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{{Short description|DIY ethic of body enhancement}}
{{Redirect|Body hack|the TV series|Todd Sampson's Body Hack}}
{{Redirect|Body hack|the TV series|Todd Sampson's Body Hack}}
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{{Short description|DIY ethic of body enhancement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}


'''Body hacking''' is the application of the [[hacker ethic]] (often in combination with a high [[risk tolerance]]) in pursuit of enhancement or change to the body's functions through technological means, such as [[do-it-yourself]] [[cybernetic]] devices<ref>
'''Body hacking''' is the application of the [[hacker ethic]] (often in combination with a high [[risk tolerance]]) in pursuit of enhancement or change to the body's functions through technological means, such as [[do-it-yourself]] [[cybernetic]] devices<ref>
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{{Cite web|title=Biohackers are implanting LEDs under their skin |work=Motherboard|date=9 November 2015 |url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/biohackers-are-implanting-led-lights-under-their-skin
{{Cite web
|title=Biohackers are implanting LEDs under their skin
|work=Motherboard
|date=2015-11-09
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|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/biohackers-are-implanting-led-lights-under-their-skin
}}</ref> or by introducing biochemicals.<ref>
}}</ref> or by introducing biochemicals.<ref>
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{{Cite web |title=This Biohacker Used Eyedrops to Give Himself Temporary Night Vision |work=Gizmodo |date=27 March 2016 |url=http://io9.gizmodo.com/this-biohacker-used-eyedrops-to-give-himself-temporary-1694016390}}</ref>
{{Cite web
|title=This Biohacker Used Eyedrops To Give Himself Temporary Night Vision
|work=Gizmodo
|date=2016-03-27
⚫
|url=http://io9.gizmodo.com/this-biohacker-used-eyedrops-to-give-himself-temporary-1694016390
}}</ref>


'''Grinders''' are a self-identified community of body hackers. Many grinders identify with the [[biopunk]] movement, open-source [[transhumanism]], and [[techno-progressivism]].<ref name="biohack28" /><ref name="biohack6">{{Cite web
'''Grinders''' are a self-identified community of body hackers. Many grinders identify with the [[biopunk]] movement, open-source [[transhumanism]], and [[techno-progressivism]].<ref name="biohack28" /><ref name="biohack6">{{Cite web| title = Who We Are| work = wiki.biohack.me| access-date = 30 November 2012| date = 28 August 2012| url = http://wiki.biohack.me/Who_We_Are}}</ref><ref name="biohack8">{{Cite web| title = DIYBio Codes| work = DIYBio| access-date = 30 November 2012| year = 2011
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| url = http://diybio.org/codes/}}</ref> The Grinder movement is strongly associated with the [[body modification]] movement and practices actual implantation of cybernetic devices in [[Organic matter|organic]] bodies as a method of working towards transhumanism.<ref name="biohack28" /><ref name="biohack5" /> This includes designing and installing do-it-yourself body enhancements, such as magnetic implants.<ref name="biohack28">{{cite web|last=Popper|first=Ben|title=Cyborg America: inside the strange new world of basement body hackers|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/8/8/3177438/cyborg-america-biohackers-grinders-body-hackers|work=Verge Magazine|date=8 August 2012|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="biohack5">{{Cite web| title = Body Modifications and Bio-Hacking| work = wiki.biohack.me| access-date = 30 November 2012| date = 21 May 2012| url = http://wiki.biohack.me/Body_Modifications_and_Bio-Hacking}}</ref> Biohacking emerged in a growing trend of non-institutional science and technology development.<ref name="biohack1">{{Cite web
| last =
|last = Greg Boustead|title = The Biohacking Hobbyist|work = Seed Magazine|access-date = 11 July 2010|date = 11 December 2008|url = http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_biohacking_hobbyist/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090322191741/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_biohacking_hobbyist/|url-status = unfit|archive-date = 22 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Phil McKenna| title = Rise of the garage genome hackers| work = New Scientist| access-date = 11 July 2010| date = 7 January 2009| url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126881.400-genetic-manpulation-now-becoming-a-hobby.html?full=true&print=true}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Patti Schiendelman| title = DIYBio for biohackers| work = Make: Online| access-date = 11 July 2010| date = 1 January 2009| url = http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2009/01/diybio_for_biohackers.html| archive-date = 15 March 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100315101335/http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2009/01/diybio_for_biohackers.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>
| title = Who We Are
| work = wiki.biohack.me
| access-date = 2012-11-30
| date = 2012-08-28
| url = http://wiki.biohack.me/Who_We_Are
}}</ref><ref name="biohack8">{{Cite web
| last =
| title = DIYBio Codes
| work = DIYBio
| access-date = 2012-11-30
| year = 2011
| url = http://diybio.org/codes/
⚫
}}</ref> The Grinder movement is strongly associated with the [[body modification]] movement and practices actual implantation of cybernetic devices in [[Organic matter|organic]] bodies as a method of working towards transhumanism.<ref name="biohack28" /><ref name="biohack5" /> This includes designing and installing do-it-yourself body enhancements, such as magnetic implants.<ref name="biohack28">{{cite web|last=Popper|first=Ben|title=Cyborg America: inside the strange new world of basement body hackers|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/8/8/3177438/cyborg-america-biohackers-grinders-body-hackers|work=Verge Magazine|date=8 August 2012|access-date=2012-11-30}}</ref><ref name="biohack5">{{Cite web
| last =
| title = Body Modifications and Bio-Hacking
| work = wiki.biohack.me
| access-date = 2012-11-30
| date = 2012-05-21
| url = http://wiki.biohack.me/Body_Modifications_and_Bio-Hacking
}}</ref> Biohacking emerged in a growing trend of non-institutional science and technology development.<ref name="biohack1">{{Cite web
|last = Greg Boustead|title = The Biohacking Hobbyist|work = Seed Magazine|access-date = 2010-07-11|date = 2008-12-11|url = http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_biohacking_hobbyist/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090322191741/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_biohacking_hobbyist/|url-status = unfit|archive-date = 2009-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| last = Phil McKenna
| title = Rise of the garage genome hackers
| work = New Scientist
| access-date = 2010-07-11
| date = 2009-01-07
| url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126881.400-genetic-manpulation-now-becoming-a-hobby.html?full=true&print=true
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| last = Patti Schiendelman
| title = DIYBio for biohackers
| work = Make: Online
| access-date = 2010-07-11
| date = 2009-01-01
| url = http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2009/01/diybio_for_biohackers.html
}}</ref>


"Biohacking" can also refer to managing one's own biology using a combination of medical, nutritional, and electronic techniques. This may include the use of [[nootropics]], nontoxic substances, and/or [[cybernetic]] devices for recording [[biometric]] data (as in the [[quantified self]] movement).<ref name="biohack7">{{Cite web
"Biohacking" can also refer to managing one's own biology using a combination of medical, nutritional, and electronic techniques. This may include the use of [[nootropics]], nontoxic substances, and/or [[cybernetic]] devices for recording [[biometric]] data (as in the [[quantified self]] movement).<ref name="biohack7">{{Cite web
|last = Glen Martin|title = 'Biohackers' mining their own bodies' data|work = SF Gate|access-date = 2012-11-30|date = 2012-06-28|url = http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Biohackers-mining-their-own-bodies-data-3668230.php}}</ref>
|last = Glen Martin|title = 'Biohackers' mining their own bodies' data|work = SF Gate|access-date = 30 November 2012|date = 28 June 2012|url = http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Biohackers-mining-their-own-bodies-data-3668230.php}}</ref>


==Ideology==
==Ideology==
Grinders largely identify with [[transhumanist]] and [[biopunk]] ideologies.<ref name=biohack1/><ref name=biohack10>{{Cite web|last=Meredith L. Patterson|title=A Biopunk Manifesto|work=Outlaw Biology? Public Participation in the Age of Big Bio.|access-date=30 November 2012|date=30 January 2010|url=http://maradydd.livejournal.com/496085.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001040922/http://maradydd.livejournal.com/496085.html|archive-date=1 October 2012}}</ref> [[Transhumanism]] is the belief that it is both possible and desirable to so fundamentally alter the human condition through the use of technologies as to inaugurate a superior [[post-human]] being.<ref name=biohack12>{{cite journal|last=Bostrom|first=Nick|title=A History of Transhumanist Thought|journal=Journal of Evolution and Technology|year=2005|url=http://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/history.pdf|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref><ref name=biohack20>{{cite book|last=Hayles|first=Katherine|title=How we became posthuman: virtual bodies in cybernetics, literature, and informatics|year=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-32139-4}}</ref><ref name=biohack21>{{Cite web| last = Katherine Hayles| title = H-: Wrestling with Transhumanism| work = MetaNexus| access-date = 30 November 2012| date = 11 September 2011| url = http://www.metanexus.net/essay/h-wrestling-transhumanism}}</ref> Kara Platoni categorizes such technological modifications as "hard" biohacking, noting the desire to expand the boundaries of human perception and even create "new senses".<ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal|last1=Czuba|first1=Killian|title=Fast Forward|journal=Distillations |date=2017|volume=2|issue=4|pages=44–45|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/fast-forward|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Platoni">{{cite book|last1=Platoni|first1=Kara|title=We Have the Technology: How Biohackers, Foodies, Physicians, and Scientists Are Transforming Human Perception, One Sense at a Time|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465089970|pages=7, 237–254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aay6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7|access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
Grinders largely identify with [[transhumanist]] and [[biopunk]] ideologies.<ref name=biohack1/><ref name=biohack10>{{Cite web
|last=Meredith L. Patterson
|title=A Biopunk Manifesto
|work=Outlaw Biology? Public Participation in the Age of Big Bio.
|access-date=2012-11-30
|date=2010-01-30
|url=http://maradydd.livejournal.com/496085.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001040922/http://maradydd.livejournal.com/496085.html
|archive-date=1 October 2012
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref> [[Transhumanism]] is the belief that it is both possible and desirable to so fundamentally alter the human condition through the use of technologies as to inaugurate a superior [[post-human]] being.<ref name=biohack12>{{cite journal|last=Bostrom|first=Nick|title=A History of Transhumanist Thought|journal=Journal of Evolution and Technology|year=2005|url=http://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/history.pdf|access-date=2012-11-30}}</ref><ref name=biohack20>{{cite book|last=Hayles|first=Katherine|title=How we became posthuman : virtual bodies in cybernetics, literature, and informatics|year=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-32139-4}}</ref><ref name=biohack21>{{Cite web
| last = Katherine Hayles
| title = H-: Wrestling with Transhumanism
| work = MetaNexus
| access-date = 2012-11-30
| date = 2011-09-11
| url = http://www.metanexus.net/essay/h-wrestling-transhumanism
}}</ref> Kara Platoni categorizes such technological modifications as "hard" biohacking, noting the desire to expand the boundaries of human perception and even create "new senses".<ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal|last1=Czuba|first1=Killian|title=Fast Forward|journal=Distillations |date=2017|volume=2|issue=4|pages=44–45|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/fast-forward|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Platoni">{{cite book|last1=Platoni|first1=Kara|title=We Have the Technology: How Biohackers, Foodies, Physicians, and Scientists Are Transforming Human Perception, One Sense at a Time|date=December 8, 2015|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465089970|pages=7, 237–254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aay6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7|access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>


Biopunk is a techno-progressive cultural and intellectual movement that advocates [[open access]] to [[genetic information]] and espouses the liberating potential of truly democratic technological development.<ref name=biohack13>{{cite journal| author = Newitz, Annalee| title = Biopunk| year = 2001 | url = http://www.sfbg.com/SFLife/tech/71.html | access-date=2007-01-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021220190353/http://www.sfbg.com/SFLife/tech/71.html |archive-date = 2002-12-20| author-link = Annalee Newitz}}</ref><ref name=biohack14>{{cite journal| author = Newitz, Annalee| title = Genome Liberation| year = 2002| url = http://www.salon.com/2002/02/26/biopunk/singleton/| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130202102133/http://www.salon.com/2002/02/26/biopunk/singleton/| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2013-02-02| access-date = 2007-01-26}}</ref> Like other [[punk rock|punk]] movements, biopunk encourages the [[DIY ethic]].<ref name=biohack10/><ref name=biohack15>{{cite web|url = http://jdh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/69|title = Oxford Journal of Design History Webpage|access-date = 2007-09-24|quote = "Yet, it remains within the subculture of punk music where the homemade, A4, stapled and photocopied fanzines of the late 1970s fostered the "do-it-yourself" (DIY) production techniques of cut-n-paste letterforms, photocopied and collaged images, hand-scrawled and typewritten texts, to create a recognizable graphic design aesthetic."}}</ref> "Grinders" adhere to an anarchist strain of biopunk that emphasizes non-hierarchical science and DIY.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
Biopunk is a techno-progressive cultural and intellectual movement that advocates [[open access]] to [[genetic information]] and espouses the liberating potential of truly democratic technological development.<ref name=biohack13>{{cite journal| author = Newitz, Annalee| title = Biopunk| year = 2001 | url = http://www.sfbg.com/SFLife/tech/71.html | access-date=26 January 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021220190353/http://www.sfbg.com/SFLife/tech/71.html |archive-date = 20 December 2002| author-link = Annalee Newitz}}</ref><ref name=biohack14>{{cite journal| author = Newitz, Annalee| title = Genome Liberation| year = 2002| url = http://www.salon.com/2002/02/26/biopunk/singleton/| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130202102133/http://www.salon.com/2002/02/26/biopunk/singleton/| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2 February 2013| access-date = 26 January 2007}}</ref> Like other [[punk rock|punk]] movements, biopunk encourages the [[DIY ethic]].<ref name=biohack10/><ref name=biohack15>{{cite web|url = http://jdh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/69|title = Oxford Journal of Design History Webpage|access-date = 24 September 2007|quote = "Yet, it remains within the subculture of punk music where the homemade, A4, stapled and photocopied fanzines of the late 1970s fostered the "do-it-yourself" (DIY) production techniques of cut-n-paste letterforms, photocopied and collaged images, hand-scrawled and typewritten texts, to create a recognizable graphic design aesthetic."}}</ref> "Grinders" adhere to an anarchist strain of biopunk that emphasizes non-hierarchical science and DIY.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}


[[Cyborg]]s and [[cyborg theory]] strongly influence techno-progressivism and transhumanism and are thus influential to both the DIY-bio movement and grinder movement in general.<ref name=biohack22>{{cite book|last=Gray|first=Chris Hables|title=The Cyborg Handbook|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0415908498}}</ref> Some biohackers, such as grinders and the British professor of cybernetics [[Kevin Warwick]], actively design and implement technologies that are integrated directly into the organic body.<ref name=biohack28/> Examples of this include DIY magnetic fingertip implants or Warwick's "Project Cyborg".<ref name=biohack28/><ref name=biohack16>{{cite web|last=Warwick|first=Kevin|title=Implants and Technology: The Future of Healthcare?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8HeFNJjuj0|work=TEDxWarwick|publisher=TED|access-date=2012-11-30}}</ref><ref name=biohack17>{{cite web|title=Projects|url=http://www.grindhousewetware.com/projects-1|work=Grindhouse Wetware|access-date=2012-11-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827003108/http://www.grindhousewetware.com/projects-1|archive-date=27 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Cyborg theory was kickstarted in 1985 with the publication of [[Donna Haraway]]'s influential "Cyborg Manifesto" but can be traced back all the way to [[Manfred Clynes]] and Nathan Klines' article "Cyborgs and Space".<ref name="biohack23">{{cite journal|last=Clynes|first=Manfred|author2=Klines|title=Nathan|journal=Astronautics|date=September 1960}}</ref> This body of theory criticizes the rigidity of [[ontological]] boundaries and attempts to denaturalize artificial [[dichotomies]].<ref name=biohack22/>
[[Cyborg]]s and [[cyborg theory]] strongly influence techno-progressivism and transhumanism and are thus influential to both the DIY-bio movement and grinder movement in general.<ref name=biohack22>{{cite book|last=Gray|first=Chris Hables|title=The Cyborg Handbook|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0415908498}}</ref> Some biohackers, such as grinders and the British professor of cybernetics [[Kevin Warwick]], actively design and implement technologies that are integrated directly into the organic body.<ref name=biohack28/> Examples of this include DIY magnetic fingertip implants or Warwick's "Project Cyborg".<ref name=biohack28/><ref name=biohack16>{{cite web|last=Warwick|first=Kevin|title=Implants and Technology: The Future of Healthcare?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8HeFNJjuj0|work=TEDxWarwick|date=22 March 2012 |publisher=TED|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref><ref name=biohack17>{{cite web|title=Projects|url=http://www.grindhousewetware.com/projects-1|work=Grindhouse Wetware|access-date=30 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827003108/http://www.grindhousewetware.com/projects-1|archive-date=27 August 2012}}</ref> Cyborg theory was kickstarted in 1985 with the publication of [[Donna Haraway]]'s influential "Cyborg Manifesto" but can be traced back all the way to [[Manfred Clynes]] and Nathan Klines' article "Cyborgs and Space".<ref name="biohack23">{{cite journal|last=Clynes|first=Manfred|author2=Klines|title=Nathan|journal=Astronautics|date=September 1960}}</ref> This body of theory criticizes the rigidity of [[ontological]] boundaries and attempts to denaturalize artificial [[dichotomies]].<ref name=biohack22/>


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
* [[Kevin Warwick]] is a British scientist and professor of cybernetics who has been instrumental in advancing and popularizing cyborg technology and biohacking through his self-experiments.<ref>Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Andrews, B, Teddy, P and Shad, A:“The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems”, ''Archives of Neurology'', 60(10), pp1369-1373, 2003</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/professor-has-worlds-first-silicon-chip-implant-1174101.html|title = Professor has world's first silicon chip implant|website = [[Independent.co.uk]]|date = 25 August 1998}}</ref>
* [[Kevin Warwick]] is a British scientist and professor of cybernetics who has been instrumental in advancing and popularizing cyborg technology and biohacking through his self-experiments.<ref>Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Andrews, B, Teddy, P and Shad, A:“The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems”, ''Archives of Neurology'', 60(10), pp1369-1373, 2003</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/professor-has-worlds-first-silicon-chip-implant-1174101.html|title = Professor has world's first silicon chip implant|website = [[Independent.co.uk]]|date = 25 August 1998}}</ref>
* [[Steve Mann (inventor)|Steve Mann]] is a professor of electrical and computer engineering who has dedicated his career to inventing, implementing, and researching cyborg technologies, in particular, wearable computing technologies.
* [[Steve Mann (inventor)|Steve Mann]] is a professor of electrical and computer engineering who has dedicated his career to inventing, implementing, and researching cyborg technologies, in particular, wearable computing technologies.
* Amal Graafstra is known for implanting an [[RFID]] chip in 2005 and developing human-friendly chips, including the first-ever implantable [[Near-field communication|NFC]] chip.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-xnt-implantable-nfc-chip|title=The xNT implantable NFC chip|website=Indiegogo|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> In 2013, he founded the biotech startup company Dangerous Things.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dangerousthings.com|title=Dangerous Things|website=Dangerous Things|language=en-us|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> He is also the author of ''RFID Toys''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rfidtoys.com/|title=RFID Toys|last=|first=|date=|website=amzn.to|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> and speaker on biohacking topics, including a TEDx<ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=Biohacking – the forefront of a new kind of human evolution: Amal Graafstra at TEDxSFU|date=2013-10-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DxVWhFLI6E |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/7DxVWhFLI6E |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|access-date=2016-05-05}}{{cbignore}}</ref> talk. He has also built a [[Smart gun|smartgun]] that is activated by his implants.<ref>{{Citation|last=Motherboard|title=Who Killed the Smart Gun?|date=2017-03-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXtqBVbxmto&t=33m39s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/sXtqBVbxmto |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|access-date=2017-05-26}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He has created an implantable cryptographic processor called VivoKey<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vivokey.com/|title=Vivokey – The future is waiting...|website=vivokey.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> for personal identity and cryptography applications.
* Amal Graafstra is known for implanting an [[RFID]] chip in 2005 and developing human-friendly chips, including the first-ever implantable [[Near-field communication|NFC]] chip.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-xnt-implantable-nfc-chip|title=The xNT implantable NFC chip|website=Indiegogo|language=en-US|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> In 2013, he founded the biotech startup company Dangerous Things.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dangerousthings.com|title=Dangerous Things|website=Dangerous Things|language=en-us|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> He is also the author of ''RFID Toys''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rfidtoys.com/|title=RFID Toys|last=|first=|date=|website=amzn.to|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> and speaker on biohacking topics, including a TEDx<ref>{{Citation|last=TEDx Talks|title=Biohacking – the forefront of a new kind of human evolution: Amal Graafstra at TEDxSFU|date=17 October 2013|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DxVWhFLI6E |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/7DxVWhFLI6E |archive-date=14 December 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=5 May 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> talk. He has also built a [[Smart gun|smartgun]] that is activated by his implants.<ref>{{Citation|last=Motherboard|title=Who Killed the Smart Gun?|date=23 March 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXtqBVbxmto&t=33m39s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/sXtqBVbxmto |archive-date=14 December 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=26 May 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He has created an implantable cryptographic processor called VivoKey<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vivokey.com/|title=Vivokey – The future is waiting...|website=vivokey.com|language=en|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> for personal identity and cryptography applications.
* Lepht Anonym is a biohacker and transhumanist known for self-surgeries and material implementation of transhumanist ideologies.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Borland|first=John|title=Transcending the Human, DIY Style|url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/transcending-the-human-diy-style/|magazine=Wired Magazine|access-date=2012-11-30}}</ref>
* Lepht Anonym is a biohacker and transhumanist known for self-surgeries and material implementation of transhumanist ideologies.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Borland|first=John|title=Transcending the Human, DIY Style|url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/transcending-the-human-diy-style/|magazine=Wired Magazine|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref>
* Winslow Strong is a mathematician and physicist.<ref>{{cite web|last=Strong|first=Winslow|title=Winslow's Bio|url=http://biohackyourself.com/winslows-bio/|work=Biohack Yourself: Transcend Your Limits|access-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
* Winslow Strong is a mathematician and physicist.<ref>{{cite web|last=Strong|first=Winslow|title=Winslow's Bio|url=http://biohackyourself.com/winslows-bio/|work=Biohack Yourself: Transcend Your Limits|access-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
* [[Tim Cannon]] is a software developer, entrepreneur, and co-founder of biotech startup company [[Grindhouse Wetware]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/video/diy-cyborg|title=The DIY Cyborg – VICE|publisher=}}</ref>
* [[Tim Cannon]] is a software developer, entrepreneur, and co-founder of biotech startup company [[Grindhouse Wetware]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/video/diy-cyborg|title=The DIY Cyborg – VICE|date=31 October 2013 |publisher=}}</ref>
* Jeffrey Tibbetts is the organiser of the Grindfest events at his lab in California. He is a biohacking researcher whose work has been featured in a number of sources, such as ''[[Gizmodo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/the-real-science-behind-the-crazy-night-vision-eyedrops-1694955347|title=The Real Science Behind the Crazy Night Vision Eyedrops|date=2 April 2015|website=Gizmodo}}</ref>
* Jeffrey Tibbetts is the organiser of the Grindfest events at his lab in California. He is a biohacking researcher whose work has been featured in a number of sources, such as ''[[Gizmodo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/the-real-science-behind-the-crazy-night-vision-eyedrops-1694955347|title=The Real Science Behind the Crazy Night Vision Eyedrops|date=2 April 2015|website=Gizmodo}}</ref>
* Alex Smith is a biohacker known for his work developing new implants, such as the Firefly implants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.biohack.me/index.php?p=/discussion/1470/firefly-tattoos|title=Firefly Tattoos|website=Biohack.me}}</ref> He has spoken at various conferences, including DEFCON,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSzUwF9RfJw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/jSzUwF9RfJw |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|title=DEF CON 23 – BioHacking Village – Alex Smith – Cloning Access Cards to Implants|website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and been featured in a number of news articles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/biohackers-use-electronic-tattoos-to-create-sixth-sense/83573/|title=Human Body Merges With Technology in 'Biohacking' Trend|first1=Tammy|last1=Leitner|first2=Lisa|last2=Capitanini • •}}</ref>
* Alex Smith is a biohacker known for his work developing new implants, such as the Firefly implants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.biohack.me/index.php?p=/discussion/1470/firefly-tattoos|title=Firefly Tattoos|website=Biohack.me|date=24 April 2016 }}</ref> He has spoken at various conferences, including DEFCON,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSzUwF9RfJw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/jSzUwF9RfJw |archive-date=14 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=DEF CON 23 – BioHacking Village – Alex Smith – Cloning Access Cards to Implants|website=[[YouTube]]|date=8 December 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> and been featured in a number of news articles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/biohackers-use-electronic-tattoos-to-create-sixth-sense/83573/|title=Human Body Merges with Technology in 'Biohacking' Trend|first1=Tammy|last1=Leitner|first2=Lisa|last2=Capitanini • •|date=21 September 2015 }}</ref>
* Rich Lee is known for implanting headphones in his [[tragi]] in 2013, as well as for his work on a vibrating pelvic implant called the Lovetron9000. His biohacking activities were used as a justification to remove his parental custody rights in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tech/vibrating-penises-bionic-arms-real-8063214|title=Vibrating penises and bionic arms: The inventions turning people into CYBORGS|first=Sophie|last=Curtis|website=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=27 May 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/the-future-is-android/|title=The real cyborgs – in-depth feature about people merging with machines|newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/biohackers-implant-computers-earbuds-and-antennas-in-their-bodies-2016-02-10|title=Biohackers implant computers, earbuds and antennas in their bodies|first=Jurica|last=Dujmovic|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mic.com/articles/125205/body-modification-is-the-future-of-modern-medicine#.inr25LuAa|title=These Young Cyborgs Are Building the Future of Modern Medicine|first=|last=|publisher=}}</ref>
* Rich Lee is known for implanting headphones in his [[tragi]] in 2013, as well as for his work on a vibrating pelvic implant called the Lovetron9000. His biohacking activities were used as a justification to remove his parental custody rights in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tech/vibrating-penises-bionic-arms-real-8063214|title=Vibrating penises and bionic arms: The inventions turning people into CYBORGS|first=Sophie|last=Curtis|website=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=27 May 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/the-future-is-android/|title=The real cyborgs – in-depth feature about people merging with machines|newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/biohackers-implant-computers-earbuds-and-antennas-in-their-bodies-2016-02-10|title=Biohackers implant computers, earbuds and antennas in their bodies|first=Jurica|last=Dujmovic|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mic.com/articles/125205/body-modification-is-the-future-of-modern-medicine#.inr25LuAa|title=These Young Cyborgs Are Building the Future of Modern Medicine|first=|last=|date=14 September 2015 |publisher=}}</ref>
* [[Brian Hanley (biohacker)|Brian Hanley]] is an American [[microbiologist]] who became known for being one of the first biohackers to engineer their own DNA using [[gene therapy]] for [[human enhancement]] and [[life extension]].<ref name="mit1">{{cite web|last1=Regalado|first1=Antonio|title=One man's quest to hack his own genes|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603217/one-mans-quest-to-hack-his-own-genes/|publisher=MIT Technology Review|access-date=23 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Brian Hanley (biohacker)|Brian Hanley]] is an American [[microbiologist]] who became known for being one of the first biohackers to engineer their own DNA using [[gene therapy]] for [[human enhancement]] and [[life extension]].<ref name="mit1">{{cite web|last1=Regalado|first1=Antonio|title=One man's quest to hack his own genes|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603217/one-mans-quest-to-hack-his-own-genes/|publisher=MIT Technology Review|access-date=23 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Meow-Ludo Disco Gamma Meow-Meow implanted a [[microchip]] used for the [[Opal card]] in [[Sydney, Australia]], though he was subsequently fined $220 for failing to comply with existing transit laws.<ref name="buzz">{{cite news |publisher=[[BuzzFeed News]] |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lanesainty/ticket-fine-for-opal-card-biohacker |title=A Self-Described "Cyborg" Who Got A Travel Card Chip Implanted In His Hand Just Got A Ticket Fine |first=Lane |last=Sainty |date=March 15, 2018}}</ref> He also ran against [[Barnaby Joyce]] in the [[Division of New England]].<ref name="buzz"/>
* Meow-Ludo Disco Gamma Meow-Meow implanted a [[microchip]] used for the [[Opal card]] in [[Sydney, Australia]], though he was subsequently fined $220 for failing to comply with existing transit laws.<ref name="buzz">{{cite news |publisher=[[BuzzFeed News]] |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lanesainty/ticket-fine-for-opal-card-biohacker |title=A Self-Described "Cyborg" Who Got A Travel Card Chip Implanted In His Hand Just Got A Ticket Fine |first=Lane |last=Sainty |date=15 March 2018}}</ref> He also ran against [[Barnaby Joyce]] in the [[Division of New England]].<ref name="buzz"/>
* [[Josiah Zayner]] attempted a full [[fecal microbiota transplant]] on himself in February 2016.<ref name="Verge: Bitter Pill">{{Cite web |last1=Duhaime-Ross |first1=Arielle |title=A Bitter Pill |work=[[The Verge]] |date=2016-05-04 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/4/11581994/fmt-fecal-matter-transplant-josiah-zayner-microbiome-ibs-c-diff |access-date=2016-06-14 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* [[Jo Zayner]] attempted a full [[fecal microbiota transplant]] on herself in February 2016.<ref name="Verge: Bitter Pill">{{Cite web |last1=Duhaime-Ross |first1=Arielle |title=A Bitter Pill |work=[[The Verge]] |date=4 May 2016 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/4/11581994/fmt-fecal-matter-transplant-josiah-zayner-microbiome-ibs-c-diff |access-date=14 June 2016 }}</ref> She is also the founder of the ODIN, a company that delivers [[Do-it-yourself biology|DIY-biology]] and genetic modification kits to consumers.
⚫
* Biohacker Hannes Sjöblad has been experimenting with NFC chip implants since 2015. In his talk at Echappée Voléé 2016 in Paris, Sjöblad said that he has also implanted himself with a chip between his forefinger and thumb and uses it to unlock doors, make payments, unlock his phone, and essentially replace anything that is in his pockets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 February 2016|title=Au pays des espèces en voie de disparition|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/2016/02/au-pays-des-especes-en-voie-de-disparition-1230493|access-date=16 June 2021|website=Les Echos|language=fr}}</ref> He has also hosted several "implant parties", where interested parties can get chips implanted.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 December 2014|title=The rise of the Swedish cyborgs|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30144072|access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>
* [[Dave Asprey]] is an American entrepreneur and author who founded Bulletproof 360 in 2013. Asprey has written five books on biohacking. As of 2019, Asprey had spent at least $1 million "hacking his own biology", including having parts of his bone marrow removed and later re-injecting his own [[stem cell]]s, taking 100 supplements daily, following a strict diet, bathing in [[infrared light]], using a [[Hyperbaric medicine|hyperbaric]] [[oxygen]] chamber, and wearing Irlen lenses to correct [[Irlen syndrome]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
⚫
* Tim Vasilev is a pioneer of biohacking and the most famous popularizer of the practice in the CIS. In 2018, he opened his own biohacking laboratory, spending more than $2 million, together with partners.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 February 2020|title=Body work: Russia's 'biohackers' push boundaries|url=https://techxplore.com/news/2020-02-body-russia-biohackers-boundaries.html|website=Tech Xplore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 October 2019|title=Who got Russian business hooked on biohacking|url=https://incrussia.ru/concoct/biohacking-lab/|website=Inc.|language=ru}}</ref> Vasilev has a decade of experience optimizing health and performance for executives and professional athletes, including Olympic medalists.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 June 2019|title=Ten Successful Biohacking Companies and Startups|url=https://moscow.biohacking.events/en/article/desyatka-uspeshnih-kompaniy-i-startapov-v-oblasti-biohakinga-chast-1-98684|website=Biohacking Conference Moscow}}</ref>
⚫
* Biohacker Hannes Sjöblad has been experimenting with NFC chip implants since 2015. In his talk at Echappée Voléé 2016 in Paris, Sjöblad said that he has also implanted himself with a chip between his forefinger and thumb and uses it to unlock doors, make payments, unlock his phone, and essentially replace anything that is in his pockets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-19|title=Au pays des espèces en voie de disparition|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/2016/02/au-pays-des-especes-en-voie-de-disparition-1230493|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Les Echos|language=fr}}</ref> He has also hosted several "implant parties", where interested parties can get chips implanted.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-12-10|title=The rise of the Swedish cyborgs|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30144072|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref>
⚫
* Tim Vasilev is a pioneer of biohacking and the most famous popularizer of biohacking in the CIS. In 2018, he opened his own biohacking laboratory, spending more than $2 million together with partners. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-18|title=Body work: Russia's 'biohackers' push boundaries|url=https://techxplore.com/news/2020-02-body-russia-biohackers-boundaries.html|website=Tech Xplore|language=eng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-15|title=Who got Russian business hooked on biohacking|url=https://incrussia.ru/concoct/biohacking-lab/|website=Inc.|language=rus}}</ref> Tim have a decade of experience optimizing health and performance for executives and professional athletes, including Olympic medalists.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-04|title=Ten Successful Biohacking Companies and Startups|url=https://moscow.biohacking.events/en/article/desyatka-uspeshnih-kompaniy-i-startapov-v-oblasti-biohakinga-chast-1-98684|website=Biohacking Conference Moscow}}</ref>


==Groups and organizations==
==Groups and organizations==
* [[Grindhouse Wetware]], biotechnology startup company based in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]].
* [[Grindhouse Wetware]], biotechnology startup company based in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
* KSEC Solutions, worldwide distributor and consultancy based in the United Kingdom.
* KSEC Solutions, worldwide distributor and consultancy based in the United Kingdom
* [[BioViva]], gene therapy research and development company based in [[Bainbridge Island, Washington]]


==See also==
==See also==
Line 115: Line 54:
* [http://wiki.biohack.me/Grinder_Resource_Library Grinder Resource Library]
* [http://wiki.biohack.me/Grinder_Resource_Library Grinder Resource Library]
* [http://www.cyberpunked.org/bpkdir Biopunk directory]
* [http://www.cyberpunked.org/bpkdir Biopunk directory]
* [https://www.transhumanist.com/ Transhumanist resources]


===Videos===
===Videos===
Line 122: Line 62:
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8HeFNJjuj0 Kevin Warwick, "Implants and technology—the future of healthcare?"]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8HeFNJjuj0 Kevin Warwick, "Implants and technology—the future of healthcare?"]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cx45D9aWEeY Kevin Warwick, "Cyborg interfaces"]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cx45D9aWEeY Kevin Warwick, "Cyborg interfaces"]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwMQy-z8Bq0 RBC Trends: "How to make yourself more powerful: what is biohacking?"]


[[Category:Biology and culture]]
[[Category:Biology and culture]]

Latest revision as of 08:12, 21 October 2024

"Body hack" redirects here. For the TV series, see Todd Sampson's Body Hack.

Body hacking is the application of the hacker ethic (often in combination with a high risk tolerance) in pursuit of enhancement or change to the body's functions through technological means, such as do-it-yourself cybernetic devices[1] or by introducing biochemicals.[2]

Grinders are a self-identified community of body hackers. Many grinders identify with the biopunk movement, open-source transhumanism, and techno-progressivism.[3][4][5] The Grinder movement is strongly associated with the body modification movement and practices actual implantation of cybernetic devices in organic bodies as a method of working towards transhumanism.[3][6] This includes designing and installing do-it-yourself body enhancements, such as magnetic implants.[3][6] Biohacking emerged in a growing trend of non-institutional science and technology development.[7][8][9]

"Biohacking" can also refer to managing one's own biology using a combination of medical, nutritional, and electronic techniques. This may include the use of nootropics, nontoxic substances, and/or cybernetic devices for recording biometric data (as in the quantified self movement).[10]

Ideology

[edit]

Grinders largely identify with transhumanist and biopunk ideologies.[7][11] Transhumanism is the belief that it is both possible and desirable to so fundamentally alter the human condition through the use of technologies as to inaugurate a superior post-human being.[12][13][14] Kara Platoni categorizes such technological modifications as "hard" biohacking, noting the desire to expand the boundaries of human perception and even create "new senses".[15][16]

Biopunk is a techno-progressive cultural and intellectual movement that advocates open access to genetic information and espouses the liberating potential of truly democratic technological development.[17][18] Like other punk movements, biopunk encourages the DIY ethic.[11][19] "Grinders" adhere to an anarchist strain of biopunk that emphasizes non-hierarchical science and DIY.[citation needed]

Cyborgs and cyborg theory strongly influence techno-progressivism and transhumanism and are thus influential to both the DIY-bio movement and grinder movement in general.[20] Some biohackers, such as grinders and the British professor of cybernetics Kevin Warwick, actively design and implement technologies that are integrated directly into the organic body.[3] Examples of this include DIY magnetic fingertip implants or Warwick's "Project Cyborg".[3][21][22] Cyborg theory was kickstarted in 1985 with the publication of Donna Haraway's influential "Cyborg Manifesto" but can be traced back all the way to Manfred Clynes and Nathan Klines' article "Cyborgs and Space".[23] This body of theory criticizes the rigidity of ontological boundaries and attempts to denaturalize artificial dichotomies.[20]

Notable people

[edit]
  • Kevin Warwick is a British scientist and professor of cybernetics who has been instrumental in advancing and popularizing cyborg technology and biohacking through his self-experiments.[24][25]
  • Steve Mann is a professor of electrical and computer engineering who has dedicated his career to inventing, implementing, and researching cyborg technologies, in particular, wearable computing technologies.
  • Amal Graafstra is known for implanting an RFID chip in 2005 and developing human-friendly chips, including the first-ever implantable NFC chip.[26] In 2013, he founded the biotech startup company Dangerous Things.[27] He is also the author of RFID Toys[28] and speaker on biohacking topics, including a TEDx[29] talk. He has also built a smartgun that is activated by his implants.[30] He has created an implantable cryptographic processor called VivoKey[31] for personal identity and cryptography applications.
  • Lepht Anonym is a biohacker and transhumanist known for self-surgeries and material implementation of transhumanist ideologies.[32]
  • Winslow Strong is a mathematician and physicist.[33]
  • Tim Cannon is a software developer, entrepreneur, and co-founder of biotech startup company Grindhouse Wetware.[34]
  • Jeffrey Tibbetts is the organiser of the Grindfest events at his lab in California. He is a biohacking researcher whose work has been featured in a number of sources, such as Gizmodo.[35]
  • Alex Smith is a biohacker known for his work developing new implants, such as the Firefly implants.[36] He has spoken at various conferences, including DEFCON,[37] and been featured in a number of news articles.[38]
  • Rich Lee is known for implanting headphones in his tragi in 2013, as well as for his work on a vibrating pelvic implant called the Lovetron9000. His biohacking activities were used as a justification to remove his parental custody rights in 2016.[39][40][41][42]
  • Brian Hanley is an American microbiologist who became known for being one of the first biohackers to engineer their own DNA using gene therapy for human enhancement and life extension.[43]
  • Meow-Ludo Disco Gamma Meow-Meow implanted a microchip used for the Opal card in Sydney, Australia, though he was subsequently fined $220 for failing to comply with existing transit laws.[44] He also ran against Barnaby Joyce in the Division of New England.[44]
  • Jo Zayner attempted a full fecal microbiota transplant on herself in February 2016.[45] She is also the founder of the ODIN, a company that delivers DIY-biology and genetic modification kits to consumers.
  • Biohacker Hannes Sjöblad has been experimenting with NFC chip implants since 2015. In his talk at Echappée Voléé 2016 in Paris, Sjöblad said that he has also implanted himself with a chip between his forefinger and thumb and uses it to unlock doors, make payments, unlock his phone, and essentially replace anything that is in his pockets.[46] He has also hosted several "implant parties", where interested parties can get chips implanted.[47]
  • Tim Vasilev is a pioneer of biohacking and the most famous popularizer of the practice in the CIS. In 2018, he opened his own biohacking laboratory, spending more than $2 million, together with partners.[48][49] Vasilev has a decade of experience optimizing health and performance for executives and professional athletes, including Olympic medalists.[50]

Groups and organizations

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Biohackers are implanting LEDs under their skin". Motherboard. 9 November 2015.
  2. ^ "This Biohacker Used Eyedrops to Give Himself Temporary Night Vision". Gizmodo. 27 March 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e Popper, Ben (8 August 2012). "Cyborg America: inside the strange new world of basement body hackers". Verge Magazine. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  4. ^ "Who We Are". wiki.biohack.me. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  5. ^ "DIYBio Codes". DIYBio. 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  6. ^ a b "Body Modifications and Bio-Hacking". wiki.biohack.me. 21 May 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  7. ^ a b Greg Boustead (11 December 2008). "The Biohacking Hobbyist". Seed Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  8. ^ Phil McKenna (7 January 2009). "Rise of the garage genome hackers". New Scientist. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  9. ^ Patti Schiendelman (1 January 2009). "DIYBio for biohackers". Make: Online. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  10. ^ Glen Martin (28 June 2012). "'Biohackers' mining their own bodies' data". SF Gate. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  11. ^ a b Meredith L. Patterson (30 January 2010). "A Biopunk Manifesto". Outlaw Biology? Public Participation in the Age of Big Bio. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  12. ^ Bostrom, Nick (2005). "A History of Transhumanist Thought" (PDF). Journal of Evolution and Technology. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  13. ^ Hayles, Katherine (1999). How we became posthuman: virtual bodies in cybernetics, literature, and informatics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-32139-4.
  14. ^ Katherine Hayles (11 September 2011). "H-: Wrestling with Transhumanism". MetaNexus. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  15. ^ Czuba, Killian (2017). "Fast Forward". Distillations. 2 (4): 44–45. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  16. ^ Platoni, Kara (8 December 2015). We Have the Technology: How Biohackers, Foodies, Physicians, and Scientists Are Transforming Human Perception, One Sense at a Time. Basic Books. pp. 7, 237–254. ISBN 978-0465089970. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  17. ^ Newitz, Annalee (2001). "Biopunk". Archived from the original on 20 December 2002. Retrieved 26 January 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ Newitz, Annalee (2002). "Genome Liberation". Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ "Oxford Journal of Design History Webpage". Retrieved 24 September 2007. Yet, it remains within the subculture of punk music where the homemade, A4, stapled and photocopied fanzines of the late 1970s fostered the "do-it-yourself" (DIY) production techniques of cut-n-paste letterforms, photocopied and collaged images, hand-scrawled and typewritten texts, to create a recognizable graphic design aesthetic.
  20. ^ a b Gray, Chris Hables (1995). The Cyborg Handbook. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415908498.
  21. ^ Warwick, Kevin (22 March 2012). "Implants and Technology: The Future of Healthcare?". TEDxWarwick. TED. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  22. ^ "Projects". Grindhouse Wetware. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  23. ^ Clynes, Manfred; Klines (September 1960). "Nathan". Astronautics.
  24. ^ Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Andrews, B, Teddy, P and Shad, A:“The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems”, Archives of Neurology, 60(10), pp1369-1373, 2003
  25. ^ "Professor has world's first silicon chip implant". Independent.co.uk. 25 August 1998.
  26. ^ "The xNT implantable NFC chip". Indiegogo. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  27. ^ "Dangerous Things". Dangerous Things. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  28. ^ "RFID Toys". amzn.to. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  29. ^ TEDx Talks (17 October 2013), Biohacking – the forefront of a new kind of human evolution: Amal Graafstra at TEDxSFU, archived from the original on 14 December 2021, retrieved 5 May 2016
  30. ^ Motherboard (23 March 2017), Who Killed the Smart Gun?, archived from the original on 14 December 2021, retrieved 26 May 2017
  31. ^ "Vivokey – The future is waiting..." vivokey.com. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  32. ^ Borland, John. "Transcending the Human, DIY Style". Wired Magazine. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  33. ^ Strong, Winslow. "Winslow's Bio". Biohack Yourself: Transcend Your Limits. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  34. ^ "The DIY Cyborg – VICE". 31 October 2013.
  35. ^ "The Real Science Behind the Crazy Night Vision Eyedrops". Gizmodo. 2 April 2015.
  36. ^ "Firefly Tattoos". Biohack.me. 24 April 2016.
  37. ^ "DEF CON 23 – BioHacking Village – Alex Smith – Cloning Access Cards to Implants". YouTube. 8 December 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021.
  38. ^ Leitner, Tammy; Capitanini • •, Lisa (21 September 2015). "Human Body Merges with Technology in 'Biohacking' Trend".
  39. ^ Curtis, Sophie (27 May 2016). "Vibrating penises and bionic arms: The inventions turning people into CYBORGS". Daily Mirror.
  40. ^ "The real cyborgs – in-depth feature about people merging with machines". Telegraph.co.uk.
  41. ^ Dujmovic, Jurica. "Biohackers implant computers, earbuds and antennas in their bodies".
  42. ^ "These Young Cyborgs Are Building the Future of Modern Medicine". 14 September 2015.
  43. ^ Regalado, Antonio. "One man's quest to hack his own genes". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  44. ^ a b Sainty, Lane (15 March 2018). "A Self-Described "Cyborg" Who Got A Travel Card Chip Implanted In His Hand Just Got A Ticket Fine". BuzzFeed News.
  45. ^ Duhaime-Ross, Arielle (4 May 2016). "A Bitter Pill". The Verge. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  46. ^ "Au pays des espèces en voie de disparition". Les Echos (in French). 19 February 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  47. ^ "The rise of the Swedish cyborgs". BBC News. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  48. ^ "Body work: Russia's 'biohackers' push boundaries". Tech Xplore. 18 February 2020.
  49. ^ "Who got Russian business hooked on biohacking". Inc. (in Russian). 15 October 2019.
  50. ^ "Ten Successful Biohacking Companies and Startups". Biohacking Conference Moscow. 4 June 2019.
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Videos

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