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| area_land_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2023
|population_as_of = 2024
|population_footnotes = <ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/publications/izdania/public_bulletin/index_67469/|title=Численность населения на 1 января 2023 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2022 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144107/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/publications/izdania/public_bulletin/index_67469/|archive-date=17 April 2023|website=belsat.gov.by|access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref>
|population_footnotes = <ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/|title=Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/|archive-date=2 April 2024|website=belsat.gov.by|access-date=11 May 2024}}</ref>
| population_total = 35,781
| population_total = 35,422
| population_metro =
| population_metro =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_km2 =
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}}
}}


'''Smarhon''' or '''Smorgon''' ({{lang-be|Смаргонь}}, {{IPA-be|smarˈɣonʲ|}}; {{lang-ru|Сморгонь}}; {{lang-lt|Smurgainys}}; {{lang-pl|Smorgonie}}; {{lang-yi|סמאָרגאָן}}) is a town in [[Grodno Region]], [[Belarus]]. It serves as the administrative center of [[Smarhon District]].<ref name="pop"/> It was the site of [[Smarhon (air base)|Smarhon air base]], now mostly abandoned. Smarhon is located {{convert|107|km}} from the capital, [[Minsk]]. As of 2023, it has a population of 35,781.<ref name="pop"/>
'''Smarhon''' ({{langx|be|Смаргонь}} {{IPA|be|smɐrˈɣonʲ|}}) or '''Smorgon''' ({{langx|ru|Сморгонь}}; {{langx|lt|Smurgainys}}; {{langx|pl|Smorgonie}}; {{langx|yi|סמאָרגאָן}}) is a [[List of cities and towns in Belarus|town]] in [[Grodno Region]], [[Belarus]]. It serves as the administrative center of [[Smarhon District]].<ref name="pop"/><ref name="enc">{{cite book |last1=Gaponenko |first1=Irina Olegovna |title=Назвы населеных пунктаў Рэспублікі Беларусь: Гродзенская вобласць |date=2004 |location=Minsk |publisher=Тэхналогія |page=334 |isbn=985-458-098-9}}</ref> It was the site of [[Smarhon (air base)|Smarhon air base]], now mostly abandoned. Smarhon is located {{convert|107|km}} from the capital, [[Minsk]]. As of 2024, it has a population of 35,422.<ref name="pop"/>


==History==
==History==
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Within the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], Smarhon was part of [[Vilnius Voivodeship]]. In 1795, the town was acquired by the [[Russian Empire]] in the course of the [[Third Partition of Poland]]. Until the mid 19th century, Smarhon was a private property of the [[Radziwiłł family]] with most of its population being Jewish.
Within the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], Smarhon was part of [[Vilnius Voivodeship]]. In 1795, the town was acquired by the [[Russian Empire]] in the course of the [[Third Partition of Poland]]. Until the mid 19th century, Smarhon was a private property of the [[Radziwiłł family]] with most of its population being Jewish.


Amid the disastrous retreat from Russia in 1812, [[Napoleon]] left the remnants of the Grande Armée at Smorgon on December 5th to return to Paris.<ref>https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/timelines/napoleons-russian-campaign-the-retreat/</ref>
Amid the disastrous retreat from Russia in 1812, [[Napoleon]] left the remnants of the Grande Armée at Smorgon on December 5 to return to Paris.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/timelines/napoleons-russian-campaign-the-retreat/ | title=Napoleon's Russian Campaign: The Retreat }}</ref>


From 1921 until 1939, Smarhon (''Smorgonie'') was part of the [[Second Polish Republic]]. In September 1939, the town was occupied by the [[Red Army]] and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]].
From 1921 until 1939, Smarhon (''Smorgonie'') was part of the [[Second Polish Republic]]. In September 1939, the town was occupied by the [[Red Army]] and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]].
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== Smarhon baranki ==
== Smarhon baranki ==
Up until [[World War II]], Smarhon was widely known for its [[Baranka|baranki]],<ref>{{lang-ru|баранки}}, {{lang-be|обваранки|obvaranki}}, {{lang-pl|obwarzanki}}</ref> traditional [[Eastern Europe]]an ring-shaped bread rolls, similar to [[bagel]]s and [[bublik]]i. Russian food historian [[William Pokhlyobkin]] considered Smarhon to be the birthplace of baranki.<ref name=Pokhlyobkin_Dict>''[http://www.rus-food-recipes.ru/P_00/2/11.htm Баранки]''. In: В. В. Похлёбкин, ''Кулинарный словарь от А до Я''. Москва, Центрполиграф, 2000, {{ISBN|5-227-00460-9}} ([[William Pokhlyobkin]], ''Culinary Dictionary''. Moscow, Centrpoligraf publishing house, 2000; Russian)</ref> Baranki were supposedly used to feed bears in the Bear Academy. Written accounts of Smarhon baranki appeared in the 19th century. Polish-Lithuanian journalist [[Adam Kirkor]] wrote in the encyclopedia ''[[Picturesque Russia]]'': "In Smorgon, Oshmyany district, Vilna province, almost all the petty bourgeois population is busy baking small {{lang|be|bubliki}}, or [[kringle]]s, which are widely known as ''Smorgon obvaranki''. Each traveller would definitely buy several bundles of these {{lang|be|bubliki}}; besides, they are transported to [[Vilnius|Vilna]] and other cities."<ref>{{cite book | author1 = Адам Киркор | title = Живописная Россия | volume = 1 | page = 217 | date = 1881 }} ({{cite book | author1 = Adam Kirkor | title = Picturesque Russia | volume = 1 | page = 217 | date = 1881 | language = Russian }})</ref> [[Władysław Syrokomla]] mentioned Smarhon as "the capital of obwarzanki famous in all Lithuania".<ref>{{cite book | author = Уладзіслаў Сыракомля | title = Добрыя весці: паэзія, проза, крытыка | chapter = З дарожнага дзённіка 1856 года | publisher = Маст. літ. | year = 1993 | pages = 425–433 | language = Belarusian}}</ref> Smarhon obwarzanki were a traditional treat at [[Kaziuko mugė|Saint Casimir's Fair]] in Vilnius.<ref>{{cite book | author = Францішак Багушэвіч | title = Творы | chapter = Публіцыстыка, 1885 | location = Мінск | date = 1998 | url = http://pdf.kamunikat.org/download.php?item=13655-1.pdf }} ({{cite book | author = Francišak Bahuševič | author-link = Francišak Bahuševič | title = Writings | chapter = Journal publications, 1885 | location = Minsk | date = 1998 | language = Belarusian }})</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = AS, Tygodnik Ilustrowany | author = Alfons Wysocki | title = Na Kaziuku | language = Polish | date = 1937-02-28 | url = https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/340235/PDF/NDIGCZAS015353_1937_009.pdf}}</ref>
Up until [[World War II]], Smarhon was widely known for its [[Baranka|baranki]],<ref>{{langx|ru|баранки}}, {{langx|be|обваранки|obvaranki}}, {{langx|pl|obwarzanki}}</ref> traditional [[Eastern Europe]]an ring-shaped bread rolls, similar to [[bagel]]s and [[bublik]]i. Russian food historian [[William Pokhlyobkin]] considered Smarhon to be the birthplace of baranki.<ref name=Pokhlyobkin_Dict>''[http://www.rus-food-recipes.ru/P_00/2/11.htm Баранки]''. In: В. В. Похлёбкин, ''Кулинарный словарь от А до Я''. Москва, Центрполиграф, 2000, {{ISBN|5-227-00460-9}} ([[William Pokhlyobkin]], ''Culinary Dictionary''. Moscow, Centrpoligraf publishing house, 2000; Russian)</ref> Baranki were supposedly used to feed bears in the Bear Academy. Written accounts of Smarhon baranki appeared in the 19th century. Polish-Lithuanian journalist [[Adam Kirkor]] wrote in the encyclopedia ''[[Picturesque Russia]]'': "In Smorgon, Oshmyany district, Vilna province, almost all the petty bourgeois population is busy baking small {{lang|be|bubliki}}, or [[kringle]]s, which are widely known as ''Smorgon obvaranki''. Each traveller would definitely buy several bundles of these {{lang|be|bubliki}}; besides, they are transported to [[Vilnius|Vilna]] and other cities."<ref>{{cite book | author1 = Адам Киркор | title = Живописная Россия | volume = 1 | page = 217 | date = 1881 }} ({{cite book | author1 = Adam Kirkor | title = Picturesque Russia | volume = 1 | page = 217 | date = 1881 | language = Russian }})</ref> [[Władysław Syrokomla]] mentioned Smarhon as "the capital of obwarzanki famous in all Lithuania".<ref>{{cite book | author = Уладзіслаў Сыракомля | title = Добрыя весці: паэзія, проза, крытыка | chapter = З дарожнага дзённіка 1856 года | publisher = Маст. літ. | year = 1993 | pages = 425–433 | language = Belarusian}}</ref> Smarhon obwarzanki were a traditional treat at [[Kaziuko mugė|Saint Casimir's Fair]] in Vilnius.<ref>{{cite book | author = Францішак Багушэвіч | title = Творы | chapter = Публіцыстыка, 1885 | location = Мінск | date = 1998 | url = http://pdf.kamunikat.org/download.php?item=13655-1.pdf }} ({{cite book | author = Francišak Bahuševič | author-link = Francišak Bahuševič | title = Writings | chapter = Journal publications, 1885 | location = Minsk | date = 1998 | language = Belarusian }})</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = AS, Tygodnik Ilustrowany | author = Alfons Wysocki | title = Na Kaziuku | language = Polish | date = 1937-02-28 | url = https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/Content/340235/PDF/NDIGCZAS015353_1937_009.pdf}}</ref>


==International relations==
==International relations==
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* Ida Lazarovich Gilman or [[Ida Mett]] (1901–1973), [[Russians|Russian]] [[anarchism|anarchist]] militant and author,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libcom.org/history/mett-ida-1901-1973|title=Mett, Ida, 1901-1973|last=Heath|first=Nick|date=2006|website=Libcom}}</ref> exiled in [[France]]
* Ida Lazarovich Gilman or [[Ida Mett]] (1901–1973), [[Russians|Russian]] [[anarchism|anarchist]] militant and author,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libcom.org/history/mett-ida-1901-1973|title=Mett, Ida, 1901-1973|last=Heath|first=Nick|date=2006|website=Libcom}}</ref> exiled in [[France]]
* [[Shalom Levin]] (1916–1995), Secretary Gen. and President of Israel Teachers Union, Knesset (Parliament) Member, educator and author
* [[Shalom Levin]] (1916–1995), Secretary Gen. and President of Israel Teachers Union, Knesset (Parliament) Member, educator and author
* [[Shmuel Rodensky]] (1902-1989), Israeli actor
* [[Shmuel Rodensky]] (1902–1989), Israeli actor
* [[Karol Dominik Przezdziecki]] (1782–1832), [[Polish people|Polish]] count, fighter for the liberation of [[Poland]] in [[November Uprising|the revolt of 1830–1831]]
* [[Karol Dominik Przezdziecki]] (1782–1832), [[Polish people|Polish]] count, fighter for the liberation of [[Poland]] in [[November Uprising|the revolt of 1830–1831]]
* [[David Raziel]] (1910–1941), fighter for the emancipation of [[Jew]]s in Palestine, commander of the [[Irgun|Irgun Tzvai Leumi]] nationalist resistance organization, killed in [[Iraq]] on an anti-Nazi mission
* [[David Raziel]] (1910–1941), fighter for the emancipation of [[Jew]]s in Palestine, commander of the [[Irgun|Irgun Tzvai Leumi]] nationalist resistance organization, killed in [[Iraq]] on an anti-Nazi mission
Line 88: Line 88:
* [[Nahum Slouschz]] (1872–1966), Israeli writer, translator and archaeologist
* [[Nahum Slouschz]] (1872–1966), Israeli writer, translator and archaeologist
* [[Abraham Sutzkever]] (1913–2010), Yiddish and Polish poet and Second World War partisan
* [[Abraham Sutzkever]] (1913–2010), Yiddish and Polish poet and Second World War partisan
* The Gordin brothers, [[Abba Gordin|Abba]] (1887–1964) and [[Wolf Gordin|Wolf]] (1885-1974), anarchist educators, militants, and theorists
* The Gordin brothers, [[Abba Gordin|Abba]] (1887–1964) and [[Wolf Gordin|Wolf]] (1885–1974), anarchist educators, militants, and theorists


==References and notes==
==References and notes==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Smarhoń|Smarhon}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Smarhoń|Smarhon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010424122017/http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/2750/smorgon/smorgon.html Smorgon memory book]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010424122017/http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/2750/smorgon/smorgon.html Smorgon memory book]
* [http://radzima.org/pub/miesta.php?lang=en&miesta_id1=hrsmsmar Photos on Radzima.org]
* [http://radzima.org/pub/miesta.php?lang=en&miesta_id1=hrsmsmar Photos on Radzima.org]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Smarhon}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smarhon}}
[[Category:Smarhon]]
[[Category:Smarhon]]
[[Category:Oshmyansky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Populated places in Grodno Region]]
[[Category:Populated places in Grodno Region]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Belarus]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Belarus]]
[[Category:Smarhon District]]
[[Category:Smarhon District]]
[[Category:Vilnius Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Wilno Voivodeship (1926–1939)]]
[[Category:Towns in Belarus]]
[[Category:Towns in Belarus]]

Latest revision as of 15:36, 23 October 2024

Smarhon
Смаргонь (Belarusian)
Town
Spaso-Preobrazhenskaja Church
Spaso-Preobrazhenskaja Church
Flag of Smarhon
Flag
Coat of arms of Smarhon
Coat of arms
Smarhon is located in Belarus
Smarhon
Smarhon
Coordinates: 54°29′1″N 26°24′0″E / 54.48361°N 26.40000°E / 54.48361; 26.40000
CountryBelarus
RegionGrodno Region
DistrictSmarhon District
FoundedOctober 2, 1503
Area
 • Total19.15 km2 (7.39 sq mi)
Elevation
150 m (490 ft)
Population
 (2024)[1]
 • Total35,422
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK)
Postal code
231000, 231041-231045
Area code+375 1592
License plate4
WebsiteOfficial website

Smarhon (Belarusian: Смаргонь [smɐrˈɣonʲ]) or Smorgon (Russian: Сморгонь; Lithuanian: Smurgainys; Polish: Smorgonie; Yiddish: סמאָרגאָן) is a town in Grodno Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Smarhon District.[1][2] It was the site of Smarhon air base, now mostly abandoned. Smarhon is located 107 kilometres (66 mi) from the capital, Minsk. As of 2024, it has a population of 35,422.[1]

History

[edit]
Grande Armée's remnant passing through the town

Within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Smarhon was part of Vilnius Voivodeship. In 1795, the town was acquired by the Russian Empire in the course of the Third Partition of Poland. Until the mid 19th century, Smarhon was a private property of the Radziwiłł family with most of its population being Jewish.

Amid the disastrous retreat from Russia in 1812, Napoleon left the remnants of the Grande Armée at Smorgon on December 5 to return to Paris.[3]

From 1921 until 1939, Smarhon (Smorgonie) was part of the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, the town was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR.

From 25 June 1941 until 4 July 1944, Smarhon was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as a part of the Generalbezirk Litauen of Reichskommissariat Ostland.

Smorgon is known as the place where a school of bear training, the so-called "Bear Academy", was founded.

Smarhon baranki

[edit]

Up until World War II, Smarhon was widely known for its baranki,[4] traditional Eastern European ring-shaped bread rolls, similar to bagels and bubliki. Russian food historian William Pokhlyobkin considered Smarhon to be the birthplace of baranki.[5] Baranki were supposedly used to feed bears in the Bear Academy. Written accounts of Smarhon baranki appeared in the 19th century. Polish-Lithuanian journalist Adam Kirkor wrote in the encyclopedia Picturesque Russia: "In Smorgon, Oshmyany district, Vilna province, almost all the petty bourgeois population is busy baking small bubliki, or kringles, which are widely known as Smorgon obvaranki. Each traveller would definitely buy several bundles of these bubliki; besides, they are transported to Vilna and other cities."[6] Władysław Syrokomla mentioned Smarhon as "the capital of obwarzanki famous in all Lithuania".[7] Smarhon obwarzanki were a traditional treat at Saint Casimir's Fair in Vilnius.[8][9]

International relations

[edit]

Smarhon is twinned with:

Notable people

[edit]

References and notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  2. ^ Gaponenko, Irina Olegovna (2004). Назвы населеных пунктаў Рэспублікі Беларусь: Гродзенская вобласць. Minsk: Тэхналогія. p. 334. ISBN 985-458-098-9.
  3. ^ "Napoleon's Russian Campaign: The Retreat".
  4. ^ Russian: баранки, Belarusian: обваранки, romanized: obvaranki, Polish: obwarzanki
  5. ^ Баранки. In: В. В. Похлёбкин, Кулинарный словарь от А до Я. Москва, Центрполиграф, 2000, ISBN 5-227-00460-9 (William Pokhlyobkin, Culinary Dictionary. Moscow, Centrpoligraf publishing house, 2000; Russian)
  6. ^ Адам Киркор (1881). Живописная Россия. Vol. 1. p. 217. (Adam Kirkor (1881). Picturesque Russia (in Russian). Vol. 1. p. 217.)
  7. ^ Уладзіслаў Сыракомля (1993). "З дарожнага дзённіка 1856 года". Добрыя весці: паэзія, проза, крытыка (in Belarusian). Маст. літ. pp. 425–433.
  8. ^ Францішак Багушэвіч (1998). "Публіцыстыка, 1885". Творы (PDF). Мінск.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (Francišak Bahuševič (1998). "Journal publications, 1885". Writings (in Belarusian). Minsk.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link))
  9. ^ Alfons Wysocki (1937-02-28). "Na Kaziuku" (PDF). AS, Tygodnik Ilustrowany (in Polish).
  10. ^ Heath, Nick (2006). "Mett, Ida, 1901-1973". Libcom.
[edit]
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