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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = '''Bhanubhakta Acharya'''
| honorific_prefix = '''Aadikabi'''
| honorific_prefix = '''Aadikabi'''
| native_name_lang = ne
| native_name_lang = ne
| native_name = भानुभक्त आचार्य
| native_name = भानुभक्त आचार्य
| image = File:Bhanubhakta Acharya.jpg
| image = Bhanubhakta Acharya.jpg
| caption = A portrait of the poet
| caption = A portrait of the poet
| alt = Nepali poet
| alt = Nepali poet
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1814|7|13}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1814|7|13}}
| birth_place = Chundi Ramgha, [[Tanahu District]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]]<br><small>({{Present-day|[[Nepal]]}})</small>
| birth_place = Chundi Ramgha, [[Tanahu District]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]]<br><small>({{Present-day||[[Nepal]]|2023-09-22}})</small>
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1868|1814}}
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1868|1814}}
| death_place = Setighat, [[Tanahun District|Tanahun, Kingdom of Nepal]]<br> <small>({{Present-day|Nepal}})</small>
| death_place = Setighat, [[Tanahun District|Tanahun]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]]<br> <small>({{Present-day||Nepal|2023-09-22}})</small>
| occupation = [[Poetry|Poet]]
| occupation = [[Poetry|Poet]]
| era = [[Nepali_literature#Bhanubhakta_era|Bhanubhakta era]]
| era = [[Nepali_literature#Bhanubhakta_era|Bhanubhakta era]]
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*Dharmawati Acharya (mother)}}
*Dharmawati Acharya (mother)}}
}}
}}
'''Bhanubhakta Acharya''' ({{Lang-ne|भानुभक्त आचार्य}}) (1814—1868 CE) (1871—1925 [[Bikram Sambat|BS]]) was a Nepalese writer, poet, and translator. He is widely regarded as the first poet in the [[Nepali language]].
'''Bhanubhakta Acharya''' ({{Langx|ne|भानुभक्त आचार्य}}) (1814—1868 CE) (1871—1925 [[Bikram Sambat|BS]]) was a Nepali writer, poet, and translator. He is widely regarded as the oldest poet in the [[Nepali language]], for which he was conferred with the title of "Aadikabi": literally, "the first poet".


He is best known for translating the great epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' from [[Sanskrit]] to Nepali for the first time. He is conferred with the title ''Aadikabi''—the first poet of Nepali literature. Initially, his translation of the Ramayana was popular in oral form and was later compiled and published by [[Motiram Bhatta|Motirām Bhatta]] in the late 19th century as ''[[Bhanubhakta Ramayana]]''.
He is best known for translating the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' from [[Sanskrit]] to Nepali for the first time. Initially, his translation of the Ramayana was popular in oral form. It was later compiled and published by [[Motiram Bhatta|Motirām Bhatta]] in the late 19th century as ''[[Bhanubhakta Ramayana]]''


== Early life and education ==
== Early life and education ==
Bhanubhakta Acharya was born on 13 July 1814 (29 Ashadh 1871 [[Vikram Samvat|BS]]) in the village of [[Chundi Ramgha]], [[Tanahun District]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] to Dhananjaya Acharya, and Dharmawati Acharya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhanu Bhakta Acharya: 5 reasons why a poet became a household name in Nepal|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/bhanu-bhakta-acharya-nepal-aadikavi.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-20|website=OnlineKhabar|date=13 July 2021 |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713043312/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/bhanu-bhakta-acharya-nepal-aadikavi.html |archive-date=13 July 2021 }}</ref> His father Dhananjaya Acharya was a government official and was the eldest of all brothers. Bhanubhakta received his primary education of [[Sanskrit]] at his home by his grandfather and later in [[Varanasi]].<ref name="acharyas">{{cite book | title=Ādikavi Bhānubhakta Ācāryako saccā jı̄vanacarittra | publisher=Naranātha Ācārya | author=Ācārya, Naranātha | author2=Śivarāja Ācārya | author3=Sāmbkslo thiyoarāja Ācārya | author4=Jayaraj Acharya | name-list-style=amp | year=1979 | location=Tanuṅa | oclc = 10023122}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=आचार्य |first=काशीराज |date=2020-07-13 |title=किन सम्झने भानुलाई |url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/kin-smjhne-bhaanulaaii-161113 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=[[The Annapurna Express|The Annapurna Post]] |language=ne}}</ref><ref name="boss">{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|language=en|title=Adikabi Bhanubhakta Acharya|url=http://bossnepal.com/adikabi-bhanubhakta-acharya|publisher=Boss Nepal|location=Kathmandu|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222151947/http://bossnepal.com/adikabi-bhanubhakta-acharya/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Bhanubhakta Acharya was born on 10 July 1814 (29 Ashadh 1871 [[Vikram Samvat|BS]]) in the village of [[Chundi Ramgha]], [[Tanahun District]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] to Dhananjaya Acharya, and Dharmawati Acharya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhanu Bhakta Acharya: 5 reasons why a poet became a household name in Nepal|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/bhanu-bhakta-acharya-nepal-aadikavi.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-20|website=OnlineKhabar|date=13 July 2021 |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713043312/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/bhanu-bhakta-acharya-nepal-aadikavi.html |archive-date=13 July 2021 }}</ref> His father Dhananjaya Acharya was a government official and was the eldest of all brothers. Bhanubhakta received his primary education of [[Sanskrit]] at his home by his grandfather and later in [[Varanasi]].<ref name="acharyas">{{cite book | title=Ādikavi Bhānubhakta Ācāryako saccā jı̄vanacarittra | publisher=Naranātha Ācārya | author=Ācārya, Naranātha | author2=Śivarāja Ācārya | author3=Sāmbkslo thiyoarāja Ācārya | author4=Jayaraj Acharya | name-list-style=amp | year=1979 | location=Tanuṅa | oclc = 10023122}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=आचार्य |first=काशीराज |date=2020-07-13 |title=किन सम्झने भानुलाई |url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/kin-smjhne-bhaanulaaii-161113 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=[[The Annapurna Express|The Annapurna Post]] |language=ne}}</ref><ref name="boss">{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|language=en|title=Adikabi Bhanubhakta Acharya|url=http://bossnepal.com/adikabi-bhanubhakta-acharya|publisher=Boss Nepal|location=Kathmandu|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222151947/http://bossnepal.com/adikabi-bhanubhakta-acharya/|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Literary career ==
== Literary career ==
South Asian languages including the Nepali language were limited mostly to an oral medium of language dissemination at the time with little written context and literary influence. As most of the written texts of [[South Asia]] were dominated by Sanskrit, it was mostly inaccessible to the general populace. As the [[Bahun|Brahmins]] were the caste who excelled as teachers, scholars, and priests, the access to all of the religious scriptures and other literary works was only limited to them, and few who also could receive education and understand Sanskrit. Many poets had written poems in Sanskrit while Acharya started to write in the Nepali language which not only popularized the language but also gained him acceptance from the Rana Rulers.
South Asian languages including the Nepali language were limited mostly to an oral medium of language dissemination at the time with little written context and literary influence. As most of the written texts of [[South Asia]] were dominated by Sanskrit, it was mostly inaccessible to the general populace. As the Monks and Bahuns were the caste who excelled as teachers, scholars, and priests, the access to all of the religious scriptures and other literary works was only limited to them, and few who also could receive education and understand Sanskrit. Many poets had written poems in Sanskrit while Acharya started to write in the Nepali language which not only popularized the language but also gained him acceptance from the Rana Rulers.


Acharya's benevolence towards Ram's heroic exploits brought in him an urgency to make his tale accessible to the people who spoke Nepali. Since most people did not understand the Sanskrit language, he translated the epic into the Nepali language. Preserving the lyrical narration style of ''Ramayana'' his translations are believed by scholars to carry the same lyrical essence "Bhava and ''Marma'(भव र मर्म)'" that rather than sounding like a poem sounded more like a song without distorting the regional influence or the inner meaning of the ''Ramayana''.<ref name=":0" />
Acharya's benevolence towards Ram's heroic exploits brought in him an urgency to make his tale accessible to the people who spoke Nepali. Since most people did not understand the Sanskrit language, he translated the epic into the Nepali language. Preserving the lyrical narration style of ''Ramayana'' his translations are believed by scholars to carry the same lyrical essence "Bhava and ''Marma'(भव र मर्म)'" that rather than sounding like a poem sounded more like a song without distorting the regional influence or the inner meaning of the ''Ramayana''.<ref name=":0" />
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He did not receive any western education nor was familiar with foreign literature which kept his work and experiential journey original to the vernacular literary system and brought strong Nepali flavor to his works. The key features of his writings were simple yet strong with a sense of religion, a sense of simplicity, and the warmth of his country that not many other poets had been able to be compared. Belonging to a wealthy family, he never had any financial trouble and had an unremarkable life until he met a grass cutter who wanted to give something to society so he could be remembered after death too. The grass cutter's words were what inspired him to do something that would leave a mark on society.
He did not receive any western education nor was familiar with foreign literature which kept his work and experiential journey original to the vernacular literary system and brought strong Nepali flavor to his works. The key features of his writings were simple yet strong with a sense of religion, a sense of simplicity, and the warmth of his country that not many other poets had been able to be compared. Belonging to a wealthy family, he never had any financial trouble and had an unremarkable life until he met a grass cutter who wanted to give something to society so he could be remembered after death too. The grass cutter's words were what inspired him to do something that would leave a mark on society.


He wrote two masterpieces in his life among which, one is the ''Bhanubhaktey Ramayan'' and the other is a letter he wrote in verse form to the Prime Minister while he was in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |last=आचार्य |first=जयराज |date=2021-07-10 |title=भानुभक्तीय रामायण : दृष्टिविहीनलाई पनि |url=https://beta.gorkhapatraonline.com/featured/2021-07-10-41602 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=[[Gorkhapatra]] |language=ne}}</ref> He was made a scapegoat and sent to prison due to some misunderstanding in signing the papers. In prison, his health deteriorated and he was given false hopes of being set free but his case was not even heard. So, he wrote a petition to the Prime Minister requesting his freedom, which later became one of his great works. He not only won his freedom with his poem but was also given a bag of money (He wrote in the same language the then prime minister want to force the public to use). When he died in 1868, he did not know he would one day be one of the most revered poets of Nepal. His creation, however, was not published and he died without receiving credit for his contribution.
He wrote two masterpieces in his life among which, one is the ''Bhanubhaktey Ramayan'' and the other is a letter he wrote in verse form to the Prime Minister while he was in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |last=आचार्य |first=जयराज |date=2021-07-10 |title=भानुभक्तीय रामायण : दृष्टिविहीनलाई पनि |url=https://beta.gorkhapatraonline.com/featured/2021-07-10-41602 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=[[Gorkhapatra]] |language=ne}}</ref> He was made a scapegoat and sent to prison due to some misunderstanding in signing the papers. In prison, his health deteriorated and he was given false hopes of being set free but his case was not even heard. So, he wrote a petition to the Prime Minister requesting his freedom, which later became one of his great works. He not only won his freedom with his poem but was also given a bag of money, for he wrote in the same language the then prime minister wanted to force the public to use. When he died in 1868, he did not know he would one day be one of the most revered poets of Nepal. His creation, however, was not published and he died without receiving credit for his contribution.


His works were published by [[Motiram Bhatta]] in 1887 after he found the manuscript and took it to [[Varanasi|Benaras]], India for printing. One of Acharya's works is well known for its colorful, glowing praise of Kathmandu valley and its inhabitants. Although he is one of the most celebrated and revered poets of Nepal, his works are not as famous as other poets in the history of Nepali literature. Ramayana, which Acharya originally translated into Nepali, was also translated into English more than a century later; it is considered the first translation in English that is published in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adhikary |first=Dhruba H. |date=2022-07-08 |title=A Nepali Ramayana For English Readers |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/13638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709163757/https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/13638 |archive-date=2022-07-09 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=[[The Rising Nepal]] |publisher=[[Gorkhapatra Corporation]]}}</ref>
His works were published by [[Motiram Bhatta]] in 1887 after he found the manuscript and took it to [[Varanasi|Benaras]], India for printing. One of Acharya's works is well known for its colorful, glowing praise of Kathmandu valley and its inhabitants. Although he is one of the most celebrated and revered poets of Nepal, his works are not as famous as other poets in the history of Nepali literature. Ramayana, which Acharya originally translated into Nepali, was also translated into English more than a century later; it is considered the first translation in English that is published in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adhikary |first=Dhruba H. |date=2022-07-08 |title=A Nepali Ramayana For English Readers |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/13638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709163757/https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/13638 |archive-date=2022-07-09 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=[[The Rising Nepal]] |publisher=[[Gorkhapatra Corporation]]}}</ref>
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=== Poems ===
=== Poems ===


* ''Amarawati Kantipur Nagari''
* ''Amarawati Kantipuri Nagari''
* ''Ghansi<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP: SASEC Mugling–Pokhara Highway Improvement Phase 1 Project |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52097/52097-002-iee-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720131153/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52097/52097-002-iee-en.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2020 |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=Asian Development Bank |page=44}}</ref>''
* ''Ghansi<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEP: SASEC Mugling–Pokhara Highway Improvement Phase 1 Project |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52097/52097-002-iee-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720131153/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52097/52097-002-iee-en.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2020 |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=Asian Development Bank |page=44}}</ref>''
* ''Badhu Shiksha''
* ''Badhu Shiksha''
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==Legacy==
==Legacy==
{{see also|Bhanu Jayanti}}

Bhanubhakta Acharya is revered and honoured with the title of ''Aadakabi'' (First-ever Poet) of Nepali language. [[Motiram Bhatta]], first referred to him as Adikavi while writing Acharya's biography in 1981. He clarifies that Acharya is not called ''Aadikavi'' because he was the first poet in Nepal but he deserved the title as he was the first poet who wrote with an understanding of the ''Marma'' (inner essence) of the poetry.<ref name="acharyas"/><ref name="boss"/><ref name="OMN">{{cite web|author=Bishnu K.C.|date=14 July 2006|title=Bhanubhakta: The First Poet Of Nepali language|url=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=304833&rel_no=1|access-date=22 February 2019|publisher=Oh My Newsl|language=en|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106025354/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=304833&rel_no=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
Bhanubhakta Acharya is revered and honoured with the title of ''Aadakabi'' (First-ever Poet) of Nepali language. [[Motiram Bhatta]], first referred to him as Adikavi while writing Acharya's biography in 1981. He clarifies that Acharya is not called ''Aadikavi'' because he was the first poet in Nepal but he deserved the title as he was the first poet who wrote with an understanding of the ''Marma'' (inner essence) of the poetry.<ref name="acharyas"/><ref name="boss"/><ref name="OMN">{{cite web|author=Bishnu K.C.|date=14 July 2006|title=Bhanubhakta: The First Poet Of Nepali language|url=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=304833&rel_no=1|access-date=22 February 2019|publisher=Oh My Newsl|language=en|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106025354/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=304833&rel_no=1|url-status=live}}</ref>


'''Bhanu Jayanti''' is a celebration of the birth anniversary of Bhanubhakta Acharya. It falls on the 29th day of the month of [[Ashadh (Nepali calendar)|Ashad]] according to [[Nepal Sambat|Nepali calendar]]. It is celebrated every year by the [[Government of Nepal]] and Nepalese people as well as by the [[Nepali language|Nepali]] speaking people around the world. cultural festival, prevalent among the [[Nepal]]ese around the world in the remembrance of '''Bhanubhakta Acharya's''' birthday anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundas |first=Jacob |date=2022-07-07 |title=Why do Gorkhas celebrate Bhanu Jayanti as their Cultural Festival? |url=https://morungexpress.com/why-do-gorkhas-celebrate-bhanu-jayanti-as-their-cultural-festival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709190808/https://morungexpress.com/why-do-gorkhas-celebrate-bhanu-jayanti-as-their-cultural-festival |archive-date=2022-07-09 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> It is generally celebrated on 13 July or the 29th day of the Nepali month of [[Ashadh]].
'''[[Bhanu Jayanti]]''' is a celebration of the birth anniversary of Bhanubhakta Acharya. It falls on the 29th day of the month of [[Ashadh (Nepali calendar)|Ashad]] according to [[Nepal Sambat|Nepali calendar]]. It is celebrated every year by the [[Government of Nepal]] and Nepalese people as well as by the [[Nepali language|Nepali]] speaking people around the world. cultural festival, prevalent among the [[Nepal]]ese around the world in the remembrance of '''Bhanubhakta Acharya's''' birthday anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundas |first=Jacob |date=2022-07-07 |title=Why do Gorkhas celebrate Bhanu Jayanti as their Cultural Festival? |url=https://morungexpress.com/why-do-gorkhas-celebrate-bhanu-jayanti-as-their-cultural-festival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709190808/https://morungexpress.com/why-do-gorkhas-celebrate-bhanu-jayanti-as-their-cultural-festival |archive-date=2022-07-09 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> It is generally celebrated on 13 July or the 29th day of the Nepali month of [[Ashadh]].


Every year Bhanu Jayanti is celebrated as a mega event with literary seminars, and programs and amid a remarkable presence of Nepalese writers, novelists, and other literary figures/enthusiasts.<ref name="boss"/><ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|language=en|title=Development Boards for Kami, Damai, Sarki announced|url=https://www.mungpoo.org/2016/07/development-boards-kami-damai-sarki.html|location=Darjeeling|date=14 July 2016|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623141446/https://www.mungpoo.org/2016/07/development-boards-kami-damai-sarki.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |language=en |title=PM Oli urges new generation to follow ideals of Bhanubhakta |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/pm-oli-urges-new-generation-to-follow-ideals-of-bhanubhakta |location=Kathmandu |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041943/https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/pm-oli-urges-new-generation-to-follow-ideals-of-bhanubhakta/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|language=en|title=Morning procession to mark Bhanu Jayanti|url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-07-13/morning-procession-to-mark-bhanu-jayanti-in-photos.html|location=Kathmandu|date=13 July 2018|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224020/https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-07-13/morning-procession-to-mark-bhanu-jayanti-in-photos.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Every year Bhanu Jayanti is celebrated as a mega event with literary seminars, and programs and amid a remarkable presence of Nepalese writers, novelists, and other literary figures/enthusiasts.<ref name="boss"/><ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|language=en|title=Development Boards for Kami, Damai, Sarki announced|url=https://www.mungpoo.org/2016/07/development-boards-kami-damai-sarki.html|location=Darjeeling|date=14 July 2016|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623141446/https://www.mungpoo.org/2016/07/development-boards-kami-damai-sarki.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |language=en |title=PM Oli urges new generation to follow ideals of Bhanubhakta |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/pm-oli-urges-new-generation-to-follow-ideals-of-bhanubhakta |location=Kathmandu |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041943/https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/pm-oli-urges-new-generation-to-follow-ideals-of-bhanubhakta/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|language=en|title=Morning procession to mark Bhanu Jayanti|url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-07-13/morning-procession-to-mark-bhanu-jayanti-in-photos.html|location=Kathmandu|date=13 July 2018|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224020/https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-07-13/morning-procession-to-mark-bhanu-jayanti-in-photos.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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* [[Ghansi]], who inspired Bhanubhakta Acharya to translate the Sanskrit epic ''Ramayana''
* [[Ghansi]], who inspired Bhanubhakta Acharya to translate the Sanskrit epic ''Ramayana''
* [[Shakti Ballav Aryal]]
* [[Shakti Ballav Aryal]]
* [[Bhanubhakta Acharya Highway]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Khas people]]
[[Category:Khas people]]
[[Category:National heroes of Nepal]]
[[Category:National heroes of Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepali language activists]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindus]]

Latest revision as of 16:38, 22 October 2024

Aadikabi
Bhanubhakta Acharya
भानुभक्त आचार्य
Nepali poet
A portrait of the poet
Born(1814-07-13)13 July 1814
Chundi Ramgha, Tanahu District, Kingdom of Nepal
(present-day Nepal)
Died1868 (aged 53–54)
Setighat, Tanahun, Kingdom of Nepal
(present-day Nepal)
NationalityNepalese
OccupationPoet
EraBhanubhakta era
Notable workBhanubhakta Ramayan, Ghansi
Parents
  • Dhananjaya Acharya (father)
  • Dharmawati Acharya (mother)

Bhanubhakta Acharya (Nepali: भानुभक्त आचार्य) (1814—1868 CE) (1871—1925 BS) was a Nepali writer, poet, and translator. He is widely regarded as the oldest poet in the Nepali language, for which he was conferred with the title of "Aadikabi": literally, "the first poet".

He is best known for translating the epic Ramayana from Sanskrit to Nepali for the first time. Initially, his translation of the Ramayana was popular in oral form. It was later compiled and published by Motirām Bhatta in the late 19th century as Bhanubhakta Ramayana

Early life and education

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Bhanubhakta Acharya was born on 10 July 1814 (29 Ashadh 1871 BS) in the village of Chundi Ramgha, Tanahun District, Nepal to Dhananjaya Acharya, and Dharmawati Acharya.[1] His father Dhananjaya Acharya was a government official and was the eldest of all brothers. Bhanubhakta received his primary education of Sanskrit at his home by his grandfather and later in Varanasi.[2][3][4]

Literary career

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South Asian languages including the Nepali language were limited mostly to an oral medium of language dissemination at the time with little written context and literary influence. As most of the written texts of South Asia were dominated by Sanskrit, it was mostly inaccessible to the general populace. As the Monks and Bahuns were the caste who excelled as teachers, scholars, and priests, the access to all of the religious scriptures and other literary works was only limited to them, and few who also could receive education and understand Sanskrit. Many poets had written poems in Sanskrit while Acharya started to write in the Nepali language which not only popularized the language but also gained him acceptance from the Rana Rulers.

Acharya's benevolence towards Ram's heroic exploits brought in him an urgency to make his tale accessible to the people who spoke Nepali. Since most people did not understand the Sanskrit language, he translated the epic into the Nepali language. Preserving the lyrical narration style of Ramayana his translations are believed by scholars to carry the same lyrical essence "Bhava and Marma'(भव र मर्म)'" that rather than sounding like a poem sounded more like a song without distorting the regional influence or the inner meaning of the Ramayana.[3]

He did not receive any western education nor was familiar with foreign literature which kept his work and experiential journey original to the vernacular literary system and brought strong Nepali flavor to his works. The key features of his writings were simple yet strong with a sense of religion, a sense of simplicity, and the warmth of his country that not many other poets had been able to be compared. Belonging to a wealthy family, he never had any financial trouble and had an unremarkable life until he met a grass cutter who wanted to give something to society so he could be remembered after death too. The grass cutter's words were what inspired him to do something that would leave a mark on society.

He wrote two masterpieces in his life among which, one is the Bhanubhaktey Ramayan and the other is a letter he wrote in verse form to the Prime Minister while he was in prison.[5] He was made a scapegoat and sent to prison due to some misunderstanding in signing the papers. In prison, his health deteriorated and he was given false hopes of being set free but his case was not even heard. So, he wrote a petition to the Prime Minister requesting his freedom, which later became one of his great works. He not only won his freedom with his poem but was also given a bag of money, for he wrote in the same language the then prime minister wanted to force the public to use. When he died in 1868, he did not know he would one day be one of the most revered poets of Nepal. His creation, however, was not published and he died without receiving credit for his contribution.

His works were published by Motiram Bhatta in 1887 after he found the manuscript and took it to Benaras, India for printing. One of Acharya's works is well known for its colorful, glowing praise of Kathmandu valley and its inhabitants. Although he is one of the most celebrated and revered poets of Nepal, his works are not as famous as other poets in the history of Nepali literature. Ramayana, which Acharya originally translated into Nepali, was also translated into English more than a century later; it is considered the first translation in English that is published in Nepal.[6]

Notable works

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Epic poem

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Poems

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  • Amarawati Kantipuri Nagari
  • Ghansi[7]
  • Badhu Shiksha
  • Bhakta Mala
  • Khawmit Yes Girdhari Le
  • Roj Roj Darshan Paunchhu (Bholi Kabita)
  • Ma Bhanubhakta
  • Balaji Dekhyan
  • Prashnottar Mala
Post stamp issued in Acharya's honour
Post stamp issued in Acharya's honour

Legacy

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See also: Bhanu Jayanti

Bhanubhakta Acharya is revered and honoured with the title of Aadakabi (First-ever Poet) of Nepali language. Motiram Bhatta, first referred to him as Adikavi while writing Acharya's biography in 1981. He clarifies that Acharya is not called Aadikavi because he was the first poet in Nepal but he deserved the title as he was the first poet who wrote with an understanding of the Marma (inner essence) of the poetry.[2][4][8]

Bhanu Jayanti is a celebration of the birth anniversary of Bhanubhakta Acharya. It falls on the 29th day of the month of Ashad according to Nepali calendar. It is celebrated every year by the Government of Nepal and Nepalese people as well as by the Nepali speaking people around the world. cultural festival, prevalent among the Nepalese around the world in the remembrance of Bhanubhakta Acharya's birthday anniversary.[9] It is generally celebrated on 13 July or the 29th day of the Nepali month of Ashadh.

Every year Bhanu Jayanti is celebrated as a mega event with literary seminars, and programs and amid a remarkable presence of Nepalese writers, novelists, and other literary figures/enthusiasts.[4][10][11][12]

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  • Statue of Bhanubhakta Acharya at Chundi Ramgha
    Statue of Bhanubhakta Acharya at Chundi Ramgha
  • Bhanubhakta's statue at Nepal Academy
    Bhanubhakta's statue at Nepal Academy
  • Bust of Bhanubhakta Acharya
    Bust of Bhanubhakta Acharya
  • Letter of Bhanubhakta Acharya to his son (1858)
    Letter of Bhanubhakta Acharya to his son (1858)
  • Statue of Bhanubhakta Acharya at Chowrasta, Darjeeling
    Statue of Bhanubhakta Acharya at Chowrasta, Darjeeling
  • Bust of Bhanubhakta at Bhanu Ghansi Memorial Park, Tanahun
    Bust of Bhanubhakta at Bhanu Ghansi Memorial Park, Tanahun

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Bhanu Bhakta Acharya: 5 reasons why a poet became a household name in Nepal". OnlineKhabar. 13 July 2021. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  2. ^ a b Ācārya, Naranātha; Śivarāja Ācārya; Sāmbkslo thiyoarāja Ācārya & Jayaraj Acharya (1979). Ādikavi Bhānubhakta Ācāryako saccā jı̄vanacarittra. Tanuṅa: Naranātha Ācārya. OCLC 10023122.
  3. ^ a b आचार्य, काशीराज (13 July 2020). "किन सम्झने भानुलाई". The Annapurna Post (in Nepali). Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "Adikabi Bhanubhakta Acharya". Kathmandu: Boss Nepal. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  5. ^ आचार्य, जयराज (10 July 2021). "भानुभक्तीय रामायण : दृष्टिविहीनलाई पनि". Gorkhapatra (in Nepali). Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  6. ^ Adhikary, Dhruba H. (8 July 2022). "A Nepali Ramayana For English Readers". The Rising Nepal. Gorkhapatra Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  7. ^ "NEP: SASEC Mugling–Pokhara Highway Improvement Phase 1 Project" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. p. 44. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  8. ^ Bishnu K.C. (14 July 2006). "Bhanubhakta: The First Poet Of Nepali language". Oh My Newsl. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  9. ^ Sundas, Jacob (7 July 2022). "Why do Gorkhas celebrate Bhanu Jayanti as their Cultural Festival?". The Morung Express. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  10. ^ "Development Boards for Kami, Damai, Sarki announced". Darjeeling. 14 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  11. ^ "PM Oli urges new generation to follow ideals of Bhanubhakta". Kathmandu. 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  12. ^ "Morning procession to mark Bhanu Jayanti". Kathmandu. 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
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