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{{Short description|35th monarch of Silla (r. 742–765)}}
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2009}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = King Gyeondeok<br />경덕왕<br />景德王
| image = 경주 경덕왕릉.jpg
⚫
| caption = King Gyeongdeok's tomb
| succession = King of [[Unified Silla]]
| reign = 742–765
| coronation = 742
| predecessor = [[Hyoseong of Silla]]
| successor = [[Hyegong of Silla]]
| father = [[Seongdeok of Silla]]
| mother = [[Queen Sodeok]]
| birth_date = 723
| birth_place = [[Gyeongju]], Gyeongbok, [[Silla]]
| death_date = 765
| death_place = [[Gyeongju]], Gyeongbok, [[Silla]]
| burial_place =
| posthumous name =
| temple name =
⚫
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
{{Infobox Korean name
|img=
|caption=
|hangul=경덕왕
|hangul=경덕왕
|hanja=景德王
|hanja=景德王
Line 7: Line 28:
|hangulborn=김헌영
|hangulborn=김헌영
|hanjaborn=金憲英
|hanjaborn=金憲英
|rrborn=Gim Heon-yeong
|rrborn=Gim Heonyeong
|mrborn=Kim Hŏnyŏng
|mrborn=Kim Hŏnyŏng
}}
}}
{{Silla monarchs 2}}
{{Silla monarchs 2}}
'''King Gyeongdeok of Silla''' was the 35th ruler who reigned from 742 to 765 over the kingdom of [[Silla]]. He is perhaps best known today for his efforts to encourage Buddhism.


'''Gyeongdeok''' (景德王; 723–765) was the 35th ruler of Silla and son of [[Seongdeok of Silla|King Seongdeok]] (reigned 702–737). He succeeded his elder brother, [[King Hyoseong]], the 34th ruler of [[Silla]]. His reign is considered a golden age in Unified Silla's history, particularly for [[Buddhist art]] and [[Buddhist architecture|architecture]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Tennant, Charles Roger, 1919-2003.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33334921|title=A history of Korea|date=1996|publisher=Kegan Paul International|isbn=0-7103-0532-X|location=London|oclc=33334921}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Pratt, Keith L.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63137295|title=Everlasting flower : a history of Korea|date=2006|publisher=Reaktion|isbn=978-1-86189-273-7|location=London|oclc=63137295}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Jeong-hwa|date=2003|title=Manufacturing Technique of Gulbulsaji Four Surface Buddha Statue - Mainly for Seomyeon Amita Three Buddha Statues -|url=http://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200372217386626.page|journal=Komunhwa|volume=62|pages=59–85|via=KoreaScience}}</ref> He is noted as an avid patron of Buddhism and an influential political and religious individual.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Geun-jik|date=2009|title=The Development of Royal Tombs in Silla|url=https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/14-04.pdf|journal=International Journal of Korean History|volume=14|pages=122}}</ref> King Gyeongdeok also made attempts to centralize the country through reorganizing government and standardizing naming practices.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Cha|first=Soon-cheol|date=2009|title=The Characteristics of Silla's Gongbang|url=https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/14-05.pdf|journal=International Journal of Korean History|volume=14|pages=125–160}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Pellard|first=Thomas|date=2014|title=The Awakened Lord: The Name of the Buddha in East Asia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.4.689 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=134|issue=4|pages=689–698|doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.4.689|jstor=10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.4.689}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Chong Sun|date=2004|title=Silla Economy and Society|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23720183 |journal=[[Korean Studies (journal)|Korean Studies]]|volume=28|pages=75–104|doi=10.1353/ks.2005.0020|jstor=23720183|s2cid=145158628}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Ro|first=Jin Young|date=1983|title=Demographic and Social Mobility Trends in Early Seventeenth-century Korea: An Analysis of Sanum County Census Registers|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23717753 |journal=[[Korean Studies (journal)|Korean Studies]]|volume=7|pages=77–113|doi=10.1353/ks.1983.0004|jstor=23717753|s2cid=162202551}}</ref> With his mother as regent, Gyeongdeok's son, [[Hyegong of Silla|King Hyegong]], succeeded him after his death.<ref>{{cite news |last1=김 |first1=동완 |script-title=ko:[삼국유사 오디세이] 34. 황복사탑이 혜공왕을 점지한 천궁이었을까 |url=https://www.kyongbuk.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=2080234 |access-date=28 February 2024 |agency=경북일보 |date=July 30, 2021}}</ref>
The [[Bulguksa]] Temple was built by his orders in 751. He also built Seokguram Grotto, which also included Buddhist art. The grotto has features relevant to the pre-existing [[shaman]]istic religion as well. Lastly, he commissioned the [[Bell of King Seongdeok|Divine Bell of King Seongdeok]], named for his father. This bell was finished after his own death during the reign of his son, [[Hyegong of Silla|King Hyegong]]. It is considered one of the finest examples of [[Buddhist art]].

== Projects under reign ==
King Gyeongdeok is best known for the multiple architectural projects that began under his reign. The most notable of these is the [[Bell of King Seongdeok|Divine Bell of King Seongdeok]], which he commissioned and named for his father.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Introduction - The Sacred Bell of Great King Seongdeok|url=https://ko.coursera.org/lecture/silla-science-technology/introduction-O65kZ|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Coursera|language=ko}}</ref> The construction began in 742 and finished during the reign of King Hyoseong.<ref name=":7" />  The tomb of King Seongdeok was also completed by King Gyeongdeok in alignment with the styles of the [[Sanchi|Great Stupa of Sanchi]] and [[Bharhut Stupa]].<ref name=":2" />

Buddhist architecture also gained much support from King Gyeongdeok. The construction of [[Seokguram|Seokguram Grotto]] also began under his reign headed by Prime Minister [[Kim Dae-seong]] in 751, who also oversaw the construction of [[Bulguksa]] and the [[Dabotap Pagoda]] which began construction in the same year.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koh|first=Woong-Kon|date=2015|title=Status of the Principal Statue of Sakyamuni in Seokguram Grotto and Suggestions|journal=The Journal of the Korea Contents Association|volume=15|issue=11|pages=41–19|doi=10.5392/JKCA.2015.15.11.041|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Administration|first=Cultural Heritage|title=Dabotap Pagoda of Bulguksa Temple, Gyeongju - Heritage Search|url=http://english.cha.go.kr/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]]|language=en}}</ref> King Gyeongdeok also constructed a [[Jangsaenpyo]] at [[Borimsa]] to express his gratitude for the support of [[Master Wanpyo]] in his administrative endeavors.<ref>{{Citation|last=Seung-yeon|first=Lee|title=On the Formation of the Upper Monastic Area of Seon Buddhist Temples from Korea´s Late Silla to the Goryeo Era|chapter=Formation of Multiple Areas within Seon Temples in the Aftermath of the Dissolution of the Upper Monastic Area|date=2013|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00053-4_5|series=Sungkyunkwan University Outstanding Research|volume=2|pages=57–95|place=Heidelberg|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00053-4_5|isbn=978-3-319-00052-7|access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref>  

It is also likely that King Gyeongdeok constructed one of the lotus ponds in the southwest region of [[Wolseong Castle]], which spans approximately forty meters from east to west and fifty meters from north to south.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Sang-jun|date=2009|title=Spatial Structure and Scope of the Wolseong Castle|url=https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/14-02.pdf|journal=International Journal of Korean History|volume=14|pages=31–57}}</ref>

== Government reform ==
King Gyeongdeok attempted further centralization of Korea through organization of government and post naming conventions.<ref name=":0" />  

King Gyeongdeok tried to establish a government system similar to the Chinese system of governing, where regions were governed by court-appointed officials rather than local nobles.<ref name=":0" />

The standardization of naming conventions happened across multiple levels during King Gyeongdeok's reign. The ''Gongbang'' class, or artisans, offices were renamed using the suffix "''bang''" from "''jeon''" during his reign.<ref name=":3" /> A similar change was that of forge workers' titles, from Cheolyujeon (鐵鍮典) was changed to Chukyabang (築冶房), which have the same essential meaning.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

Locations were standardized as well under King Gyeongdeok. Records in the ''[[Samguk sagi]]'' show a list of toponyms from Silla and Korea's conquered kingdoms of [[Goguryeo]] and [[Baekje]] that were standardized to Chinese names in 757.<ref name=":4" /> The records contain both the new standardized Chinese name and a phonetic Chinese transcription of the original name of each location, which were generally similar to the semantic meaning of the Chinese name.<ref name=":4" /> Sanum, a county in modern [[South Gyeongsang Province]]. Called Chip'umch'on in the Silla period, the province was renamed Sanum and incorporated into Kwólsóng ''gun.''<ref name=":6" />

== Family ==

* Grandfather [[Sinmun of Silla]] ({{Korean|hangul=김정명|labels=no}}; 642–692)
* Grandmother: [[Queen Sinmok]] of the Kim clan (신목왕후 김씨; 655–700)
* Father: Seongdeok of Silla (reigned 702–737) ({{Korean|hangul=성덕왕|labels=no}}; 691–737)
* Mother: Queen Sodeok ({{Korean|hangul=소덕왕후 김씨|labels=no}}) of the [[Kim (surname)|Kim]] clan (700–724)
* Wife:
** Queen Sammo of the Kim clan ({{Korean|hangul=삼모부인 김씨|labels=no}}; 723–?); daughter of Kim Sun–jeong ({{Korean|hangul=김순정|labels=no}}; 690–?)
** [[Queen Gyeongsu]] of the Kim clan ({{Korean|hangul=경수왕후 김씨|labels=no}}; 725–?); daughter of Kim Ui-chung (김의충; 695–?)
***Daughter: Lady Kim (김씨; 750–?)
***Son: [[Hyegong of Silla]] (758–780); was the 36th ruler of the [[Korea]]n kingdom of [[Silla]].
** Lady Kim (김씨; 727–?); daughter Kim Sun–jeong ({{Korean|hangul=김순정|labels=no}}; 690–?)


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Silla]]
*[[Silla]]
*[[Korean Buddhism]]
*[[Korean Buddhism]]
*[[Korean shamanism]]
*[[List of Korean monarchs]]
*[[List of Korean monarchs]]
*[[List of Silla people]]
*[[List of Silla people]]


==References==
{{Persondata
<references />
⚫
| name =Gyeongdeok of Silla
{{s-start}}
| alternative names =
{{s-hou|[[Silla monarchs family tree|House of Kim]]||||765}}
| short description =
{{s-reg}}
| date of birth =
{{s-bef|before=[[Hyoseong of Silla|Hyoseong]]}}
| place of birth =
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of Korea|King of Silla]]
| date of death = 765
|years=742–765|dynasty=[[Silla]]}}
| place of death =
{{s-aft|after=[[Hyegong of Silla|Hyegong]]}}
⚫
}}
{{s-end}}
⚫
[[Category:Silla rulers]]
⚫
[[Category:765 deaths]]
⚫
[[Category:8th-century monarchs in Asia]]


⚫
[[Category:Silla monarchs]]

[[Category:Silla Buddhists]]
{{korea-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Korean Buddhist monarchs]]
{{Korea-hist-stub}}
⚫
[[Category:765 deaths]]

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[fa:پادشاه گیونگ دئوک]]
⚫
[[Category:8th-century Korean monarchs]]
[[ko:경덕왕]]
[[Category:742 births]]
[[id:Gyeongdeok dari Silla]]
[[ja:景徳王]]
[[sh:Gyeongdeok od Sille]]
[[zh:景德王]]

Latest revision as of 03:50, 12 November 2024

King Gyeondeok
경덕왕
景德王
King Gyeongdeok's tomb
King of Unified Silla
Reign742–765
Coronation742
PredecessorHyoseong of Silla
SuccessorHyegong of Silla
Born723
Gyeongju, Gyeongbok, Silla
Died765
Gyeongju, Gyeongbok, Silla
FatherSeongdeok of Silla
MotherQueen Sodeok
Gyeongdeok of Silla
Hangul
경덕왕
Hanja
景德王
Revised RomanizationGyeongdeok Wang
McCune–ReischauerKyŏngdŏk Wang
Birth name
Hangul
김헌영
Hanja
金憲英
Revised RomanizationGim Heonyeong
McCune–ReischauerKim Hŏnyŏng
Monarchs of Korea
Silla
(Post-unification)
  1. Munmu 661–681
  2. Sinmun 681–691
  3. Hyoso 692–702
  4. Seongdeok 702–737
  5. Hyoseong 737–742
  6. Gyeongdeok 742–765
  7. Hyegong 765–780
  8. Seondeok 780–785
  9. Wonseong 785–798
  10. Soseong 798–800
  11. Aejang 800–809
  12. Heondeok 809–826
  13. Heungdeok 826–836
  14. Huigang 836–838
  15. Minae 838–839
  16. Sinmu 839
  17. Munseong 839–857
  18. Heonan 857–861
  19. Gyeongmun 861–875
  20. Heongang 875–886
  21. Jeonggang 886–887
  22. Jinseong 887–897
  23. Hyogong 897–912
  24. Sindeok 912–917
  25. Gyeongmyeong 917–924
  26. Gyeongae 924–927
  27. Gyeongsun 927–935

Gyeongdeok (景德王; 723–765) was the 35th ruler of Silla and son of King Seongdeok (reigned 702–737). He succeeded his elder brother, King Hyoseong, the 34th ruler of Silla. His reign is considered a golden age in Unified Silla's history, particularly for Buddhist art and architecture.[1][2][3] He is noted as an avid patron of Buddhism and an influential political and religious individual.[4] King Gyeongdeok also made attempts to centralize the country through reorganizing government and standardizing naming practices.[1][5][6][7][8] With his mother as regent, Gyeongdeok's son, King Hyegong, succeeded him after his death.[9]

Projects under reign

[edit]

King Gyeongdeok is best known for the multiple architectural projects that began under his reign. The most notable of these is the Divine Bell of King Seongdeok, which he commissioned and named for his father.[1][2][10] The construction began in 742 and finished during the reign of King Hyoseong.[10]  The tomb of King Seongdeok was also completed by King Gyeongdeok in alignment with the styles of the Great Stupa of Sanchi and Bharhut Stupa.[4]

Buddhist architecture also gained much support from King Gyeongdeok. The construction of Seokguram Grotto also began under his reign headed by Prime Minister Kim Dae-seong in 751, who also oversaw the construction of Bulguksa and the Dabotap Pagoda which began construction in the same year.[2][11][12] King Gyeongdeok also constructed a Jangsaenpyo at Borimsa to express his gratitude for the support of Master Wanpyo in his administrative endeavors.[13]  

It is also likely that King Gyeongdeok constructed one of the lotus ponds in the southwest region of Wolseong Castle, which spans approximately forty meters from east to west and fifty meters from north to south.[14]

Government reform

[edit]

King Gyeongdeok attempted further centralization of Korea through organization of government and post naming conventions.[1]  

King Gyeongdeok tried to establish a government system similar to the Chinese system of governing, where regions were governed by court-appointed officials rather than local nobles.[1]

The standardization of naming conventions happened across multiple levels during King Gyeongdeok's reign. The Gongbang class, or artisans, offices were renamed using the suffix "bang" from "jeon" during his reign.[5] A similar change was that of forge workers' titles, from Cheolyujeon (鐵鍮典) was changed to Chukyabang (築冶房), which have the same essential meaning.[5][7]

Locations were standardized as well under King Gyeongdeok. Records in the Samguk sagi show a list of toponyms from Silla and Korea's conquered kingdoms of Goguryeo and Baekje that were standardized to Chinese names in 757.[6] The records contain both the new standardized Chinese name and a phonetic Chinese transcription of the original name of each location, which were generally similar to the semantic meaning of the Chinese name.[6] Sanum, a county in modern South Gyeongsang Province. Called Chip'umch'on in the Silla period, the province was renamed Sanum and incorporated into Kwólsóng gun.[8]

Family

[edit]
  • Grandfather Sinmun of Silla (김정명; 642–692)
  • Grandmother: Queen Sinmok of the Kim clan (신목왕후 김씨; 655–700)
  • Father: Seongdeok of Silla (reigned 702–737) (성덕왕; 691–737)
  • Mother: Queen Sodeok (소덕왕후 김씨) of the Kim clan (700–724)
  • Wife:
    • Queen Sammo of the Kim clan (삼모부인 김씨; 723–?); daughter of Kim Sun–jeong (김순정; 690–?)
    • Queen Gyeongsu of the Kim clan (경수왕후 김씨; 725–?); daughter of Kim Ui-chung (김의충; 695–?)
    • Lady Kim (김씨; 727–?); daughter Kim Sun–jeong (김순정; 690–?)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Tennant, Charles Roger, 1919-2003. (1996). A history of Korea. London: Kegan Paul International. ISBN 0-7103-0532-X. OCLC 33334921.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c Pratt, Keith L. (2006). Everlasting flower : a history of Korea. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-1-86189-273-7. OCLC 63137295.
  3. ^ Kim, Jeong-hwa (2003). "Manufacturing Technique of Gulbulsaji Four Surface Buddha Statue - Mainly for Seomyeon Amita Three Buddha Statues -". Komunhwa. 62: 59–85 – via KoreaScience.
  4. ^ a b Lee, Geun-jik (2009). "The Development of Royal Tombs in Silla" (PDF). International Journal of Korean History. 14: 122.
  5. ^ a b c Cha, Soon-cheol (2009). "The Characteristics of Silla's Gongbang" (PDF). International Journal of Korean History. 14: 125–160.
  6. ^ a b c Pellard, Thomas (2014). "The Awakened Lord: The Name of the Buddha in East Asia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 134 (4): 689–698. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.4.689. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.4.689.
  7. ^ a b Kim, Chong Sun (2004). "Silla Economy and Society". Korean Studies. 28: 75–104. doi:10.1353/ks.2005.0020. JSTOR 23720183. S2CID 145158628.
  8. ^ a b Ro, Jin Young (1983). "Demographic and Social Mobility Trends in Early Seventeenth-century Korea: An Analysis of Sanum County Census Registers". Korean Studies. 7: 77–113. doi:10.1353/ks.1983.0004. JSTOR 23717753. S2CID 162202551.
  9. ^ 김, 동완 (July 30, 2021). [삼국유사 오디세이] 34. 황복사탑이 혜공왕을 점지한 천궁이었을까. 경북일보. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Introduction - The Sacred Bell of Great King Seongdeok". Coursera (in Korean). Retrieved 2020-12-08.
  11. ^ Koh, Woong-Kon (2015). "Status of the Principal Statue of Sakyamuni in Seokguram Grotto and Suggestions". The Journal of the Korea Contents Association. 15 (11): 41–19. doi:10.5392/JKCA.2015.15.11.041.
  12. ^ Administration, Cultural Heritage. "Dabotap Pagoda of Bulguksa Temple, Gyeongju - Heritage Search". Cultural Heritage Administration. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
  13. ^ Seung-yeon, Lee (2013), "Formation of Multiple Areas within Seon Temples in the Aftermath of the Dissolution of the Upper Monastic Area", On the Formation of the Upper Monastic Area of Seon Buddhist Temples from Korea´s Late Silla to the Goryeo Era, Sungkyunkwan University Outstanding Research, vol. 2, Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing, pp. 57–95, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00053-4_5, ISBN 978-3-319-00052-7, retrieved 2020-12-08
  14. ^ Lee, Sang-jun (2009). "Spatial Structure and Scope of the Wolseong Castle" (PDF). International Journal of Korean History. 14: 31–57.
Gyeongdeok of Silla
 Died: 765
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Silla
Silla
742–765 		Succeeded by
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