }}
*{{cite book |last= Anderson |first= Jack|authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=The One and Only: The Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo |origyear= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |volume= |year=1981 |publisher= Dance Horizons|location= New York|language= |isbn=0-87127-127-3 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}
*{{cite book|last= Anderson|first= Jack|title= The One and Only: The Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo|url= https://archive.org/details/oneonlyba00ande|year= 1981|publisher= Dance Horizons|location= New York|isbn= 0-87127-127-3}}
*Chazin-Bennahum, Judith (2011) ''René Blum and the Ballets Russes: In search of a lost life.'' New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-539933-2}}
*Sorley-Walker, Katherine (1983) ''De Basil's Ballets Russes.'' New York: Atheneum. {{ISBN|0-689-11365-X}}
*Detaille, Georges and Mulys, Gérard (1954) ''Les Ballets de Monte-Carlo 1911-1944''. Paris: Arc-en-Ciel.
*Haskell, Arnold L. (1937) ''Dancing Round the World''. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.
*Hall, Hugh P. (1948) ''Ballet in Australia from Pavlova to Rambert.'' Melbourne: Georgian House.


{{Ballet companies}}
{{Ballet companies}}

Latest revision as of 02:54, 28 September 2024

Original Ballet Russe
General information
NameOriginal Ballet Russe
Previous namesLes Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo
Ballets Russes de Colonel W. de Basil
Covent Garden Russian Ballet
SuccessorBallet Russe de Monte-Carlo
Year founded1931
Closed1947
FoundersRené Blum and Colonel Wassily de Basil
Principal venueMonte Carlo
Senior staff
Company managerSol Hurok
Artistic staff
Artistic DirectorColonel Wassily de Basil
Resident ChoreographersLeonide Massine (1932–1937)
George Balanchine (1932–1933)
Michel Fokine (1937–c. 1941)
Other
Formation
  • Principal
  • Soloist
  • Corps de Ballet

The Original Ballet Russe (originally named Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo) was a ballet company established in 1931 by René Blum and Colonel Wassily de Basil as a successor to the Ballets Russes, founded in 1909 by Sergei Diaghilev. The company assumed the new name Original Ballet Russe after a split between de Basil and Blum. De Basil led the renamed company, while Blum and others founded a new company under the name Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo. It was a large scale professional ballet company which toured extensively in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, the United States, and Central and South America. It closed down operations in 1947.

History

[edit]

Dissolution of Ballets Russes and formation of Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo

[edit]

The company's name is derived from the Ballets Russes of impresario Sergei Diaghilev. The last season of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes was 1929, during which it toured and performed in both London, England, and Paris, France. During the final season, it produced the new ballets The Prodigal Son and Le Bal. The company performed for the final time in London at the Covent Garden Theatre on July 26, 1929. Diaghliev died of complications from diabetes a month later, on August 19, 1929.

In 1931, with the help from financier Serge Denham, René Blum and Colonel Wassily de Basil formed Les Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo. One of the new company's board members was American businessman Jim Thompson.

Massine and Balanchine join

[edit]

The company hired Leonide Massine and George Balanchine as choreographers. The majority of the works performed had previously been staged by Diaghilev's company, but other new works were commissioned, such as Jeux d'enfants, with music by Georges Bizet and sets by Joan Miró. Featured dancers included David Lichine (who soon began choreographing ballets for the company), and the "baby ballerinas" Irina Baronova, Tamara Toumanova, and Tatiana Riabouchinska. The company conductor was Efrem Kurtz,[1] who stayed until 1942, touring with them extensively, and the librettist was Boris Kochno. The company gave its first performance in Monte Carlo in 1932.

Without consulting Blum, Col. de Basil dropped Balanchine after one year[2] – ostensibly because he thought that audiences preferred the works choreographed by Massine. Librettist Kochno was also let go, while dancer Toumanova left the company when Balanchine was fired. According to historian Katherine Sorley-Walker, however, Balanchine and Kochno left of their own volition, because they found Blum and De Basil "dictatorial."[3]

Blum leaves, Nijinska joins

[edit]

Col. de Basil and Blum had an acrimonious relationship,[2] which ended in 1934 with Blum breaking up the partnership. Col. de Basil renamed his company Ballets Russes de Colonel W. de Basil.[4] In April, 1934, Bronislava Nijinska directed the company's season at the Théâtre de Monte-Carlo,[5][6] presenting her ballets Bolero, Variations, Etude, and Les Comediens Jaloux.[7] Nijinska created Les Cent Baisers for the company's London season in 1935.[8]

The company struggled financially in the wake of the Great Depression, and was on the verge of bankruptcy. Sol Hurok, an American, took over the management of the Ballet Russe[9] and brought the company to the United States.

The company splits

[edit]

In 1937, Massine left, joining with Blum to form their own company,[10] recruiting several dancers from their previous group. However, the ballets which Massine had choreographed while under contract with Col. de Basil were owned by his company. Massine sued de Basil in London to regain the intellectual property rights to his own works. He also sued to claim the Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo name.[9] The jury decided that de Basil owned Massine's ballets created between 1932 and 1937, but not those created before 1932.[11] It also ruled that both successor companies could use the name Ballet Russe – but only Massine and Blum's company could be called Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo. Col. de Basil renamed his company again, calling it the Covent Garden Russian Ballet[4] and bringing on Michel Fokine as resident choreographer.

Sol Hurok ended up managing Blum and Massine's company as well. The Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo and the Original Ballet Russe often performed near each other. Under its new name, the company's first season, starting May 1938, was at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Massine's Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo had a season at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane a few hundred yards away,[9] and this season was known as the "London Ballet Wars".

After London, Hurok booked both of the companies to perform in New York (with de Basil's company playing the Hollywood Theatre), for a total of fifteen weeks, making it the longest ballet season of New York.[citation needed] Along with management, the two companies also shared dancers. Hurok continued to have the companies perform near each other; he hoped to reunite the companies,[citation needed] but ultimately was unsuccessful. The company then spent some weeks on a "whistle stop" tour of America, sleeping on the special train hired to transport them.

In 1939, the company spent a six-week season at Covent Garden. English ballerina Mona Inglesby danced with the company that season.

Finally, in 1939, Col. de Basil gave the company its final name, the Original Ballet Russe.[4]

The company toured extensively throughout Europe and Australia, visiting Australia in 1936–37, 1938–39, and 1939–40.[12][13][14] During his visit to Australia, de Basil commissioned work from Australians, especially from designers, who included Sidney Nolan and Kathleen and Florence Martin. He also instigated a design competition for an original Australian ballet, which was won by Donald Friend with designs for a ballet based on a fictitious event in the life of Ned Kelly.[citation needed]. A number of dancers stayed in Australia,[15] including Kira Bousloff, who went on to found the West Australian Ballet.

During World War II

[edit]

Soon after they returned to the United States in 1939, World War II broke out. The company suffered financially, but was able to book an entire cast of dancers on tour to Havana, Cuba, in 1941. Alberto Alonso and his first wife Patricia Denise danced all the principal roles on the Havana tour. The company could not pay the dancers adequately, and some took second jobs in nightclubs to survive. Principal dancers were forced to take roles that were not solos.[16]

While in Cuba, David Lichine and Tatiana Leskova appeared in Conga Pantera at the Cabaret Tropicana. Other dancers included Tamara Grigorieva, Nina Verchinina, Anna Leontieva, Genevieve Moulin, Tatiana Leskova, Anna Volkova, Your Lazowski, Dimitri Romanoff, Roman Jasinski, Paul Petroff, and Oleg Tupin.

Disbandment

[edit]

In 1947, the Original Ballet Russe gave its last season in London before disbanding.[17] The company was revived in 1951 by family members G. Kirsta and the Grigorievs, after Col. de Basil died.[17] The company proved to be financially unstable, and folded while on tour in Europe in 1952.

[edit]

A feature documentary about the company, featuring interviews with many of the dancers, was released in 2005, with the title Ballets Russes.

A Thousand Encores: Ballets Russes in Australia was a documentary screened on ABC Television on November 3, 2009, about the company's three visits to Australia between 1936 and 1940. The documentary claims that there is more footage of the Ballets Russes in Australia than anywhere else in the world. Some film was in colour, a rarity for that time.

Works

[edit]
Helene Kirsova stars in Petrouchka, Theatre Royal, Sydney, 11 January 1937. Photo from the Sam Hood collection.

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Anderson, Martin, "A Century in Music: Manuel Rosenthal in Conversation" (April 2000). Tempo (New Ser.) (212): pp. 31-37.
  2. ^ a b Homans, Jennifer. "René Blum: Life of a Dance Master," New York Times (July 8, 2011).
  3. ^ Sorley-Walker, Katherine (1983). De Basil's Ballets Russes. New York: Atheneum. p. 20.
  4. ^ a b c "Les Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo". The Oxford Dictionary of Dance. 2004. Retrieved 2010-03-28.
  5. ^ García-Márquez, Vicente (1990). The Ballets Russes: Colonel de Basil's Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo 1932-1952. New York: Alfred A.Knopf. pp. xiii.
  6. ^ Sorley-Walker, Katherine (1983). De Basil's Ballets Russes. New York: Atheneum. p. 36.
  7. ^ Detaille, Georges and Gérard Mulys (1954). Les Ballets de Monte-Carlo 1911-1944. Paris: Editions Arc-en-Ciel. pp. 181–185.
  8. ^ Sorley-Walker, Katherine (1983). De Basil's Ballets Russes. New York: Atheneum. pp. 55–57.
  9. ^ a b c Andros, Gus Dick (February 1997). "Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo". Andros on Ballet. Michael Minn. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  10. ^ "BLUM BALLET SOLD TO COMPANY HERE; World Art, Inc., Formed by Julius Fleischmann, Takes Over Monte Carlo Troupe," New York Times (November 20, 1937).
  11. ^ australiadancing[usurped] through the Internet Archive
  12. ^ Amanda. "Ballets Russes", The Age (17 July 2005)
  13. ^ Haskell, Arnold L. (1937). Dancing Round the World. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.
  14. ^ Hall, Hugh P. (1948). Ballet in Australia from Pavlova to Rambert. Melbourne: Georgian House.
  15. ^ Joan Woods (8 Dec 2014). "Madame Kira's legacy of dance to Western Australia". Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  16. ^ Associated Press, "Former New York City Ballet star Yvonne Mounsey, who founded West Coast school, dies at 93,", Washington Post (Oct. 3, 2012).
  17. ^ a b Finkelstein, Richard (July 12, 2004). "A Ballets Russes Chronology". International Arts Resources. Artslynx. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  18. ^ a b c d e García-Márques, Vicente. Massine: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1995).
  19. ^ a b Detaille, Georges and Gérard Mulys (1954). Les Ballets de Monte Carlo 1911-1944. Paris: Éditions Arc-en-Ciel.
  20. ^ a b c Sorley Walker, Kathrine (1983). De Basil's Ballets Russes. New York: Atheneum.
  21. ^ Vicente García-Márquez, The Ballets Russes: Colonel de Basil's Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo, 1932-1952 (New York 1990), p. 155.
  22. ^ "Catalogue Information on 'Artists of the company, in Graduation ball, The Original Ballet Russe, Australian tour, His Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, 1940', picture by Hugh P. Hall". Hugh P. Hall collection of photographs, 1938-1940. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  23. ^ Villalón, Célida P. (August 1, 2007). "The Ballet Russe - Ballet Russe de Montecarlo". Villalón, Vivian (trans.). Danza Ballet. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  24. ^ Turnbaugh, Douglas Blair. "Ballets Russes (1909-1962)". glbtq Encyclopedia. glbtq. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  25. ^ Martin, John. "Rosella Hightower Scores in Giselle Role, Replacing Markova, as Ballet Russe Opens", The New York Times, March 21, 1947. Accessed November 5, 2008.

Sources consulted

[edit]
  • "Les Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo". The Oxford Dictionary of Dance. Oxford University Press. 2000.
  • Sorley Walker, Kathrine. 1982. De Basil's Ballets Russes. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-147510-4; New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-11365-X.

Further reading

[edit]
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