Stormfront (website): Difference between revisions

Stormfront
Type of site	Neo-Nazi forum
Available in	English, with sub-forums in multiple languages
Owner	Don Black
Created by	Don Black
URL	stormfront.org
Commercial	No
Registration	Required to post (except in open sub-forums)
Launched	November 1996; 28 years ago
Current status	Online

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Stormfront is a neo-Nazi Internet forum, and the Web's first major racial hate site.^[2]^[3] The site is focused on propagating white nationalism, Nazism, antisemitism (especially antisemitic conspiracy theories) and Islamophobia, as well as antifeminism, homophobia,^[4] transphobia, Holocaust denial, and white supremacy.^[5]^[6]

Stormfront began as an online bulletin board system in the early 1990s before being established as a website in 1996 by the former Ku Klux Klan leader and white supremacist Don Black. It received national attention in the United States in 2000 after being featured as the subject of a documentary called Hate.Com. Stormfront has been the subject of controversy after being removed from French, German, and Italian Google indices; for targeting an online Fox News poll on racial segregation; and for having political candidates as members. Its prominence has grown since the 1990s, attracting attention from watchdog organizations that oppose racism and antisemitism.

In August 2017, Stormfront was taken offline for just over a month when its registrar seized its domain name due to complaints that it promoted hatred and that some of its members were linked to murder.^[7]^[8] The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law claimed credit for the action after advocating for Stormfront's web host, Network Solutions, to enforce its Terms of Service agreement, which prohibits users from using its services to incite violence.^[9]^[10]

History

Early history

Stormfront began in 1990 as an online bulletin board supporting the white nationalist David Duke's campaign for United States senator for Louisiana. The name "Stormfront" was chosen for its connotations of a political or military front (such as the German Nazi Sturmabteilung (also known as storm troopers or SA) and an analogy with weather fronts that invokes the idea of a tumultuous storm ending in cleansing.^[11] The Stormfront website has been registered at Network Solutions since 1995 and was founded in 1996 by Don Black, a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1970s and a member of the National Socialist White People's Party.^[12]^[13]^[14] Black first received computer training while he was imprisoned for his role in an abortive 1981 attempt to overthrow the government of Dominica.^[15]^[16]

Although Stormfront became the first website associated with white supremacy, its founding as a private cyberspace medium for white supremacy was based on the earlier online bulletin board system Liberty Net.^[17]^[18] Liberty Net was implemented in 1984 by Klan Grand Dragon Louis Beam and protected by four password-protected computers that took the FBI two years to decrypt.^[19] Liberty Net's code-accessed message board contained personal ads along with recruitment material and information about the white power movement.^[19] Liberty Net's success as a computer platform led to Stormfront's establishment and later conversion into a website.

Until this point, attempts at using the Internet as opposed to bulletin boards have had limited success for the white pride movement,^[20] but Stormfront developed a following with the growth of the Internet during the 1990s.^[11]^[21] By 1999, nearly 2,000 websites associated with white supremacism existed, with the recruitment power of reaching millions across the United States.^[22]

National attention

The website has received considerable attention in the United States, given that, as of 2009, it had over 120,000 active members.^[23]

The 2000 CBS/HBO TV documentary special Hate.com focused on the rise of hate groups online and included input from Don Black, the founder of Stormfront.^[24] Narrated by Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), it featured interviews with Black and his child Derek as well as interviews with other white nationalist groups and organizations.^[24] Black had participated in the hope that the broadcast would show some sympathy towards the white nationalist movement, but Hate.com focused exclusively on the group's tactics and not its grievances.^[22]

Controversies

In 2002, Google complied with French and German legislation forbidding links to websites that host white supremacist, Holocaust-denying, or historical negationism material by removing Stormfront's website from their French and German indexes.^[25]

Stormfront returned to the news in May 2003, when Fox News Channel host Bill O'Reilly reported on a racially segregated prom being held in Georgia and posted a poll on his website asking his viewers if they would send their own children to one. The next night, O'Reilly announced that he could not report the results of the poll as it appeared Stormfront had urged its members to vote in the poll, thus skewing the numbers.^[26]

Doug Hanks, a candidate for the city council of Charlotte, North Carolina, withdrew his nomination in August 2005 after it was revealed that he had posted on Stormfront. Hanks had posted more than 4,000 comments over three years, including one in which he described black people as "rabid beasts".^[27]^[28] Hanks said his postings were designed to gain the trust of Stormfront users to help him write a novel: "I did what I thought I needed to do to establish myself as a credible white nationalist."^[27]

In 2012, Italian police blocked the website and arrested four people for inciting racial hatred.^[29] The measure was taken after the publication of a blacklist of "prominent Jews and people who support Jews and immigrants" on the Italian section of the website. The list included possible targets of violent attacks, including Romani camps.^[30] The subsequent year, in November 2013, Italian police raided the homes of 35 Stormfront posters. One man who was arrested in Mantua had two loaded weapons, a hand grenade casing, and a flag with a swastika in his possession.^[31]

According to a 2014 two-year study by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)'s Intelligence Report, registered Stormfront users have been disproportionately responsible for some of the most lethal hate crimes and mass killings since its founding in 1995. From 2009 to 2014, nearly 100 people were murdered by members of Stormfront.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35] Of these, 77 were massacred by Stormfront user Anders Behring Breivik, a Norwegian terrorist and perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks.^[36]

Public profile and later history

The total of registered users is just shy of 300,000, a fairly astounding number for a site run by an ex-felon and former Alabama Klan leader. And that doesn't include thousands of visitors who never register as users. At press time, Stormfront ranked as the Internet's 13,648th most popular site, while the NAACP site, by comparison, ranked 32,640th. – The Year in Hate and Extremism, 2015^[37]

In a 2001 USA Today article, journalist Tara McKelvey called Stormfront "the most visited white supremacist site on the Net."^[16] The number of registered users on the site rose from 5,000 in January 2002 to 52,566 in June 2005,^[38] by which year it was the 338th largest Internet forum, receiving more than 1,500 hits each weekday and ranking in the top one percent of Internet sites in terms of use.^[39]^[40] By June 2008, the site was attracting more than 40,000 unique users each day.^[41] Operating the site from its West Palm Beach, Florida headquarters is Black's full-time job, and he was assisted by his child and 40 moderators.^[12]^[41]^[42] The public profile of the site attracted attention from groups such as the Simon Wiesenthal Center and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL).^[43] The ADL describes Stormfront as having "served as a veritable supermarket of online hate, stocking its shelves with many forms of anti-Semitism and racism".^[44]

In 2006, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) reported a discussion on Stormfront in which white nationalists were encouraged to join the United States military to learn the skills necessary for winning a race war.^[45]^[46] The 2008 United States presidential candidacy of African-American Democrat Barack Obama was a cause of significant concern for some Stormfront members:^[41] the site received 2,000 new members the day after Obama was elected as president, and went offline temporarily due to the increase in visitors.^[47] Stormfront posters saw Obama as representing a new multicultural era in the United States replacing "white rule", and feared that he would support illegal immigration and affirmative action and that he would help make white people a minority group.^[41]

During the 2008 primary campaigns, The New York Times mistakenly reported that Stormfront had donated $500 to Republican presidential hopeful Ron Paul;^[48] in fact, it was site owner Don Black who had contributed the money to Paul.^[49]

Following an April 2009 shooting, Richard Poplawski, a poster on the site, calling himself Braced for Fate, was charged with ambushing and killing three Pittsburgh police officers and attempting to kill nine others.^[50]

During the 2016 election season, site founder Don Black said that the site was experiencing huge spikes in traffic corresponding to controversial statements by Donald Trump, who is popular among white supremacists. In response, Black upgraded the site's servers.^[51]

Black's child Derek, who was a long-time participant in the site, has disavowed the beliefs held by their father and family and the Stormfront site. Through their years in college, Derek Black came to feel that white nationalism is not supportable. Their story was captured in the book, "Rising Out of Hatred" by Eli Saslow.^[52]^[53]

In August 2017, Stormfront's domain name was seized by its registrar for "displaying bigotry, discrimination or hatred."^[9]

The site came back online on September 29, 2017. As of October 2017, services to keep the site online were provided by Tucows, Network Solutions, and Cloudflare.^[54]

The neo-Nazi supervillain Stormfront in the Amazon Prime superhero series The Boys is named after the website.^[55]

Content

Stormfront is a white nationalist,^[5] white supremacist^[6] and neo-Nazi website^[2] known as a hate site.^[3]

It is a site on which Nazi mysticism and the personality cult of Adolf Hitler are sustained and Nazi iconography is used and accepted.^[56] The Stormfront website is organized primarily as a discussion forum with multiple thematic sub-forums including "News", "Ideology and Philosophy" ("Foundations for White Nationalism"), "Culture and Customs", "Theology", "Quotations", "Revisionism", "Science, Technology and Race" ("Genetics, eugenics, racial science and related subjects"), "Privacy", "Self-Defense, Martial Arts, and Preparedness", "Homemaking", "Education and Homeschooling", "Youth", and "Music and Entertainment".^[38]^[41] There are boards for different geographic regions, and a section open to unregistered guests, who are elsewhere unable to post, and even then, only under heavy moderation.^{[citation needed]}

Services

Stormfront's logo, featuring a Celtic cross surrounded by the motto "white pride world wide"

The Stormfront website hosts files from and links to a number of white nationalist and white racist websites,^[17] an online dating service (for "heterosexual White Gentiles only"), and electronic mailing lists that allows the white nationalist community to discuss issues of interest.^[20]^[43]^[57] It features a selection of current news reports, an archive of past stories, live streaming of The Political Cesspool radio show,^[58] and a merchandise store featuring literature and music.^[59] Stormfront has reportedly published stories aimed at children.^[56]

A 2001 study of recruitment by extremist groups on the Internet noted that Stormfront at that time came close to offering most of the standard services offered by web portals, including an internal search engine, web hosting, and categorized links, and lacking only an Internet search engine and the provision of free email for its members (though a limited email service was available at the price of $30 a month).^[56]

Design

Prominently featured on the homepage is a Celtic cross surrounded by the words "white pride world wide." Stormfront states it discourages racial slurs, and prohibits violent threats and descriptions of anything illegal.^[38]^[56] Others state that blatant hate and calls for violence are only kept off the opening page.^[59]^[60]

The site uses the Fraktur font,^[61] which was the favored font of the Nazi Party when it emerged in the early 1920s. Official Nazi documents and letterheads employed the font, and the cover of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf used a hand-drawn version of it.^[62]

Purpose and appeal

Don Black has long attempted to increase the mainstream appeal of white supremacy.^[38] Black established Stormfront to heighten awareness of perceived anti-white discrimination and government actions detrimental to white people,^[63] and to create a virtual community of white extremists.^[11]^[41]^[56]^[64] Black owns the site's servers, so he is not dependent upon website hosting providers.^[40]

Black's organization inculcated enough white pride to make "its worldwide aspirations meaningful and socially significant".^[59] Stormfront keeps the rhetoric in its forums muted, discourages racial slurs, and prohibits violent threats and descriptions of anything illegal.^[38]^[56] Site moderator Jamie Kelso was reportedly "the motivating force behind real community-building among Stormfront members" due to his energy and enthusiasm in organizing offline events.^[65] Black's positioning the site as a community with the explicit purpose of "defending the white race" helped sustain the community, as it attracts white people who define themselves in opposition to ethnic minorities, particularly Jews.^[38]

Stormfront established MartinLutherKing.org to discredit Martin Luther King Jr.^[66] In a 2001 study of white nationalist groups including Stormfront, academics Beverly Ray and George E. Marsh II commented: "Like the Nazis before them, they rely upon a blend of science, ignorance, and mythology to prop up their arguments".^[56]^[67]

Ideology

Stormfront presents itself as being engaged in a struggle for unity and identifies culture, speech, and free association as its core concerns,^[59] though members of Stormfront are especially passionate about racial purity.^[65] It promotes a lone wolf mentality, which links it to white nationalist theorist Louis Beam's influential work on leaderless resistance and offers a sympathetic assessment of Benjamin Nathaniel Smith, a white supremacist who committed suicide after a racially motivated killing spree in July 1999.^[56] Violet Jones notes that Stormfront credits its mission to "the founding myth of an America created, built, and ideologically grounded by the descendants of white Europeans."^[68] Don Black has specifically compared his views to those of the Founding Fathers, whom he asserts "did not believe that an integrated black and white society was possible in America."^[69] Asked in 2008 by an interviewer for the Italian newspaper la Repubblica whether Stormfront was a 21st-century version of the Ku Klux Klan without the iconography, Black responded affirmatively, though he noted that he would never say so to an American journalist.^[70] In addition to its promotion of antisemitism and Holocaust denial, Stormfront has increasingly become active in the propagation of Islamophobia.^[71]

References

^ Wojcieszak, Magdalena (June 16, 2009). "Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights". Sociological Inquiry 80 (1). ISBN 9780742565258. Retrieved March 24, 2016. ...John Black founded Stormfront in November 1996….
^ ^a ^b
Sources which consider Stormfront a neo-Nazi website include:
- Kim, T.K. (Summer 2005). "Electronic Storm – Stormfront Grows a Thriving Neo-Nazi Community". Intelligence Report (118). Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on May 21, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
- Zhou, Yilu; Reid, Edna; Qin, Jialun; Chen, Hsinchun; Lai, Guanpi (2008). "U.S. Domestic Extremist Groups on the Web: Link and Content Analysis" (PDF). University of Arizona. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 9, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2008. Stormfront.org, a neo-Nazi's Web site set up in 1995, is considered the first major domestic "hate site" on the World Wide Web because of its depth of content and its presentation style which represented a new period for online right-wing extremism
- Eshman, Rob (December 23, 2008). "Jewish Money". Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Earlier this week, when I entered the search terms "Madoff" and "Jewish" into Google, the top responses included JewishJournal.com and stormfront.org, a neo-Nazi Web site.
- Hildebrand, Joe (January 1, 2008). "RSL slams Australia Day hijack". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Much of the activity has been co-ordinated through the neo-Nazi website Stormfront, whose Australian arm is moderated by 18-year-old Newcastle resident Rhys McLean.
- Levant, Ezra (2009). Shakedown: How Our Government Is Undermining Democracy in the Name of Human Rights. McClelland & Stewart. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7710-4619-3. A particularly rough stretch of road is a neo-Nazi website called Stormfront.org.
- Kaplan, Jeffrey; Lööw, Heléne, eds. (2002). The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization. Rowman Altamira. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-7591-0204-0. Also, Web Pages such as ...'Stormfront'... in addition to racist, anti-Semitic, and neo-Nazi messages and illustrations, provide links...
- Friedman, James, ed. (2002). Reality Squared: Televisual Discourse on the Real. Rutgers University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8135-2989-9. Stormfront provides its viewers with... a general store stocked with Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and neo-Nazi literature and music...
- Katel, Peter (2010). "Hate Groups: Is Extremism on the Rise in the United States?". In CQ Researcher (ed.). Issues in Terrorism and Homeland Security (Second ed.). SAGE Publications. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4129-9201-5. ...a March 13 Web post by Poplawski to the neo-Nazi Web site Stormfront.
- Jacobs, Steven Leonard (2006). "Jewish "Officialdom" and The Passion of the Christ: Who Said What and What Did They Say?". In Garber, Zev (ed.). Mel Gibson's Passion: The Film, the Controversy, and its Implications. Purdue University Press. p. 147. doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wq6d1. ISBN 978-1-55753-405-7. JSTOR j.ctt6wq6d1. ...Internet websites (e.g. Angry White Female web-page, Vanguard News Network, Christian Identity website, Stormfront Neo-Nazi website, National Alliance website...)
- Miller, Mark Crispin (2007). Fooled Again: The Real Case for Electoral Reform. Basic Books. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-465-04580-8. ...appearing on such ultra-rightist websites as Free Republic and the neo-Nazi outfit Stormfront ("WHITE PRIDE WORLD WIDE")
- Moulitsas, Markos (2010). American Taliban: How War, Sex, Sin, and Power Bind Jihadists and the Radical Right. Polipoint Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-936227-02-0. Poplawski was active on white supremacist and neo-Nazi Stormfront internet forums.
- Martin, Andrew; Petro, Patrice, eds. (2006). Rethinking Global Security: Media, Popular Culture, and the "War on terror". Rutgers University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8135-3830-3. ...9/11 Internet chat-room discussions, including radical hate-group sites like the neo-Nazi Stormfront.org.
- Gorenfeld, John (2008). Bad Moon Rising: How Reverend Moon Created the Washington Times, Seduced the Religious Right, and Built an American Kingdom. Polipoint Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-9794822-3-6. She has even written in to neo-Nazi Web site Stormfront, geeking out together on Peter Jackson's film adaptation;...
^ ^a ^b
Sources which identify Stormfront as the Internet's "first hate site" include:
- Levin, Brian (2003). "Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America". In Perry, Barbara (ed.). Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94408-3. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
- Ryan, Nick (2004). "Thirteen Days". Into a World of Hate: A Journey Among the Extreme Right. New York: Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-415-94922-4. Retrieved July 21, 2008. It was Black who would launch Stormfront, the first major extremist hate site.
- Samuels, Shimon (2001). "Applying the Lessons of the Holocaust". In Rosenbaum, Alan S. (ed.). Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide (Second ed.). Westview Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-8133-3686-2. Retrieved July 21, 2008. It was Holocaust denier and Ku Klux Klan leader, Don Black, who had founded Stormfront (the very first Internet hate site, in 1995)
- Bolaffi, Guido; Bracalenti, Raffaele; Braham, Peter H.; Gindro, Sandro, eds. (2003). Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity & Culture. Sage Publications. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-7619-6900-6. Retrieved July 21, 2008. The first extremist hate site was Stormfront (1995)
^ "Stormfront". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on February 3, 2022.
^ ^a ^b
Sources which describe Stormfront as a white nationalist website include:
- Keating, Dan (May 2, 1995). "White supremacists booted from Internet". Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2013. 'I wasn't surprised,' said Don Black of West Palm Beach, who runs the Stormfront World Wide Web site for white nationalists.
- Backover, Andrew (November 8, 1999). "Hate sets up shop on Internet". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Nationally, Stormfront, a white nationalist site, is considered the granddaddy of online hatred.
- Jean Winegardner (February 17, 1998). "Is Hate Young and New on the Web?". USC Annenberg's Online Journalism Review. Archived from the original on February 14, 2002. Don Black, 44, a white nationalist since the age of 15, runs a site many would put in the hate speech category. He [is] the founder of Stormfront, a white nationalist Web site.
- Anchor: Ted Koppel (January 13, 1998). "Hate and the Internet". ABC News Nightline. ABC. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2022. [...] Storm Front, a Web site dedicated to the white nationalist movement [...] Storm Front, a white nationalist Web site [...]
- Swain, Carol Miller (2002). The New White Nationalism in America. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-521-80886-6. Don Black, leader of the white nationalist organization Stormfront
^ ^a ^b
Sources which describe Stormfront as a white supremacist website include:
- Abel, David Schwab (February 19, 1998). "The Racist Next Door". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Black's swastika-strewn "Stormfront" – the only white supremacist Website on the Internet before the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City
- Etchingham, Julie (January 12, 2000). "Hate.com expands on the net". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- Lloyd, Robin (August 12, 1999). "Web trackers hunt racist groups online". CNN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- "Hate on the World Wide Web:A Brief Guide to Cyberspace Bigotry". Anti-Defamation League. October 1998. Archived from the original on October 1, 2002. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
- Potok, Mark (September 20, 2007). "Jena Rally Sparks White Supremacist Rage, Lynching Threat". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
- Ripley, Amanda (March 5, 2005). "The Bench Under Siege". Time. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 10, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
- Scheneider, Keith (March 13, 1995). "Hate Groups Use Tools Of the Electronic Trade". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2001.
- Atkins, Stephen E. (August 30, 2002). Encyclopedia of Modern American Extremists and Extremist Groups. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31502-2. Retrieved July 19, 2008. In 1995 Black brought up a Web site, Stormfront, which now serves as the primary site for white supremacist Internet communications.
- Mooney, Linda A.; Knox, David; Schach, Caroline (2004). "Race and Ethic Relations". Understanding Social Problems. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-534-62514-6. Retrieved July 19, 2008. White supremacist groups such as Stormfront spread their message of racial hate through their Web site.
- Wang, Wallace (2006). "Hate Groups and Terrorists on the Internet". Steal This Computer Book 4.0: What They Won't Tell You About the Internet (4th ed.). San Francisco: No Starch Press Inc. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-59327-105-3. Retrieved July 19, 2008. Don Black, an ex-Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan and owner of the white supremacist homepage Stormfront (www.stormfront.org)
- Casey, Natasha (February 2006). "'The Best Kept Secret in Retail': Selling Business in Contemporary America". In Negra, Diane (ed.). The Irish in Us: Irishness, Performativity, and Popular Culture. Duke University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8223-3740-9. Retrieved July 19, 2008. … the inclusion of the Stormfront flag specifically defines its audience as white supremacist.
- Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. (June 26, 2003). Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies. Sage Publications. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7619-2814-0. A search for the term 'Stormfront' on the American version of Google results in a list of sites with the white supremacist Web site Stormfront first on the list.
- Lane, Henry W.; DiStefano, Joseph J.; Maznevski, Martha L. (2005). International Management Behavior: Text, Readings, and Cases (Fifth ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 539. ISBN 978-1-4051-2671-7. After his release in 1985, Black launched the first white supremacist Web site. Black's "Stormfront" was one of the largest hate sites on the Internet
- Jepson, Peter (2003). Tackling Militant Racism. Ashgate Publishing. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-7546-2163-8. Stormfront is a white supremacist organisation. footnote 83.
^ "World's oldest neo-Nazi website Stormfront shut down". The Telegraph. Associated Press. August 29, 2017. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017.
^ Hern, Alex (August 29, 2017). "Stormfront: 'murder capital of internet' pulled offline after civil rights action". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Crocker, Brittany (August 29, 2017). "White supremacist forum site Stormfront seized by domain hosts". Knoxville News Sentinel. USA Today. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
^ "Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law Takes Action Leading to Shut Down of Stormfront.com" (Press release). Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law. August 28, 2017. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Swain, Carol M.; Nieli, Russ, eds. (2003). "Don Black". Contemporary Voices of White Nationalism in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–165. ISBN 978-0-521-01693-3.
^ ^a ^b Schwab Abel, David (February 19, 1998). "The Racist Next Door". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015.
^ Schultz, David A., ed. (2000). It's Show Time!: Media, Politics, and Popular Culture. Frankfurt Am Main: P. Lang. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-8204-4135-1.
^ Biggs, John (August 28, 2017). "Another neo-Nazi site, Stormfront, is shut down". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
^ Lloyd, Robin (August 8, 1999). "Web trackers hunt racist groups online". CNN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
^ ^a ^b McKelvey, Tara (August 16, 2001). "Father and Son Team on Hate Site". USA Today. Gannett Company. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Swain, Carol Miller (2002). The New White Nationalism in America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-0-521-80886-6. Stormfront has links to many dozens of other white nationalist and white racist websites, and many of these also feed into Stormfront.
^ Altschiller, Donald (2015). Hate Crimes: A Reference Handbook (Third ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610699464. OCLC 909777157.
^ ^a ^b Belew, Kathleen (December 31, 2018). Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/9780674984943. ISBN 9780674984943. S2CID 158661768.
^ ^a ^b Kaplan, Jeffrey; Weinberg, Leonard (1998). The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0-8135-2564-8.
^ Etchingham, Julie (January 12, 2000). "Hate.com expands on the net". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration". Nations and Nationalism. 9 (4): 641–642. September 26, 2003. doi:10.1111/1469-8219.00143. ISSN 1354-5078.
^ Wojcieszak, Magdalena (January 21, 2010). "Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights". Sociological Inquiry. 80 (1): 150–152. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2009.00320.x. ISSN 0038-0245.
^ ^a ^b Saslow, Eli (September 18, 2018). Rising Out of Hatred: The Awakening of a Former White Nationalist. Diversified. ISBN 9781984833594. OCLC 1055267618.
^ McCullagh, Declan (October 23, 2002). "Google excluding controversial sites". CNET News. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
^ O'Reilly, Bill (May 8, 2003). "Circling the Wagons in Georgia". Talking Points. Fox News. Archived from the original on November 13, 2006. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Internet postings end politico's shot". Columbia Daily Tribune. Associated Press. August 6, 2005. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
^ Shugart, Karen (December 7, 2005). "No Really, He's A Racialist". Creative Loafing. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
^ "Four race-crime convictions for neo-Nazi website". Gazzetta del Sud. April 8, 2013. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
^ Gruber, Ruth Ellen (November 18, 2012). "Italian white supremacists arrested for inciting anti-Semitism". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ "Italian Police Raid Homes of Suspected Online anti-Semites". Haaretz. The Associated Press and JTA. November 15, 2013.
^ "White Homicide Worldwide". splcenter.org. SPL. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
^ Holpuch, Amanda (April 18, 2014). "More than 100 hate-crime murders linked to single website, report finds". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
^ Bever, Lindsey (April 18, 2014). "A white supremacist Web site frequented by killers". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 17, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
^ Newcomb, Alyssa (April 17, 2014). "Stormfront Website Posters Have Murdered Almost 100 People, Watchdog Group Says". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
^ Dees, Morris; Cohen, J. Richard (June 22, 2015). "White Supremacists Without Borders". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 28, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
^ Potok, Mark. "The Year in Hate and Extremism". SPLC. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Daniels, Jessie (2008). "Race, Civil Rights and Hate Speech in the Digital Era". In Everett, Anna (ed.). Learning Race and Ethnicity: Youth and Digital Media. MIT Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-262-05091-3. Retrieved July 19, 2008. Black has long been advocate for 'mainstreaming' the white supremacist movement, and the Internet is his preferred medium for doing so. His first and primary presence is Stormfront.org
^ Jessup, Michael (2006). "The Sword of Truth in a Sea of Lies: The Ideology of Hate". In Priest, Robert J.; Nieves, Alvaro L. (eds.). This Side of Heaven: Race, Ethnicity, and Christian Faith. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 165. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310566.003.0011. ISBN 978-0-19-531056-6.
^ ^a ^b Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (November 1, 2005). "Conclusion". The Scope of Tolerance: Studies on the Costs of Free Expression and Freedom of the Press (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 254. doi:10.4324/9780203003411. ISBN 978-0-415-35758-6. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Saslow, Eli (June 22, 2008). "Hate Groups' Newest Target". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
^ Phillips, Peter (April 9, 2001). Censored 2001: 25 Years of Censored News and the Top Censored Stories of the Year. New York: Seven Stories Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-58322-064-1. Today, the state is home to several of the most powerful white supremicists in the country, including Stormfront, an Internet-based hate group headquartered in West Palm Beach.
^ ^a ^b Kaplan, Jeffrey, ed. (2000). "Black Metal". Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7425-0340-3.
^ "Don Black: White Pride World Wide". Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
^ Holthouse, David (July 7, 2006). "A Few Bad Men". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
^ Kifner, John (July 7, 2006). "Hate Groups Are Infiltrating the Military, Group Asserts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
^ Sullivan, Eileen; Jordan, Lara Lakes; Harkavy, Jerry (November 13, 2008). "Obama threats more than previous presidents-elect". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 15, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
^ Heffernan, Virginia (December 24, 2007). "The Ron Paul Vid-Lash". The Medium Blog. The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
^ "Corrections: For the Record". The New York Times. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018.
^ "Poplawski frequented right-wing Web sites". United Press International. April 5, 2009. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
^ Schrekinger, Ben (December 10, 2015). "White supremacist groups see Trump bump". Politico'. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "The white flight of Derek Black". The Washington Post. October 15, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
^ Burns, Susan (January 2, 2019). "R. Derek Black Was the Heir Apparent to America's White Nationalist Movement. Then He Went to New College". Sarasota Magazine. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
^ Schulberg, Jessica; Liebelson, Dana; Craggs, Tommy (October 3, 2017). "The Neo-Nazis Are Back Online". HuffPost. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
^ "How Stormfront shocked superhero TV in 2020". December 29, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Ray, Beverly; Marsh, George E. II (February 2001). "Recruitment by Extremist Groups on the Internet". First Monday. 6 (2). doi:10.5210/fm.v6i2.834. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
^ Nacos, Brigitte L. (November 2002). "E-Terrorism and the Web of Hate". Mass-Mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7425-1083-8.
^ Screencap of Stormfront site with Cesspool streaming link, available at Politics1.com Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine; accessed February 17, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bernardi, Daniel (2002). "Cyborgs in Cyberspace". In Friedman, James (ed.). Reality Squared. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 163–167. ISBN 978-0-8135-2989-9.
^ Lehman, Peter, ed. (2006). Pornography: Film And Culture. Rutgers University Press. pp. 221, 272. ISBN 978-0-8135-3871-6.
^ Grayson, Alan (July 1, 2015). "Now the Nazis REALLY Hate Me". Daily Kos. Archived from the original on October 5, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
^ "1941: The Nazis ban Jewish fonts". History Weird. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
^ Swain, Carol M. (2002). The New White Nationalism in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–232. ISBN 978-0-521-80886-6.
^ Pulera, Dominic J. (2004). "White Wrongs". Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. London, UK: Continuum. pp. 304–305. ISBN 978-0-8264-1643-8. Jeffrey Kaplan ... describes Black's Web site as 'the cyberspace flagship of the racist right.' Indeed, Stormfront.org is the most popular racist site on the Internet
^ ^a ^b Tucker, Maria Luisa (June 5, 2007). "A Neo-Nazi Field Trip to the Met". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
^ Ibanga, Imaeyen (June 12, 2009). "Hate Groups Effectively Use Web as a Recruiting Tool". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
^ Hubbard, Lee (January 24, 2000). "Dissing the King". Salon. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
^ Jones, Violet (2006). "Violence, Discourse and Dixieland: A Critical Reflection on an Incident Involving Violence Against Black Youth". In Rossatto, César; Allen, Ricky. L; Pryun, Mark (eds.). Reinventing Critical Pedagogy: Widening the Circle of Anti-Oppression Education. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7425-3888-7.
^ Swain, Carol M; Nieli, Russ (2003). Contemporary voices of white nationalism in America. Cambridge University Press. p. 154.
^ Calabresi, Mario (October 29, 2008). "Fermeremo Barack Obama siamo il nuovo Ku Klux Klan". la Repubblica (in Italian). Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
^ Beirich, Heidi (August 25, 2010). "White Supremacists Find Common Cause with Pam Geller's Anti-Islam Campaign". Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on August 30, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2015.

[NYT7515-1] Wojcieszak, Magdalena (June 16, 2009). "Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights". Sociological Inquiry 80 (1). ISBN 9780742565258. Retrieved March 24, 2016. ...John Black founded Stormfront in November 1996….

[Neonazi-2] Sources which consider Stormfront a neo-Nazi website include:
Kim, T.K. (Summer 2005). "Electronic Storm – Stormfront Grows a Thriving Neo-Nazi Community". Intelligence Report (118). Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on May 21, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2008.

Zhou, Yilu; Reid, Edna; Qin, Jialun; Chen, Hsinchun; Lai, Guanpi (2008). "U.S. Domestic Extremist Groups on the Web: Link and Content Analysis" (PDF). University of Arizona. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 9, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2008. Stormfront.org, a neo-Nazi's Web site set up in 1995, is considered the first major domestic "hate site" on the World Wide Web because of its depth of content and its presentation style which represented a new period for online right-wing extremism

Eshman, Rob (December 23, 2008). "Jewish Money". Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Earlier this week, when I entered the search terms "Madoff" and "Jewish" into Google, the top responses included JewishJournal.com and stormfront.org, a neo-Nazi Web site.

Hildebrand, Joe (January 1, 2008). "RSL slams Australia Day hijack". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Much of the activity has been co-ordinated through the neo-Nazi website Stormfront, whose Australian arm is moderated by 18-year-old Newcastle resident Rhys McLean.

Levant, Ezra (2009). Shakedown: How Our Government Is Undermining Democracy in the Name of Human Rights. McClelland & Stewart. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7710-4619-3. A particularly rough stretch of road is a neo-Nazi website called Stormfront.org.

Kaplan, Jeffrey; Lööw, Heléne, eds. (2002). The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization. Rowman Altamira. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-7591-0204-0. Also, Web Pages such as ...'Stormfront'... in addition to racist, anti-Semitic, and neo-Nazi messages and illustrations, provide links...

Friedman, James, ed. (2002). Reality Squared: Televisual Discourse on the Real. Rutgers University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8135-2989-9. Stormfront provides its viewers with... a general store stocked with Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and neo-Nazi literature and music...

Katel, Peter (2010). "Hate Groups: Is Extremism on the Rise in the United States?". In CQ Researcher (ed.). Issues in Terrorism and Homeland Security (Second ed.). SAGE Publications. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4129-9201-5. ...a March 13 Web post by Poplawski to the neo-Nazi Web site Stormfront.

Jacobs, Steven Leonard (2006). "Jewish "Officialdom" and The Passion of the Christ: Who Said What and What Did They Say?". In Garber, Zev (ed.). Mel Gibson's Passion: The Film, the Controversy, and its Implications. Purdue University Press. p. 147. doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wq6d1. ISBN 978-1-55753-405-7. JSTOR j.ctt6wq6d1. ...Internet websites (e.g. Angry White Female web-page, Vanguard News Network, Christian Identity website, Stormfront Neo-Nazi website, National Alliance website...)

Miller, Mark Crispin (2007). Fooled Again: The Real Case for Electoral Reform. Basic Books. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-465-04580-8. ...appearing on such ultra-rightist websites as Free Republic and the neo-Nazi outfit Stormfront ("WHITE PRIDE WORLD WIDE")

Moulitsas, Markos (2010). American Taliban: How War, Sex, Sin, and Power Bind Jihadists and the Radical Right. Polipoint Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-936227-02-0. Poplawski was active on white supremacist and neo-Nazi Stormfront internet forums.

Martin, Andrew; Petro, Patrice, eds. (2006). Rethinking Global Security: Media, Popular Culture, and the "War on terror". Rutgers University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8135-3830-3. ...9/11 Internet chat-room discussions, including radical hate-group sites like the neo-Nazi Stormfront.org.

Gorenfeld, John (2008). Bad Moon Rising: How Reverend Moon Created the Washington Times, Seduced the Religious Right, and Built an American Kingdom. Polipoint Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-9794822-3-6. She has even written in to neo-Nazi Web site Stormfront, geeking out together on Peter Jackson's film adaptation;...

[3] Kim, T.K. (Summer 2005). "Electronic Storm – Stormfront Grows a Thriving Neo-Nazi Community". Intelligence Report (118). Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on May 21, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2008.

[4] Zhou, Yilu; Reid, Edna; Qin, Jialun; Chen, Hsinchun; Lai, Guanpi (2008). "U.S. Domestic Extremist Groups on the Web: Link and Content Analysis" (PDF). University of Arizona. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 9, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2008. Stormfront.org, a neo-Nazi's Web site set up in 1995, is considered the first major domestic "hate site" on the World Wide Web because of its depth of content and its presentation style which represented a new period for online right-wing extremism

[5] Eshman, Rob (December 23, 2008). "Jewish Money". Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Earlier this week, when I entered the search terms "Madoff" and "Jewish" into Google, the top responses included JewishJournal.com and stormfront.org, a neo-Nazi Web site.

[6] Hildebrand, Joe (January 1, 2008). "RSL slams Australia Day hijack". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Much of the activity has been co-ordinated through the neo-Nazi website Stormfront, whose Australian arm is moderated by 18-year-old Newcastle resident Rhys McLean.

[7] Levant, Ezra (2009). Shakedown: How Our Government Is Undermining Democracy in the Name of Human Rights. McClelland & Stewart. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7710-4619-3. A particularly rough stretch of road is a neo-Nazi website called Stormfront.org.

[8] Kaplan, Jeffrey; Lööw, Heléne, eds. (2002). The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization. Rowman Altamira. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-7591-0204-0. Also, Web Pages such as ...'Stormfront'... in addition to racist, anti-Semitic, and neo-Nazi messages and illustrations, provide links...

[9] Friedman, James, ed. (2002). Reality Squared: Televisual Discourse on the Real. Rutgers University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8135-2989-9. Stormfront provides its viewers with... a general store stocked with Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and neo-Nazi literature and music...

[10] Katel, Peter (2010). "Hate Groups: Is Extremism on the Rise in the United States?". In CQ Researcher (ed.). Issues in Terrorism and Homeland Security (Second ed.). SAGE Publications. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4129-9201-5. ...a March 13 Web post by Poplawski to the neo-Nazi Web site Stormfront.

[11] Jacobs, Steven Leonard (2006). "Jewish "Officialdom" and The Passion of the Christ: Who Said What and What Did They Say?". In Garber, Zev (ed.). Mel Gibson's Passion: The Film, the Controversy, and its Implications. Purdue University Press. p. 147. doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wq6d1. ISBN 978-1-55753-405-7. JSTOR j.ctt6wq6d1. ...Internet websites (e.g. Angry White Female web-page, Vanguard News Network, Christian Identity website, Stormfront Neo-Nazi website, National Alliance website...)

[12] Miller, Mark Crispin (2007). Fooled Again: The Real Case for Electoral Reform. Basic Books. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-465-04580-8. ...appearing on such ultra-rightist websites as Free Republic and the neo-Nazi outfit Stormfront ("WHITE PRIDE WORLD WIDE")

[13] Moulitsas, Markos (2010). American Taliban: How War, Sex, Sin, and Power Bind Jihadists and the Radical Right. Polipoint Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-936227-02-0. Poplawski was active on white supremacist and neo-Nazi Stormfront internet forums.

[14] Martin, Andrew; Petro, Patrice, eds. (2006). Rethinking Global Security: Media, Popular Culture, and the "War on terror". Rutgers University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8135-3830-3. ...9/11 Internet chat-room discussions, including radical hate-group sites like the neo-Nazi Stormfront.org.

[15] Gorenfeld, John (2008). Bad Moon Rising: How Reverend Moon Created the Washington Times, Seduced the Religious Right, and Built an American Kingdom. Polipoint Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-9794822-3-6. She has even written in to neo-Nazi Web site Stormfront, geeking out together on Peter Jackson's film adaptation;...

[Hate_site-3] Sources which identify Stormfront as the Internet's "first hate site" include:
Levin, Brian (2003). "Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America". In Perry, Barbara (ed.). Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94408-3. Retrieved July 21, 2008.

Ryan, Nick (2004). "Thirteen Days". Into a World of Hate: A Journey Among the Extreme Right. New York: Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-415-94922-4. Retrieved July 21, 2008. It was Black who would launch Stormfront, the first major extremist hate site.

Samuels, Shimon (2001). "Applying the Lessons of the Holocaust". In Rosenbaum, Alan S. (ed.). Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide (Second ed.). Westview Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-8133-3686-2. Retrieved July 21, 2008. It was Holocaust denier and Ku Klux Klan leader, Don Black, who had founded Stormfront (the very first Internet hate site, in 1995)

Bolaffi, Guido; Bracalenti, Raffaele; Braham, Peter H.; Gindro, Sandro, eds. (2003). Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity & Culture. Sage Publications. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-7619-6900-6. Retrieved July 21, 2008. The first extremist hate site was Stormfront (1995)

[17] Levin, Brian (2003). "Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America". In Perry, Barbara (ed.). Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94408-3. Retrieved July 21, 2008.

[18] Ryan, Nick (2004). "Thirteen Days". Into a World of Hate: A Journey Among the Extreme Right. New York: Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-415-94922-4. Retrieved July 21, 2008. It was Black who would launch Stormfront, the first major extremist hate site.

[19] Samuels, Shimon (2001). "Applying the Lessons of the Holocaust". In Rosenbaum, Alan S. (ed.). Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide (Second ed.). Westview Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-8133-3686-2. Retrieved July 21, 2008. It was Holocaust denier and Ku Klux Klan leader, Don Black, who had founded Stormfront (the very first Internet hate site, in 1995)

[20] Bolaffi, Guido; Bracalenti, Raffaele; Braham, Peter H.; Gindro, Sandro, eds. (2003). Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity & Culture. Sage Publications. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-7619-6900-6. Retrieved July 21, 2008. The first extremist hate site was Stormfront (1995)

[4] "Stormfront". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on February 3, 2022.

[Whitenationalist-5] Sources which describe Stormfront as a white nationalist website include:
Keating, Dan (May 2, 1995). "White supremacists booted from Internet". Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2013. 'I wasn't surprised,' said Don Black of West Palm Beach, who runs the Stormfront World Wide Web site for white nationalists.

Backover, Andrew (November 8, 1999). "Hate sets up shop on Internet". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Nationally, Stormfront, a white nationalist site, is considered the granddaddy of online hatred.

Jean Winegardner (February 17, 1998). "Is Hate Young and New on the Web?". USC Annenberg's Online Journalism Review. Archived from the original on February 14, 2002. Don Black, 44, a white nationalist since the age of 15, runs a site many would put in the hate speech category. He [is] the founder of Stormfront, a white nationalist Web site.

Anchor: Ted Koppel (January 13, 1998). "Hate and the Internet". ABC News Nightline. ABC. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2022. [...] Storm Front, a Web site dedicated to the white nationalist movement [...] Storm Front, a white nationalist Web site [...]

Swain, Carol Miller (2002). The New White Nationalism in America. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-521-80886-6. Don Black, leader of the white nationalist organization Stormfront

[23] Keating, Dan (May 2, 1995). "White supremacists booted from Internet". Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Archived from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2013. 'I wasn't surprised,' said Don Black of West Palm Beach, who runs the Stormfront World Wide Web site for white nationalists.

[24] Backover, Andrew (November 8, 1999). "Hate sets up shop on Internet". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Nationally, Stormfront, a white nationalist site, is considered the granddaddy of online hatred.

[25] Jean Winegardner (February 17, 1998). "Is Hate Young and New on the Web?". USC Annenberg's Online Journalism Review. Archived from the original on February 14, 2002. Don Black, 44, a white nationalist since the age of 15, runs a site many would put in the hate speech category. He [is] the founder of Stormfront, a white nationalist Web site.

[26] Anchor: Ted Koppel (January 13, 1998). "Hate and the Internet". ABC News Nightline. ABC. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2022. [...] Storm Front, a Web site dedicated to the white nationalist movement [...] Storm Front, a white nationalist Web site [...]

[27] Swain, Carol Miller (2002). The New White Nationalism in America. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-521-80886-6. Don Black, leader of the white nationalist organization Stormfront

[Supremacist-6] Sources which describe Stormfront as a white supremacist website include:
Abel, David Schwab (February 19, 1998). "The Racist Next Door". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Black's swastika-strewn "Stormfront" – the only white supremacist Website on the Internet before the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City

Etchingham, Julie (January 12, 2000). "Hate.com expands on the net". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2007.

Lloyd, Robin (August 12, 1999). "Web trackers hunt racist groups online". CNN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved September 14, 2007.

"Hate on the World Wide Web:A Brief Guide to Cyberspace Bigotry". Anti-Defamation League. October 1998. Archived from the original on October 1, 2002. Retrieved January 1, 2009.

Potok, Mark (September 20, 2007). "Jena Rally Sparks White Supremacist Rage, Lynching Threat". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2008.

Ripley, Amanda (March 5, 2005). "The Bench Under Siege". Time. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 10, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2008.

Scheneider, Keith (March 13, 1995). "Hate Groups Use Tools Of the Electronic Trade". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2001.

Atkins, Stephen E. (August 30, 2002). Encyclopedia of Modern American Extremists and Extremist Groups. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31502-2. Retrieved July 19, 2008. In 1995 Black brought up a Web site, Stormfront, which now serves as the primary site for white supremacist Internet communications.

Mooney, Linda A.; Knox, David; Schach, Caroline (2004). "Race and Ethic Relations". Understanding Social Problems. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-534-62514-6. Retrieved July 19, 2008. White supremacist groups such as Stormfront spread their message of racial hate through their Web site.

Wang, Wallace (2006). "Hate Groups and Terrorists on the Internet". Steal This Computer Book 4.0: What They Won't Tell You About the Internet (4th ed.). San Francisco: No Starch Press Inc. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-59327-105-3. Retrieved July 19, 2008. Don Black, an ex-Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan and owner of the white supremacist homepage Stormfront (www.stormfront.org)

Casey, Natasha (February 2006). "'The Best Kept Secret in Retail': Selling Business in Contemporary America". In Negra, Diane (ed.). The Irish in Us: Irishness, Performativity, and Popular Culture. Duke University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8223-3740-9. Retrieved July 19, 2008. … the inclusion of the Stormfront flag specifically defines its audience as white supremacist.

Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. (June 26, 2003). Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies. Sage Publications. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7619-2814-0. A search for the term 'Stormfront' on the American version of Google results in a list of sites with the white supremacist Web site Stormfront first on the list.

Lane, Henry W.; DiStefano, Joseph J.; Maznevski, Martha L. (2005). International Management Behavior: Text, Readings, and Cases (Fifth ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 539. ISBN 978-1-4051-2671-7. After his release in 1985, Black launched the first white supremacist Web site. Black's "Stormfront" was one of the largest hate sites on the Internet

Jepson, Peter (2003). Tackling Militant Racism. Ashgate Publishing. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-7546-2163-8. Stormfront is a white supremacist organisation. footnote 83.

[29] Abel, David Schwab (February 19, 1998). "The Racist Next Door". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Black's swastika-strewn "Stormfront" – the only white supremacist Website on the Internet before the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City

[30] Etchingham, Julie (January 12, 2000). "Hate.com expands on the net". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2007.

[31] Lloyd, Robin (August 12, 1999). "Web trackers hunt racist groups online". CNN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved September 14, 2007.

[32] "Hate on the World Wide Web:A Brief Guide to Cyberspace Bigotry". Anti-Defamation League. October 1998. Archived from the original on October 1, 2002. Retrieved January 1, 2009.

[33] Potok, Mark (September 20, 2007). "Jena Rally Sparks White Supremacist Rage, Lynching Threat". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2008.

[34] Ripley, Amanda (March 5, 2005). "The Bench Under Siege". Time. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 10, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2008.

[35] Scheneider, Keith (March 13, 1995). "Hate Groups Use Tools Of the Electronic Trade". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2001.

[36] Atkins, Stephen E. (August 30, 2002). Encyclopedia of Modern American Extremists and Extremist Groups. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31502-2. Retrieved July 19, 2008. In 1995 Black brought up a Web site, Stormfront, which now serves as the primary site for white supremacist Internet communications.

[37] Mooney, Linda A.; Knox, David; Schach, Caroline (2004). "Race and Ethic Relations". Understanding Social Problems. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-534-62514-6. Retrieved July 19, 2008. White supremacist groups such as Stormfront spread their message of racial hate through their Web site.

[38] Wang, Wallace (2006). "Hate Groups and Terrorists on the Internet". Steal This Computer Book 4.0: What They Won't Tell You About the Internet (4th ed.). San Francisco: No Starch Press Inc. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-59327-105-3. Retrieved July 19, 2008. Don Black, an ex-Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan and owner of the white supremacist homepage Stormfront (www.stormfront.org)

[39] Casey, Natasha (February 2006). "'The Best Kept Secret in Retail': Selling Business in Contemporary America". In Negra, Diane (ed.). The Irish in Us: Irishness, Performativity, and Popular Culture. Duke University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8223-3740-9. Retrieved July 19, 2008. … the inclusion of the Stormfront flag specifically defines its audience as white supremacist.

[40] Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. (June 26, 2003). Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies. Sage Publications. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7619-2814-0. A search for the term 'Stormfront' on the American version of Google results in a list of sites with the white supremacist Web site Stormfront first on the list.

[41] Lane, Henry W.; DiStefano, Joseph J.; Maznevski, Martha L. (2005). International Management Behavior: Text, Readings, and Cases (Fifth ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 539. ISBN 978-1-4051-2671-7. After his release in 1985, Black launched the first white supremacist Web site. Black's "Stormfront" was one of the largest hate sites on the Internet

[42] Jepson, Peter (2003). Tackling Militant Racism. Ashgate Publishing. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-7546-2163-8. Stormfront is a white supremacist organisation. footnote 83.

[7] "World's oldest neo-Nazi website Stormfront shut down". The Telegraph. Associated Press. August 29, 2017. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017.

[8] Hern, Alex (August 29, 2017). "Stormfront: 'murder capital of internet' pulled offline after civil rights action". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017.

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[42] Phillips, Peter (April 9, 2001). Censored 2001: 25 Years of Censored News and the Top Censored Stories of the Year. New York: Seven Stories Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-58322-064-1. Today, the state is home to several of the most powerful white supremicists in the country, including Stormfront, an Internet-based hate group headquartered in West Palm Beach.

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[cyborg-59] Bernardi, Daniel (2002). "Cyborgs in Cyberspace". In Friedman, James (ed.). Reality Squared. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 163–167. ISBN 978-0-8135-2989-9.

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@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 | owner = [[Don Black (white supremacist)|Don Black]]
 | author = Don Black
-| launch_date = {{start date and age|1996|11}}<ref name=NYT7515>{{cite news|last1=Wojcieszak |first1= Magdalena|title=Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91aEFrm6DLMC&pg=PA106|access-date=March 24, 2016|work=Sociological Inquiry 80 (1)|date=June 16, 2009|isbn= 9780742565258|quote=...John Black founded stormfron in November 1996….}}</ref>
+| launch_date = {{start date and age|1996|11}}<ref name=NYT7515>{{cite news|last1=Wojcieszak |first1= Magdalena|title=Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91aEFrm6DLMC&pg=PA106|access-date=March 24, 2016|work=Sociological Inquiry 80 (1)|date=June 16, 2009|isbn= 9780742565258|quote=...John Black founded Stormfront in November 1996….}}</ref>
 | current_status = Online
 | revenue =
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 {{islamophobia|Media}}
 {{Antisemitism}}
-'''Stormfront''' is a [[neo-Nazi]] [[Internet forum]], and the [[World Wide Web|Web]]'s first major racial [[hate site]].<ref name="Neonazi"/><ref name="Hate site"/> The site is focused on propagating [[white nationalism]], [[Nazism]], [[antisemitism]] (especially [[anti-semitic trope|anti-semitic conspiracy theories]]) and [[islamophobia]], as well as [[Antifeminism|anti-feminism]], [[homophobia]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stormfront|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/stormfront|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203171805/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/stormfront|archive-date=February 3, 2022|website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]}}</ref> [[transphobia]], [[Holocaust denial]], and [[white supremacy]].<ref name="Whitenationalist"/><ref name="Supremacist"/>
+'''Stormfront''' is a [[neo-Nazi]] [[Internet forum]], and the [[World Wide Web|Web]]'s first major racial [[hate site]].<ref name="Neonazi"/><ref name="Hate site"/> The site is focused on propagating [[white nationalism]], [[Nazism]], [[antisemitism]] (especially [[anti-semitic trope|antisemitic conspiracy theories]]) and [[Islamophobia]], as well as [[Antifeminism|antifeminism]], [[homophobia]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stormfront|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/stormfront|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203171805/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/stormfront|archive-date=February 3, 2022|website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]}}</ref> [[transphobia]], [[Holocaust denial]], and [[white supremacy]].<ref name="Whitenationalist"/><ref name="Supremacist"/>
 <!-- Summary of the History section, starting with Early history-->
-Stormfront began as an online [[bulletin board system]] in the early 1990s before being established as a [[website]] in 1996 by former [[Ku Klux Klan]] leader and [[white supremacist]] [[Don Black (white supremacist)|Don Black]].<!-- National attention --> It received national attention in the United States in 2000 after being featured as the subject of a documentary, ''Hate.com''.<!-- Controversies --> Stormfront has been the subject of controversy after being removed from [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], and [[Italian language|Italian]] [[Google]] indices; for targeting an online [[Fox News]] poll on [[racial segregation]]; and for having political candidates as members.<!-- Popularity and later history --> Its prominence has grown since the 1990s, attracting attention from [[watchdog organization]]s that oppose [[racism]] and [[antisemitism]].
+Stormfront began as an online [[bulletin board system]] in the early 1990s before being established as a [[website]] in 1996 by the former [[Ku Klux Klan]] leader and [[white supremacist]] [[Don Black (white supremacist)|Don Black]].<!-- National attention --> It received national attention in the United States in 2000 after being featured as the subject of a documentary called ''Hate.Com''.<!-- Controversies --> Stormfront has been the subject of controversy after being removed from French, German, and Italian [[Google]] indices; for targeting an online [[Fox News]] poll on [[racial segregation]]; and for having political candidates as members.<!-- Popularity and later history --> Its prominence has grown since the 1990s, attracting attention from [[watchdog organization]]s that oppose racism and antisemitism.
-In August 2017, Stormfront was taken offline for just over a month when its [[Domain name registrar|registrar]] seized its domain name due to complaints that it promoted [[hatred]] and that some of its members were linked to [[murder]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/08/29/worlds-oldest-neo-nazi-website-stormfront-shut/|title=World's oldest neo-Nazi website Stormfront shut down|date=August 29, 2017|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829195521/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/08/29/worlds-oldest-neo-nazi-website-stormfront-shut/|archive-date=August 29, 2017|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/29/stormfront-neo-nazi-hate-site-murder-internet-pulled-offline-web-com-civil-rights-action|title=Stormfront: 'murder capital of internet' pulled offline after civil rights action|last=Hern|first=Alex|date=August 29, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921103636/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/29/stormfront-neo-nazi-hate-site-murder-internet-pulled-offline-web-com-civil-rights-action|archive-date=September 21, 2017}}</ref> The [[Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law]] claimed credit for the action after advocating for Stormfront's web host, [[Network Solutions]], to enforce its Terms of Service agreement, which prohibits users from using its services to incite violence.<ref name="knoxnews"/><ref>{{cite press release|title=Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law Takes Action Leading to Shut Down of Stormfront.com|url=https://lawyerscommittee.org/lawyers-committee-civil-rights-law-takes-action-leading-shut-stormfront-com/|access-date=June 5, 2019|date=August 28, 2017|publisher=[[Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413045931/https://lawyerscommittee.org/lawyers-committee-civil-rights-law-takes-action-leading-shut-stormfront-com/|url-status=live|archive-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>
+In August 2017, Stormfront was taken offline for just over a month when its [[Domain name registrar|registrar]] seized its domain name due to complaints that it promoted hatred and that some of its members were linked to murder.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/08/29/worlds-oldest-neo-nazi-website-stormfront-shut/|title=World's oldest neo-Nazi website Stormfront shut down|date=August 29, 2017|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829195521/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/08/29/worlds-oldest-neo-nazi-website-stormfront-shut/|archive-date=August 29, 2017|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/29/stormfront-neo-nazi-hate-site-murder-internet-pulled-offline-web-com-civil-rights-action|title=Stormfront: 'murder capital of internet' pulled offline after civil rights action|last=Hern|first=Alex|date=August 29, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921103636/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/29/stormfront-neo-nazi-hate-site-murder-internet-pulled-offline-web-com-civil-rights-action|archive-date=September 21, 2017}}</ref> The [[Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law]] claimed credit for the action after advocating for Stormfront's web host, [[Network Solutions]], to enforce its Terms of Service agreement, which prohibits users from using its services to incite violence.<ref name="knoxnews"/><ref>{{cite press release|title=Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law Takes Action Leading to Shut Down of Stormfront.com|url=https://lawyerscommittee.org/lawyers-committee-civil-rights-law-takes-action-leading-shut-stormfront-com/|access-date=June 5, 2019|date=August 28, 2017|publisher=[[Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413045931/https://lawyerscommittee.org/lawyers-committee-civil-rights-law-takes-action-leading-shut-stormfront-com/|url-status=live|archive-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>
 ==History==
 ===Early history===
-Stormfront began in 1990 as an online bulletin board supporting white nationalist [[David Duke]]'s campaign for [[United States Senator|United States senator]] for [[Louisiana]]. The name "Stormfront" was chosen for its connotations of a political or military [[Front (military)|front]] (such as the German Nazi [[Sturmabteilung]] (also known as storm troopers or SA)) and an analogy with [[weather front]]s that invokes the idea of a tumultuous storm ending in cleansing.<ref name="swain"/> The Stormfront website has been registered at Network Solutions since 1995 and was founded in 1996 by [[Don Black (white supremacist)|Don Black]], a former [[Grand Wizard|grand wizard]] of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1970s and a member of the [[National Socialist White People's Party]].<ref name="racistnextdoor">{{cite news|url=https://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/the-racist-next-door-6332282|title=The Racist Next Door|last=Schwab Abel|first=David|date=February 19, 1998|work=[[New Times Broward-Palm Beach]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912165746/https://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/the-racist-next-door-6332282|archive-date=September 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="showtime">{{cite book|title=It's Show Time!: Media, Politics, and Popular Culture|publisher=P. Lang|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8204-4135-1|editor-last=Schultz|editor-first=David A.|location=Frankfurt Am Main|page=236}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biggs |first=John |date=2017-08-28 |title=Another neo-Nazi site, Stormfront, is shut down |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/28/another-neo-nazi-site-stormfront-is-shut-down/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Black first received computer training while he was imprisoned for his role in an abortive 1981 [[Operation Red Dog|attempt]] to overthrow the government of [[Dominica]].<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9908/12/hate.online|title=Web trackers hunt racist groups online|last=Lloyd|first=Robin|date=August 8, 1999|access-date=September 14, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817031027/http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9908/12/hate.online/|archive-date=August 17, 2000|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref name="USATODAY">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/2001-07-16-kid-hate-sites.htm#more|title=Father and Son Team on Hate Site|last=McKelvey|first=Tara|date=August 16, 2001|work=USA Today|access-date=January 29, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124073507/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/2001-07-16-kid-hate-sites.htm|archive-date=January 24, 2019|publisher=Gannett Company|author-link=Tara McKelvey}}</ref>
+Stormfront began in 1990 as an online bulletin board supporting the white nationalist [[David Duke]]'s campaign for [[United States Senator|United States senator]] for [[Louisiana]]. The name "Stormfront" was chosen for its connotations of a political or military front (such as the German Nazi [[Sturmabteilung]] (also known as storm troopers or SA) and an analogy with [[weather front]]s that invokes the idea of a tumultuous storm ending in cleansing.<ref name="swain"/> The Stormfront website has been registered at Network Solutions since 1995 and was founded in 1996 by [[Don Black (white supremacist)|Don Black]], a former [[Grand Wizard|grand wizard]] of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1970s and a member of the [[National Socialist White People's Party]].<ref name="racistnextdoor">{{cite news|url=https://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/the-racist-next-door-6332282|title=The Racist Next Door|last=Schwab Abel|first=David|date=February 19, 1998|work=[[New Times Broward-Palm Beach]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912165746/https://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/the-racist-next-door-6332282|archive-date=September 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="showtime">{{cite book|title=It's Show Time!: Media, Politics, and Popular Culture|publisher=P. Lang|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8204-4135-1|editor-last=Schultz|editor-first=David A.|location=Frankfurt Am Main|page=236}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biggs |first=John |date=2017-08-28 |title=Another neo-Nazi site, Stormfront, is shut down |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/28/another-neo-nazi-site-stormfront-is-shut-down/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Black first received computer training while he was imprisoned for his role in an abortive 1981 [[Operation Red Dog|attempt]] to overthrow the government of [[Dominica]].<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9908/12/hate.online|title=Web trackers hunt racist groups online|last=Lloyd|first=Robin|date=August 8, 1999|access-date=September 14, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817031027/http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9908/12/hate.online/|archive-date=August 17, 2000|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref name="USATODAY">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/2001-07-16-kid-hate-sites.htm#more|title=Father and Son Team on Hate Site|last=McKelvey|first=Tara|date=August 16, 2001|work=USA Today|access-date=January 29, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124073507/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/2001-07-16-kid-hate-sites.htm|archive-date=January 24, 2019|publisher=Gannett Company|author-link=Tara McKelvey}}</ref>
-Although Stormfront became the first website associated with white supremacy, its founding as a private cyberspace medium for white supremacy was based on the earlier online [[bulletin board system]] [[Liberty Net]].<ref name="swain3" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Hate Crimes: A Reference Handbook|last=Altschiller|first=Donald|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2015|isbn=9781610699464|edition=Third|location=Santa Barbara, California|oclc=909777157}}</ref> Liberty Net was implemented in 1984 by Klan [[Grand Dragon]] [[Louis Beam]] and protected by four password-protected computers that took the FBI two years to decrypt.<ref name="belew">{{Cite book|title=Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America|last=Belew|first=Kathleen|date=2018-12-31|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674984943|location=Cambridge, MA and London, England|doi=10.4159/9780674984943|author-link=Kathleen Belew}}</ref> Liberty Net's code-accessed message board contained [[personal ads]] along with recruitment material and information about the white power movement.<ref name=belew /> Liberty Net's success as a computer platform led to Stormfront's establishment and later conversion into a website.
+Although Stormfront became the first website associated with white supremacy, its founding as a private cyberspace medium for white supremacy was based on the earlier online [[bulletin board system]] [[Liberty Net]].<ref name="swain3" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Hate Crimes: A Reference Handbook|last=Altschiller|first=Donald|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2015|isbn=9781610699464|edition=Third|location=Santa Barbara, California|oclc=909777157}}</ref> Liberty Net was implemented in 1984 by Klan [[Grand Dragon]] [[Louis Beam]] and protected by four password-protected computers that took the FBI two years to decrypt.<ref name="belew">{{Cite book|title=Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America|last=Belew|first=Kathleen|date=2018-12-31|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674984943|location=Cambridge, MA and London, England|doi=10.4159/9780674984943|s2cid=158661768 |author-link=Kathleen Belew}}</ref> Liberty Net's code-accessed message board contained [[personal ads]] along with recruitment material and information about the white power movement.<ref name=belew /> Liberty Net's success as a computer platform led to Stormfront's establishment and later conversion into a website.
 Until this point, attempts at using the [[Internet]] as opposed to bulletin boards have had limited success for the [[white pride]] movement,<ref name=":1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZJU6wJvJBIC&q=The+Emergence+of+a+Euro-American+Radical+Right|title=The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right|last1=Kaplan|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Weinberg|first2=Leonard|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8135-2564-8|location=New Brunswick|pages=160–161|author-link=Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)}}</ref> but Stormfront developed a following with the growth of the Internet during the 1990s.<ref name="swain" /><ref name="Hate.com">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/600876.stm|title=Hate.com expands on the net|last=Etchingham|first=Julie|date=January 12, 2000|access-date=September 14, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206235548/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/600876.stm|archive-date=February 6, 2011|work=[[BBC News]]|author-link=Julie Etchingham}}</ref> By 1999, nearly 2,000 websites associated with white supremacism existed, with the recruitment power of reaching millions across the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=September 26, 2003|title=The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration|journal=[[Nations and Nationalism (journal)|Nations and Nationalism]]|volume=9|issue=4|pages=641–642|doi=10.1111/1469-8219.00143|issn=1354-5078}}</ref>
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 The website has received considerable attention in the United States, given that, as of 2009, it had over 120,000 active members.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wojcieszak|first=Magdalena|date=January 21, 2010|title=Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights|journal=[[Sociological Inquiry]]|volume=80|issue=1|pages=150–152|doi=10.1111/j.1475-682x.2009.00320.x|issn=0038-0245}}</ref>
-The 2000 [[CBS]]/[[HBO]] TV documentary special ''Hate.com'' focused on the rise of hate groups online and included input from Don Black, the founder of Stormfront.<ref name="saslow">{{Cite book|title=Rising Out of Hatred: The Awakening of a Former White Nationalist|last=Saslow|first=Eli|date=September 18, 2018|publisher=Diversified |isbn=9781984833594|oclc=1055267618|author-link=Eli Saslow}}</ref> Narrated by [[Morris Dees]] of the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC), it featured interviews with Black and his son [[Derek Black|Derek]] as well as interviews with other white nationalist groups and organizations.<ref name=saslow /> Black had participated in the hope that the broadcast would show some sympathy towards the white nationalist movement, but ''Hate.com'' focused exclusively on the group's tactics and not its grievances.<ref name=":0" />
+The 2000 [[CBS]]/[[HBO]] TV documentary special ''Hate.com'' focused on the rise of hate groups online and included input from Don Black, the founder of Stormfront.<ref name="saslow">{{Cite book|title=Rising Out of Hatred: The Awakening of a Former White Nationalist|last=Saslow|first=Eli|date=September 18, 2018|publisher=Diversified |isbn=9781984833594|oclc=1055267618|author-link=Eli Saslow}}</ref> Narrated by [[Morris Dees]] of the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC), it featured interviews with Black and his child [[Derek Black|Derek]] as well as interviews with other white nationalist groups and organizations.<ref name=saslow /> Black had participated in the hope that the broadcast would show some sympathy towards the white nationalist movement, but ''Hate.com'' focused exclusively on the group's tactics and not its grievances.<ref name=":0" />
 ===Controversies===
-In 2002, [[Google]] complied with French and German legislation forbidding links to websites which host white supremacist, [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denying]], or [[Historical revisionism (negationism)|historical revisionist]] material by removing Stormfront's website from their French and German [[Index (search engine)|indexes]].<ref name="McCullagh">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-excluding-controversial-sites/|title=Google excluding controversial sites|last=McCullagh|first=Declan|date=October 23, 2002|work=[[CNET|CNET News]]|access-date=July 20, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310185103/http://www.cnet.com/news/google-excluding-controversial-sites/|archive-date=March 10, 2016|author-link=Declan McCullagh}}</ref>
+In 2002, [[Google]] complied with French and German legislation forbidding links to websites that host white supremacist, [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denying]], or [[Historical revisionism (negationism)|historical negationism]] material by removing Stormfront's website from their French and German [[Index (search engine)|indexes]].<ref name="McCullagh">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-excluding-controversial-sites/|title=Google excluding controversial sites|last=McCullagh|first=Declan|date=October 23, 2002|work=[[CNET|CNET News]]|access-date=July 20, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310185103/http://www.cnet.com/news/google-excluding-controversial-sites/|archive-date=March 10, 2016|author-link=Declan McCullagh}}</ref>
 Stormfront returned to the news in May 2003, when [[Fox News Channel]] host [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]] reported on a racially [[segregated prom]] being held in Georgia and posted a poll on his website asking his viewers if they would send their own children to one. The next night, O'Reilly announced that he could not report the results of the poll as it appeared Stormfront had urged its members to vote in the poll, thus skewing the numbers.<ref name="FOX">{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/circling-the-wagons-in-georgia|title=Circling the Wagons in Georgia|last=O'Reilly|first=Bill|date=May 8, 2003|work=Talking Points|access-date=July 20, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113055016/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,86338,00.html|archive-date=November 13, 2006|publisher=[[Fox News]]|author-link=Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)}}</ref>
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 In 2012, Italian police blocked the website and arrested four people for inciting racial hatred.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gazzettadelsud.it/speciali/english/2013/04/08/four-race-crime-convictions-for-neo-nazi-website-0f158b63-65d3-4437-aa5d-94bbb8e177d6/|title=Four race-crime convictions for neo-Nazi website|date=April 8, 2013|website=[[Gazzetta del Sud]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628134340/https://gazzettadelsud.it/speciali/english/2013/04/08/four-race-crime-convictions-for-neo-nazi-website-0f158b63-65d3-4437-aa5d-94bbb8e177d6/|archive-date=June 28, 2019|access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref> The measure was taken after the publication of a blacklist of "prominent Jews and people who support Jews and immigrants" on the Italian section of the website. The list included possible targets of violent attacks, including [[Romani people|Romani]] camps.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jta.org/2012/11/18/global/italian-white-supremacists-arrested-for-inciting-anti-semitism|title=Italian white supremacists arrested for inciting anti-Semitism|last=Gruber|first=Ruth Ellen|date=November 18, 2012|publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208123444/https://www.jta.org/2012/11/18/global/italian-white-supremacists-arrested-for-inciting-anti-semitism|archive-date=December 8, 2018|access-date=November 24, 2012}}</ref> The subsequent year, in November 2013, Italian police raided the homes of 35 Stormfront posters. One man who was arrested in [[Mantua, Italy|Mantua]] had two loaded weapons, a hand grenade casing, and a flag with a [[Swastika#Nazi symbol|swastika]] in his possession.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/italian-police-raid-online-neo-nazis-1.5290794|title=Italian Police Raid Homes of Suspected Online anti-Semites|date=November 15, 2013|work=[[Haaretz]]|agency=[[The Associated Press]] and [[Jewish Telegraph Agency|JTA]]}}</ref>
-According to a 2014 two-year study by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC)'s Intelligence Report, registered Stormfront users have been disproportionately responsible for some of the most lethal hate crimes and mass killings since its founding in 1995. From 2009 to 2014, nearly 100 people were murdered by members of Stormfront.<ref>{{cite web|title=White Homicide Worldwide|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/White-Homicide-Worldwide|website=splcenter.org|publisher=SPL|access-date=September 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/18/hate-crime-murders-website-stormfront-report|title=More than 100 hate-crime murders linked to single website, report finds|last=Holpuch|first=Amanda|date=April 18, 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=September 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427181132/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/18/hate-crime-murders-website-stormfront-report|archive-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/18/posters-on-one-white-supremacist-site-have-killed-almost-100-people-watchdog-says|title=A white supremacist Web site frequented by killers|last1=Bever|first1=Lindsey|date=April 18, 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=September 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140917193828/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/18/posters-on-one-white-supremacist-site-have-killed-almost-100-people-watchdog-says/|archive-date=September 17, 2014|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/stormfront-website-posters-murdered-100-people-watchdog-group/story?id=23365815|title=Stormfront Website Posters Have Murdered Almost 100 People, Watchdog Group Says|last1=Newcomb|first1=Alyssa|date=April 17, 2014|access-date=September 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428114609/https://abcnews.go.com/US/stormfront-website-posters-murdered-100-people-watchdog-group/story?id=23365815|archive-date=April 28, 2019|publisher=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> Of these, 77 were massacred by Stormfront user [[Anders Behring Breivik]], a Norwegian terrorist and perpetrator of the [[2011 Norway attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/opinion/white-supremacists-without-borders.html|title=White Supremacists Without Borders|last1=Dees|first1=Morris|author-link=Morris Dees|last2=Cohen|first2=J. Richard|date=June 22, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628183309/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/opinion/white-supremacists-without-borders.html|archive-date=June 28, 2015|access-date=September 26, 2015}}</ref>
+According to a 2014 two-year study by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC)'s Intelligence Report, registered Stormfront users have been disproportionately responsible for some of the most lethal hate crimes and mass killings since its founding in 1995. From 2009 to 2014, nearly 100 people were murdered by members of Stormfront.<ref>{{cite web|title=White Homicide Worldwide|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/White-Homicide-Worldwide|website=splcenter.org|publisher=SPL|access-date=September 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/18/hate-crime-murders-website-stormfront-report|title=More than 100 hate-crime murders linked to single website, report finds|last=Holpuch|first=Amanda|date=April 18, 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=September 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427181132/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/18/hate-crime-murders-website-stormfront-report|archive-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/18/posters-on-one-white-supremacist-site-have-killed-almost-100-people-watchdog-says|title=A white supremacist Web site frequented by killers|last1=Bever|first1=Lindsey|date=April 18, 2014|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=September 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140917193828/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/18/posters-on-one-white-supremacist-site-have-killed-almost-100-people-watchdog-says/|archive-date=September 17, 2014|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/stormfront-website-posters-murdered-100-people-watchdog-group/story?id=23365815|title=Stormfront Website Posters Have Murdered Almost 100 People, Watchdog Group Says|last1=Newcomb|first1=Alyssa|date=April 17, 2014|access-date=September 17, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428114609/https://abcnews.go.com/US/stormfront-website-posters-murdered-100-people-watchdog-group/story?id=23365815|archive-date=April 28, 2019|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> Of these, 77 were massacred by Stormfront user [[Anders Behring Breivik]], a Norwegian terrorist and perpetrator of the [[2011 Norway attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/opinion/white-supremacists-without-borders.html|title=White Supremacists Without Borders|last1=Dees|first1=Morris|author-link=Morris Dees|last2=Cohen|first2=J. Richard|date=June 22, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628183309/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/opinion/white-supremacists-without-borders.html|archive-date=June 28, 2015|access-date=September 26, 2015}}</ref>
 ===Public profile and later history===
 {{quote|text=The total of registered users is just shy of 300,000, a fairly astounding number for a site run by an ex-felon and former Alabama Klan leader. And that doesn't include thousands of visitors who never register as users. At press time, Stormfront ranked as the Internet's 13,648th most popular site, while the [[NAACP]] site, by comparison, ranked 32,640th.'' – The Year in Hate and Extremism, 2015''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Potok|first1=Mark|title=The Year in Hate and Extremism|url=http://www.splcenter.org/Year-in-Hate-and-Extremism|publisher=SPLC|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>}}
-In a 2001 ''[[USA Today]]'' article, journalist [[Tara McKelvey]] called Stormfront "the most visited white supremacist site on the Net."<ref name="USATODAY" /> The number of registered users on the site rose from 5,000 in January 2002 to 52,566 in June 2005,<ref name="everett"/> by which year it was the 338th largest Internet forum, receiving more than 1,500&nbsp;hits each weekday and ranking in the top one percent of Internet sites in terms of use.<ref name="sword">{{cite book|title=This Side of Heaven: Race, Ethnicity, and Christian Faith|last=Jessup|first=Michael|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-531056-6|editor=Priest|editor-first=Robert J.|location=Oxford, Oxfordshire|page=165|chapter=The Sword of Truth in a Sea of Lies: The Ideology of Hate|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310566.003.0011|editor2=Nieves|editor-first2=Alvaro L.}}</ref><ref name="scope">{{cite book|title=The Scope of Tolerance: Studies on the Costs of Free Expression and Freedom of the Press|last=Cohen-Almagor|first=Raphael|date=November 1, 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35758-6|edition=1st|page=254|chapter=Conclusion|doi=10.4324/9780203003411|access-date=July 21, 2008|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W96CMNnRYv0C&q=The+Scope+of+Tolerance:+Studies+on+the+costs+of+free+expression+and+freedom+of+the+press}}</ref> By June 2008, the site was attracting more than 40,000&nbsp;unique users each day.<ref name="wapo"/> Operating the site from its [[West Palm Beach, Florida]] headquarters is Black's full-time job, and he was assisted by his son and 40 moderators.<ref name="racistnextdoor"/><ref name="wapo"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/censored200100pete_0|url-access=registration|title=Censored 2001: 25 Years of Censored News and the Top Censored Stories of the Year|last=Phillips|first=Peter|date=April 9, 2001|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-58322-064-1|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/censored200100pete_0/page/133 133]|quote=Today, the state is home to several of the most powerful white supremicists in the country, including Stormfront, an Internet-based [[hate group]] headquartered in West Palm Beach.}}</ref> The public profile of the site attracted attention from groups such as the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL).<ref name="enc"/> The ADL describes Stormfront as having "served as a veritable supermarket of online hate, stocking its shelves with many forms of anti-Semitism and racism".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/poisoning_web/black.asp|title=Don Black: White Pride World Wide|work=Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online|publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615230625/https://www.adl.org/poisoning_web/black.asp|archive-date=June 15, 2006|access-date=December 28, 2008}}</ref>
+In a 2001 ''[[USA Today]]'' article, journalist [[Tara McKelvey]] called Stormfront "the most visited white supremacist site on the Net."<ref name="USATODAY" /> The number of registered users on the site rose from 5,000 in January 2002 to 52,566 in June 2005,<ref name="everett"/> by which year it was the 338th largest Internet forum, receiving more than 1,500&nbsp;hits each weekday and ranking in the top one percent of Internet sites in terms of use.<ref name="sword">{{cite book|title=This Side of Heaven: Race, Ethnicity, and Christian Faith|last=Jessup|first=Michael|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-531056-6|editor=Priest|editor-first=Robert J.|location=Oxford, Oxfordshire|page=165|chapter=The Sword of Truth in a Sea of Lies: The Ideology of Hate|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310566.003.0011|editor2=Nieves|editor-first2=Alvaro L.}}</ref><ref name="scope">{{cite book|title=The Scope of Tolerance: Studies on the Costs of Free Expression and Freedom of the Press|last=Cohen-Almagor|first=Raphael|date=November 1, 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35758-6|edition=1st|page=254|chapter=Conclusion|doi=10.4324/9780203003411|access-date=July 21, 2008|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W96CMNnRYv0C&q=The+Scope+of+Tolerance:+Studies+on+the+costs+of+free+expression+and+freedom+of+the+press}}</ref> By June 2008, the site was attracting more than 40,000&nbsp;unique users each day.<ref name="wapo"/> Operating the site from its [[West Palm Beach, Florida]] headquarters is Black's full-time job, and he was assisted by his child and 40 moderators.<ref name="racistnextdoor"/><ref name="wapo"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/censored200100pete_0|url-access=registration|title=Censored 2001: 25 Years of Censored News and the Top Censored Stories of the Year|last=Phillips|first=Peter|date=April 9, 2001|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-58322-064-1|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/censored200100pete_0/page/133 133]|quote=Today, the state is home to several of the most powerful white supremicists in the country, including Stormfront, an Internet-based [[hate group]] headquartered in West Palm Beach.}}</ref> The public profile of the site attracted attention from groups such as the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL).<ref name="enc"/> The ADL describes Stormfront as having "served as a veritable supermarket of online hate, stocking its shelves with many forms of anti-Semitism and racism".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/poisoning_web/black.asp|title=Don Black: White Pride World Wide|work=Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online|publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615230625/https://www.adl.org/poisoning_web/black.asp|archive-date=June 15, 2006|access-date=December 28, 2008}}</ref>
-In 2006, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) reported a discussion on Stormfront in which white nationalists were encouraged to join the United States military to learn the skills necessary for winning a [[race war]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?aid=66|title=A Few Bad Men|last=Holthouse|first=David|date=July 7, 2006|publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713111940/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?pid=79|archive-date=July 13, 2007|access-date=July 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/washington/07recruit.html|title=Hate Groups Are Infiltrating the Military, Group Asserts|last=Kifner|first=John|date=July 7, 2006|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=July 20, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821132418/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/washington/07recruit.html|archive-date=August 21, 2018|author-link=John Kifner}}</ref> The [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|2008 United States presidential candidacy]] of African-American [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Barack Obama]] was a cause of significant concern for some Stormfront members:<ref name="wapo"/> the site received 2,000 new members the day after Obama was [[2008 United States presidential election|elected as president]], and went offline temporarily due to the increase in visitors.<ref name="yahoo!">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081114/ap_on_el_pr/obama_threats_1|title=Obama threats more than previous presidents-elect|last1=Sullivan|first1=Eileen|date=November 13, 2008|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=November 15, 2008|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5cKwkrbTe?url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081114/ap_on_el_pr/obama_threats_1|archive-date=November 15, 2008|url-status=dead|agency=Associated Press|last2=Jordan|first2=Lara Lakes|last3=Harkavy|first3=Jerry}}</ref> Stormfront posters saw Obama as representing a new [[multiculturalism|multicultural]] era in the United States replacing "white rule", and feared that he would support [[illegal immigration]] and [[affirmative action]] and that he would help make white people a minority group.<ref name="wapo"/>
+In 2006, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) reported a discussion on Stormfront in which white nationalists were encouraged to join the United States military to learn the skills necessary for winning a [[race war]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?aid=66|title=A Few Bad Men|last=Holthouse|first=David|date=July 7, 2006|publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713111940/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?pid=79|archive-date=July 13, 2007|access-date=July 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/washington/07recruit.html|title=Hate Groups Are Infiltrating the Military, Group Asserts|last=Kifner|first=John|date=July 7, 2006|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=July 20, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821132418/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/washington/07recruit.html|archive-date=August 21, 2018|author-link=John Kifner}}</ref> The [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|2008 United States presidential candidacy]] of African-American [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Barack Obama]] was a cause of significant concern for some Stormfront members:<ref name="wapo"/> the site received 2,000 new members the day after Obama was [[2008 United States presidential election|elected as president]], and went offline temporarily due to the increase in visitors.<ref name="yahoo!">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081114/ap_on_el_pr/obama_threats_1|title=Obama threats more than previous presidents-elect|last1=Sullivan|first1=Eileen|date=November 13, 2008|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=November 15, 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20081115011517/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081114/ap_on_el_pr/obama_threats_1|archive-date=November 15, 2008|url-status=dead|agency=Associated Press|last2=Jordan|first2=Lara Lakes|last3=Harkavy|first3=Jerry}}</ref> Stormfront posters saw Obama as representing a new [[multiculturalism|multicultural]] era in the United States replacing "white rule", and feared that he would support [[illegal immigration]] and [[affirmative action]] and that he would help make white people a minority group.<ref name="wapo"/>
-During the [[Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 primary campaigns]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' mistakenly reported that Stormfront had donated $500 to [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential hopeful [[Ron Paul]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themedium.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/24/the-ron-paul-vid-lash/|title=The Ron Paul Vid-Lash|last=Heffernan|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Heffernan|date=December 24, 2007|website=The Medium Blog|publisher=The New York Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226150527/https://themedium.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/24/the-ron-paul-vid-lash/|archive-date=December 26, 2007|access-date=October 5, 2019}}</ref> in fact, it was site owner Don Black who had contributed the money to Paul.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/pageoneplus/corrections.html|title=Corrections: For the Record|date=December 26, 2007|work=The New York Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123003109/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/pageoneplus/corrections.html|archive-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref> Following [[2009 shooting of Pittsburgh police officers|an April 2009 shooting]], Richard Poplawski, a poster on the site, calling himself Braced for Fate, was charged with ambushing and killing three [[Pittsburgh police]] officers and attempting to kill nine others.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/04/05/Poplawski-frequented-right-wing-Web-sites/66971238977599/|title=Poplawski frequented right-wing Web sites|date=April 5, 2009|access-date=April 6, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606083804/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/04/05/Poplawski-frequented-right-wing-Web-sites/66971238977599/|archive-date=June 6, 2015|work=[[United Press International]]}}</ref>
+During the [[Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 primary campaigns]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' mistakenly reported that Stormfront had donated $500 to [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential hopeful [[Ron Paul]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themedium.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/24/the-ron-paul-vid-lash/|title=The Ron Paul Vid-Lash|last=Heffernan|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Heffernan|date=December 24, 2007|website=The Medium Blog|publisher=The New York Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226150527/https://themedium.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/24/the-ron-paul-vid-lash/|archive-date=December 26, 2007|access-date=October 5, 2019}}</ref> in fact, it was site owner Don Black who had contributed the money to Paul.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/pageoneplus/corrections.html|title=Corrections: For the Record|date=December 26, 2007|work=The New York Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123003109/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/pageoneplus/corrections.html|archive-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref>
+Following [[2009 shooting of Pittsburgh police officers|an April 2009 shooting]], Richard Poplawski, a poster on the site, calling himself Braced for Fate, was charged with ambushing and killing three [[Pittsburgh police]] officers and attempting to kill nine others.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/04/05/Poplawski-frequented-right-wing-Web-sites/66971238977599/|title=Poplawski frequented right-wing Web sites|date=April 5, 2009|access-date=April 6, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606083804/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/04/05/Poplawski-frequented-right-wing-Web-sites/66971238977599/|archive-date=June 6, 2015|work=[[United Press International]]}}</ref>
 During the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 election season]], site founder Don Black said that the site was experiencing huge spikes in traffic corresponding to controversial statements by [[Donald Trump]], who is popular among white supremacists. In response, Black upgraded the site's servers.<ref name="trump">{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/donald-trump-white-supremacists-216620|title=White supremacist groups see Trump bump|last1=Schrekinger|first1=Ben|date=December 10, 2015|work=[[Politico]]'|access-date=December 12, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226002858/https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/donald-trump-white-supremacists-216620|archive-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref>
-Black's son Derek, who was a long-time participant in the site, has disavowed the beliefs held by his father and family and the Stormfront site. Through his years in college, Derek Black came to feel that white nationalism is not supportable. His story was captured in the book, "Rising Out of Hatred" by [[Eli Saslow]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/the-white-flight-of-derek-black/2016/10/15/ed5f906a-8f3b-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html| title=The white flight of Derek Black| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=October 15, 2016|access-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=R. Derek Black Was the Heir Apparent to America's White Nationalist Movement. Then He Went to New College|url=https://www.sarasotamagazine.com/news-and-profiles/2019/01/derek-black-white-nationalist-new-college|last=Burns|first=Susan|date=January 2, 2019|work=Sarasota Magazine|access-date=July 29, 2021}}</ref>
+Black's child Derek, who was a long-time participant in the site, has disavowed the beliefs held by their father and family and the Stormfront site. Through their years in college, Derek Black came to feel that white nationalism is not supportable. Their story was captured in the book, "Rising Out of Hatred" by [[Eli Saslow]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/the-white-flight-of-derek-black/2016/10/15/ed5f906a-8f3b-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html| title=The white flight of Derek Black| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=October 15, 2016|access-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=R. Derek Black Was the Heir Apparent to America's White Nationalist Movement. Then He Went to New College|url=https://www.sarasotamagazine.com/news-and-profiles/2019/01/derek-black-white-nationalist-new-college|last=Burns|first=Susan|date=January 2, 2019|work=Sarasota Magazine|access-date=July 29, 2021}}</ref>
 In August 2017, Stormfront's domain name was seized by its registrar for "displaying bigotry, discrimination or hatred."<ref name="knoxnews">{{cite news|url=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/2017/08/26/white-supremacist-forum-site-stormfront-seized-domain-hosts/604902001/|title=White supremacist forum site Stormfront seized by domain hosts|last1=Crocker|first1=Brittany|date=August 29, 2017|work=[[Knoxville News Sentinel]]|access-date=June 5, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422113655/https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/2017/08/26/white-supremacist-forum-site-stormfront-seized-domain-hosts/604902001/|archive-date=April 22, 2019|publisher=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>
@@ Line 71: / Line 73: @@
 The site came back online on September 29, 2017. As of October 2017, services to keep the site online were provided by [[Tucows]], [[Network Solutions]], and [[Cloudflare]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schulberg | first1=Jessica|last2= Liebelson |first2 = Dana|last3=Craggs| first3=Tommy|title=The Neo-Nazis Are Back Online| date= October 3, 2017|work= [[HuffPost]]|url-status = live|url= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/nazis-are-back-online_us_59d40719e4b06226e3f46941|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430001151/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nazis-are-back-online_n_59d40719e4b06226e3f46941|archive-date = April 30, 2019| access-date= October 25, 2017}}</ref>
-The Neo-Nazi villain Stormfront in the 2019 Amazon Prime TV series  [[The Boys (TV series)|The Boys]] is named after the website.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/stormfront-the-boys-scene-stealers-2020 | title=How Stormfront shocked superhero TV in 2020 | date=December 29, 2020 }}</ref>
+The neo-Nazi supervillain Stormfront in the Amazon Prime superhero series ''[[The Boys (TV series)|The Boys]]'' is named after the website.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/stormfront-the-boys-scene-stealers-2020 | title=How Stormfront shocked superhero TV in 2020 | date=December 29, 2020 }}</ref>
 ==Content==
@@ Line 146: / Line 148: @@
 Black's organization inculcated enough white pride to make "its worldwide aspirations meaningful and socially significant".<ref name="cyborg"/> Stormfront keeps the rhetoric in its forums muted, discourages racial slurs, and prohibits violent threats and descriptions of anything illegal.<ref name="everett"/><ref name="recruitment"/> Site moderator [[Jamie Kelso]] was reportedly "the motivating force behind real community-building among Stormfront members" due to his energy and enthusiasm in organizing offline events.<ref name="kelso">{{cite news|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/content/printVersion/209786|title=A Neo-Nazi Field Trip to the Met|last=Tucker|first=Maria Luisa|date=June 5, 2007|work=[[The Village Voice]]|access-date=December 27, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122225127/http://www.villagevoice.com/content/printVersion/209786/|archive-date=January 22, 2012}}</ref> Black's positioning the site as a community with the explicit purpose of "defending the white race" helped sustain the community, as it attracts white people who define themselves in opposition to ethnic minorities, particularly Jews.<ref name="everett">{{cite book|title=Learning Race and Ethnicity: Youth and Digital Media|last=Daniels|first=Jessie|publisher=MIT Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-262-05091-3|editor=Everett|editor-first=Anna|page=133|chapter=Race, Civil Rights and Hate Speech in the Digital Era|quote=Black has long been advocate for 'mainstreaming' the white supremacist movement, and the Internet is his preferred medium for doing so. His first and primary presence is Stormfront.org|access-date=July 19, 2008|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?q=Black+has+long+been+advocate+for+%27mainstreaming%27+the+white+supremacist+movement%2C+and+the+Internet+is+his+preferred+medium+for+doing+so.+His+first+and+primary+presence+is+Stormfront.org&ie=ISO-8859-1&vid=9780262550673&sourceid=ca-print-mitpress#PPA129,M1}}</ref>
-Stormfront established MartinLutherKing.org to discredit [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Story?id=7822417&page=1|title=Hate Groups Effectively Use Web as a Recruiting Tool|last=Ibanga|first=Imaeyen|date=June 12, 2009|access-date=June 12, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630115233/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Story?id=7822417&page=1|archive-date=June 30, 2009|publisher=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> In a 2001 study of white nationalist groups including Stormfront, academics Beverly Ray and George E. Marsh II commented: "Like the Nazis before them, they rely upon a blend of science, ignorance, and mythology to prop up their arguments".<ref name="recruitment"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2000/01/24/mlk/|title=Dissing the King|last=Hubbard|first=Lee|date=January 24, 2000|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522165219/http://www.salon.com/2000/01/24/mlk/|archive-date=May 22, 2015|access-date=September 28, 2008}}</ref>
+Stormfront established MartinLutherKing.org to discredit [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Story?id=7822417&page=1|title=Hate Groups Effectively Use Web as a Recruiting Tool|last=Ibanga|first=Imaeyen|date=June 12, 2009|access-date=June 12, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630115233/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Story?id=7822417&page=1|archive-date=June 30, 2009|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> In a 2001 study of white nationalist groups including Stormfront, academics Beverly Ray and George E. Marsh II commented: "Like the Nazis before them, they rely upon a blend of science, ignorance, and mythology to prop up their arguments".<ref name="recruitment"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2000/01/24/mlk/|title=Dissing the King|last=Hubbard|first=Lee|date=January 24, 2000|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522165219/http://www.salon.com/2000/01/24/mlk/|archive-date=May 22, 2015|access-date=September 28, 2008}}</ref>
 ===Ideology===
@@ Line 178: / Line 180: @@
 [[Category:Alt-right websites]]
 [[Category:Anti-black racism in the United States]]
-[[Category:Hispanophobia]]
+[[Category:Hispanophobia in the United States]]
 [[Category:Holocaust denial in the United States]]
 [[Category:Internet properties established in 1995]]
 [[Category:1996 establishments in the United States]]
-[[Category:Anti-Zionism in the United States]]
 [[Category:Islamophobia in the United States]]
 [[Category:Islamophobic publications]]
@@ Line 188: / Line 189: @@
 [[Category:Neo-Nazi websites]]
 [[Category:Anti-Hindu sentiment]]
-[[Category:Anti-LGBT sentiment]]
 [[Category:Criticism of feminism]]
 [[Category:Sexism in the United States]]
-[[Category:Manosphere]]
 [[Category:Domain name seizures by United States]]
+[[Category:Discrimination against LGBTQ people in the United States]]