Cantonese people: Difference between revisions

Cantonese people
Cantonese people
Traditional Chinese	廣府人
Simplified Chinese	广府人
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Guǎngfǔ Rén
Bopomofo	ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄈㄨˇ ㄖㄣˊ
Wade–Giles	Kuang3-fu3 Jen2
Tongyong Pinyin	Guǎng-fǔ Rén
IPA	[kwàŋ.fù.ɻə̌n]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Gwóngfú Yàhn
Jyutping	gwong2 fu2 jan4
IPA	[kʷɔŋ˧˥.fu˧˥.jɐn˩]
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	粵人
Simplified Chinese	粤人
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Yuè Rén
Bopomofo	ㄩㄝˋ ㄖㄣˊ
Wade–Giles	Yüeh4 Jen2 Yo4 Jen2;
Tongyong Pinyin	Yuè Rén
IPA	[ɥê.ɻə̌n]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Yuht Yàhn
Jyutping	jyut6 jan4
IPA	[jyt̚˨.jɐn˩]
Second alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	廣州人
Simplified Chinese	广州人
Literal meaning	Guangzhou (Canton City) People
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Guǎngzhōu Rén
Bopomofo	ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄓㄡㄖㄣˊ
Wade–Giles	Kuang3-chou1 Jen2
Tongyong Pinyin	Guǎngjhou Rén
IPA	[kwàŋ.ʈʂóʊ.ɻə̌n]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Gwóngjàu Yàhn
Jyutping	gwong2 zau1 jan4
IPA	[kʷɔŋ˧˥.tsɐw˥.jɐn˩]

Cantonese
廣府人 / 广府人
	Cantonese noblewoman and servants, c. 1900s
Total population
	c. 66 million (estimated number of Yue speakers)
Regions with significant populations
	China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong and Macau); Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Singapore, Indonesia, Myanmar and Philippines); Other countries (including United States, Canada, Mexico, Peru, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand)
Languages
	Cantonese, Taishanese and other Yue languages (native languages), Standard Chinese, Vietnamese, Malaysian, Filipino and Indonesian, Hong Kong English, Macau Portuguese
Religion
	Predominantly Chinese folk religions (which include Confucianism, Taoism, ancestral worship) and Mahayana Buddhism; Minorities: Christianity, Atheism, Islam, Freethought, others
Related ethnic groups
	Hong Kong people, Macau people, Taishanese people, other Han Chinese subgroups
	Population total based on speaker counts and may not reflect the total population with ancestry.

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The Cantonese people (廣府人; 广府人; gwong fu jan; Gwóngfú Yàhn) or Yue people (粵人; 粤人; jyut jan; Yuht Yàhn), are a Han Chinese subgroup originating from Guangzhou and its satellite cities and towns (such as Hong Kong and Macau).^[2] In a more general sense "Cantonese people" can refer to any Han Chinese people originating from or residing in the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi (collectively known as Liangguang), or it may refer to the inhabitants of Guangdong province alone.^[3]

Historically centered around Guangzhou and the surrounding Pearl River Delta, the Cantonese people established the Cantonese language as the dominant one in Hong Kong and Macau during their 19th century migrations within the times of the British and Portuguese colonial eras respectively. Cantonese remains today as a majority language in Guangdong and Guangxi, despite the increasing influence of Mandarin. Speakers of other Yue Chinese dialects, such as the Taishanese people who speak Taishanese, may or may not be considered Cantonese. The Hakka and Teochew people who also reside in Guangdong are usually differentiated from the Cantonese as they speak non-Yue Chinese languages.

Terminology

"Cantonese" has been generally used to describe all Chinese people from Guangdong since "Cantonese" is commonly treated as a synonym with "Guangdong" and the Cantonese language is treated as the sole language of the region. This is inaccurate as "Canton" itself technically only refers to the capital Guangzhou, and the Cantonese language specifically refers to only the Guangzhou dialect of the Yue Chinese languages. David Faure points out that there is no direct Chinese translation of the English term "Cantonese".^[4] People living in Guangdong and Guangxi may speak other Yue dialects or dialects from other Chinese language groups such as Mandarin, Min, Hakka, and Pinghua.^[5]

The English name "Canton" derived from Portuguese Cantão^[6] or Cidade de Cantão,^[7] a muddling of dialectical pronunciations of "Guangdong"^[8]^[9] (e.g., Hakka Kóng-tûng). Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city of Guangzhou, it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors.^[10]^[12] Within Guangdong and Guangxi, Cantonese is considered the prestige dialect and is called baahk wá, [pàːk wǎː] (白話) which means "vernacular". It is also known as "Guangzhou speech" or Guangzhounese (廣州話, 广州话, Gwóngjāu wá).

Other Yue peoples are sometimes labelled as "Cantonese" such as the Taishanese people (四邑粵人; sei yāp yuht yàhn), even though Taishanese (台山話) has low intelligibility to Standard Cantonese. Some literature uses neutral terminology such as Guangdongese and Guangxiese to refer to people from these provinces without the cultural or linguistic affiliations to Cantonese.

Genetics

Cantonese peoples are predominantly of Han Chinese ancestry and lineage^[13]^[14]^[15] with various local genetic clusters suggesting regional language-based endogamy.^[13] The Cantonese originate from a very early and continual stream of Han settlers from the Central Plains since the Qin era. Mass migration of Han Chinese produced a demographic change in the south, leading to the absorption of Tai-speaking minority groups.^[16]

Paternally, the Cantonese population show no genetic difference from other northern and southern Han Chinese populations - Cantonese are uniformly descended from Northern Chinese Han males, and their Y-chromosome haplotypes conform the distribution seen in all other Han subgroups^[17]^[18]. Maternally, both southern natives and northern Han Chinese women contributed to the Cantonese gene pool.^[17]^[18] As a whole, the Cantonese show predominant Han Chinese ancestry, with their Han Chinese ancestry more pronounced on the patriline than on the matriline.^[13]^[14]^[15] This is in contrast to the Pinghua and Tanka population, who both show the reverse pattern.^[14]^[15]

Whole-exome sequencing data of Hong Kong Cantonese, when subject to a Principal Component Analysis, shows no clear difference between Cantonese from other Han Chinese groups, whether north or south, but shows significant separation from Xishuangbanna Dai (a Tai-speaking or Bai Yue group), implying that the Bai Yue component, while detectable, is the minor component in Cantonese ancestry.^[19]

The Cantonese, while being primarily of Han Chinese ancestry, also possess, to a lesser extent, a minor minority, i.e. Baiyue component in their heritage^[19], and so differ slightly from other Han Chinese groups in skin tone, build, stature^[20] and a higher incidence of certain diseases such as nasopharyngeal cancer.^[21]

History

Pre-19th century: History of Liangguang

Until the 19th century, Cantonese history was largely the history of Guangdong and Guangxi, collectively known as Liangguang or Guangnan.

Throughout history, there have been multiple migrations of Han people from the Central Plains into the region that is now Southeastern and Southern China.^[22] The first Chinese presence in Guangdong can be traced to the conquest by the Qin general Zhao Tuo and his subsequent establishment of the Nanyue kingdom, a hybrid Han-Yue polity as an independent state.^[23]^[24] There was a second wave of migration during the Han dynasty during the troubled reign of the usurper Wang Mang. However, it was only under much later dynasties such as the Jin dynasty, the Tang dynasty, and the Song dynasty, when major waves of Han Chinese began to migrate south into Guangdong and Guangxi, that the region acquired the cultural characteristics that last until the present day.

Formation of Nanyue kingdom

What is now Guangdong and later Guangxi, was first brought under Qin influence by a general named Zhao Tuo, who conquered the region in 214 BC^[25] and later, after the collapse of the Qin empire, founded the independent kingdom of Nanyue in 204 BC.^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29] Zhao Tuo's retinue included hundreds of thousands of predominantly male Qin conscripts, and he is recorded as petitioning the Qin Emperor for 30,000 wives from the Central Plains for his restless soldiers.^[30] Following the collapse of central authority in the Qin Empire, the Han Chinese soldiers, conscripts, and laborers under Zhao Tuo's command were incorporated into the Nanyue kingdom^[31] and ordered to mix with the local inhabitants.

Like the founder Zhao Tuo, the aristocratic elite and military class of the newly formed Nanyue state were of Central Plains origin and mediated the transmission of Han culture to the local inhabitants. Grave goods and burial pits show a significant and immediate cultural shift at the time of Nanyue's establishment, especially in larger tombs, which began to deploy Han Chinese features such as ramps and compartmentalized coffins, and to contain traditional Han Chinese drinking vessels such as the hu, he, and ding as well as incense burners such as the xun lu. Buildings began to feature architectural elements from the Central Plains, including covered galleries, drains, stone lintels, and columnar bases.^[32] The Han aristocratic elite, however, did adopt features of the Bai Yue culture, including the use of feathered headdresses as represented on Nanyue cauldrons, in order to bolster their authority amongst the indigenous people in the new hybrid Han-Yue polity.

The Nanyue kingdom, which was led by a Han aristocracy and adopted Han bureaucratic structures,^[33] and which adopted a policy of assimilation and fusion with the native Bai Yue, then went on to become the strongest state on the southern periphery of the Han, with many neighboring kingdoms declaring their allegiance to Nanyue rule. Zhao Tuo took the Han territory of Hunan and defeated the Han dynasty's first attack on Nanyue, later annexing the kingdom of Minyue in the east and conquering Âu Lạc, Northern Vietnam, in the west in 179 BC.^[34]

The greatly expanded Nanyue kingdom included the territories of modern-day Guangdong, Guangxi and Northern Vietnam (Tonkin), with the capital situated at modern-day Guangzhou. The people of Liangguang remained autonomous until formally incorporated into the Han dynasty in 111 BC, following the Han–Nanyue War.

Incorporation into Han territory

Liangguang was incorporated into the Han dynasty in 111 BC, following the Han–Nanyue War. From this point on, it was directly administered by the Han Empire.

Han Empire

During the troubled period of Wang Mang's reign in the Han dynasty (206BC–220AD), there were influxes of Han Chinese migrants into Guangdong and Guangxi, western coast of Hainan, Annam (now Northern Vietnam) and Eastern Yunnan.^[35]

4th-12th century AD

During the 4th–12th centuries, yet more waves of Han Chinese people from the central plains migrated and settled in the South of China. This gave rise to peoples, including the Cantonese themselves,^[36] and the other dialect groups of Guangdong during the Tang dynasty including the Hakka and the Teochew.^[37] Waves of migration and intermarriage meant that the indigenous populations of both Guangxi and Guangdong provinces were either assimilated or displaced, but some native groups like the Zhuangs remain.

One notable migration occurred in the aftermath of the deadly An Lushan rebellion in the Tang dynasty, which led to a massive southward migration by people from the Tang heartland into the Panyu area, causing a 75% increase in the population on household registers.^[38] Unsurprisingly, the Cantonese often call themselves "people of Tang" (唐人; tòhng yàhn). This is because Han immigration and the intermarriage with and acculturation of indigenous tribes reached a critical mass during the Tang dynasty, creating a new local identity among the Liangguang peoples.^[39] The origin of the Cantonese people is thus said to be Han people from the Central Plains who migrated to Guangdong and Guangxi in multiple successive waves of settlement while it was still inhabited by Baiyue peoples.^[40]

19th–20th century: Turmoil and migration

During the early 1800s, conflict occurred between Cantonese and Portuguese pirates in the form of the Ningpo massacre after the defeat of Portuguese pirates.^[41] The First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860) led to the loss of China's control over Hong Kong and Kowloon, which were ceded to the British Empire. Macau also became a Portuguese settlement. Between 1855 and 1867, the Punti–Hakka Clan Wars caused further discord in Guangdong and Guangxi. The third plague pandemic of 1855 broke out in Yunnan and spread to the Liangguang region via Guangxi, killing thousands and spreading via water traffic to nearby Hong Kong and Macau.

The turmoil of the 19th century, followed by the political upheaval of the early 20th century, compelled many residents of Guangdong to migrate overseas in search of a better future. Up until the second half of the 20th century, the majority of overseas Chinese emigrated from two provinces of China; Guangdong and Fujian. As a result, there are today many Cantonese communities throughout the world, including in Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, the Americas, the Caribbean and Western Europe, with Chinatowns commonly being established by Cantonese communities. There have been a large number of interracial marriages between Cantonese men and women from other nations (especially from Cuba, Peru, Mexico), as most of the Cantonese migrants were men. As a result, there are many Afro-Caribbeans and South American people of Cantonese descent including many Eurasians.^[42]

Unlike the migrants from Fujian, who mostly settled in Southeast Asia, many Cantonese emigrants also migrated to the Western Hemisphere, particularly the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand and Burma. Many Cantonese immigrants into the United States became railroad labourers, while many in South America were brought in as coolies. Cantonese immigrants in the United States and Australia participated in the California Gold Rush and the Australian gold rushes of 1854 onwards, while those in Hawaii found employment in sugarcane plantations as contract labourers. These early Cantonese immigrants variously faced hostility and a variety of discriminatory laws, including the prohibition of Chinese female immigrants. The relaxation of immigration laws after World War II allowed for subsequent waves of migration to the Western world from southeastern mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. As a result, Cantonese continues to be widely used by Chinese communities of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macau regional origin in the Western Hemisphere, and has not been supplanted by the Mandarin-based Standard Chinese. A large proportion of the early migrants also came from the Siyi region of Guangdong and spoke Taishanese. The Taishanese variant is still spoken in American Chinese communities, by the older population as well as by more recent immigrants from Taishan, in Jiangmen, Guangdong.

Cantonese influence on Xinhai Revolution

Cantonese uprising against the Qing Empire in 1895 let to its naming as the "cradle of the Xinhai Revolution".^[43]^[44]^[45] Revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was born in Zhongshan, Guangdong.^[46]^[47] Hong Kong was where he developed his thoughts of revolution and was the base of subsequent uprisings, as well as the first revolutionary newspaper.^[48]^[49] Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary army was largely made up of Cantonese, and many of the early revolutionary leaders were also Cantonese.^[50]

Cultural hub

Cantonese people and their culture are centered in Guangdong, Eastern Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macau.

Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong, has been one of China's international trading ports since the Tang dynasty. During the 18th century, it became an important centre of the emerging trade between China and the Western world, as part of the Canton System. The privilege during this period made Guangzhou one of the top three cities in the world.^[51] Operating from the Thirteen Factories located on the banks of the Pearl River outside Canton, merchants traded goods such as silk, porcelain ("fine china") and tea, allowing Guangzhou to become a prosperous city. Links to overseas contacts and beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s have also contributed to the city's ongoing growth. Guangzhou was named a global city in 2008. The migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40 percent of the city's total population in 2008. Most of them are rural migrants and they speak only standard Chinese.^[52]

Hong Kong and Macau are two of the richest cities in the world in terms of GDP per capita and are autonomous SARs (Special Administrative Regions) that are under independent governance from China. Historically governed by the British and Portuguese empires respectively, colonial Hong Kong and Macau were increasingly populated by migrant influxes from mainland China, particularly the nearby Guangdong Province. For that reason, the culture of Hong Kong and Macau became a mixture of Cantonese and Western influences, sometimes described as "East meets West".

Hong Kong

Hong Kong Island was first colonised by the British Empire in 1842 with a population of 7,450; however, it was in 1898 that Hong Kong became a British colony, when the British also colonised the New Territories (which constitute 86.2% of Hong Kong's modern territory). It was during this period that migrants from China entered, mainly speaking Cantonese, the prestige variety of Yue Chinese, as a common language. During the following century of British rule, Hong Kong grew into a hub of Cantonese culture and has remained as such since the handover in 1997.

Today Hong Kong is one of the world's leading financial centres and the Hong Kong dollar is the thirteenth most-traded currency in the world.

Macau

Macau natives are known as the Tanka people. A dialect similar to Shiqi, originating from Zhongshan in Guangdong, is also spoken in the region.

Parts of Macau were first loaned to the Portuguese by China as a trading centre in the 16th century, with the Portuguese required to administer the city under Chinese authority. In 1851 and 1864, the Portuguese Empire occupied the two nearest offshore islands Taipa and Coloane respectively and Macau officially became a colony of the Portuguese Empire in 1887. Macau was returned to China in 1999.

By 2002, Macau had become one of the world's richest cities^[53] and by 2006, it had surpassed Las Vegas to become the world's biggest gambling centre.^[54] Macau is also a world cultural heritage site due to its Portuguese colonial architecture.

Culture

The term "Cantonese" is used to refer to the native culture, language, and people who can trace their ancestral roots back to the city of Guangzhou. Their influence has spread across the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.^[55]

There are cultural, economic, political, generational and geographical differences in making "Cantonese-ness" in and beyond Guangdong and Guangxi, with the interacting dynamics of migration, education, social developments and cultural representations.^[56]

Language

The term "Cantonese language" is sometimes used to refer to the broader group of Yue languages and dialects spoken in Guangdong and Guangxi, although it is used more specifically to describe Gwóngjāu wah (廣州話), the prestige variant spoken in Guangzhou. Gwóngjāu wah is the main language used for education, literature and media in Hong Kong and Macau. It is still widely used in Guangzhou, despite the fact that a large proportion of the city's population is made up by migrant workers from elsewhere in China that speak non-Cantonese variants of Chinese and Standard Chinese.^[57] Though in recent years it is slowly falling out of favour with the younger generation ^[58] prompting fears in Cantonese people that the language may die out. Cantonese language's erosion in Guangzhou is due to a mix of suppression of the language and the mass migration of non-Cantonese speaking people in to the area.

Because of its tradition of usage in music, cinema, literature and newspapers, this form of Cantonese is a cultural mark of identity that distinguishes Cantonese people from speakers of other varieties of Chinese, whose languages are prohibited to have strong influences under China's Standard Mandarin policy. The pronunciation and vocabulary of Cantonese has preserved many features of the official language of the Tang dynasty with elements of the ancient Yue language.^[59] Written Cantonese is very common in manhua, books, articles, magazines, newspapers, online chat, instant messaging, internet blogs and social networking websites. Anime, cartoons and foreign films are also dubbed in Cantonese. Some videogames such as Sleeping Dogs, Far Cry 4, Grand Theft Auto III and Resident Evil 6 have substantial Cantonese dialogues.

Arts

Cantonese people have created various schools or styles of arts, with the more prominent being Lingnan architecture, Lingnan school of painting, Canton porcelain, Cantonese opera, Cantonese music, among many others.

Architecture

Woerlou style of roof construction, characteristic of Cantonese houses
Building in Panyu, Guangdong
Building in Zhongshan, Guangdong
Chen Clan academy

Cantonese architecture or Lingnan architecture favors pale colors such as white and grey-green, demonstrates straight rather than curved roof ridges and the use of "woerlou or omega-shaped structures" at the ends, and employs open structures such as balconies, skylights and verandas to accommodate the tropical climate in the south.^[60] Buildings are also generally taller than in the north. It also features narrow structures known as "cold alleys" to promote the increase of windspeed, and thus the cooling and ventilation of buildings.

Popular Culture

Cantopop during its early glory had spread to mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. Well-known Cantopop singers include Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok, Joey Yung, Alan Tam, Roman Tam, Anita Mui, Danny Chan, Leslie Cheung, Jacky Cheung, Leon Lai, Sammi Cheng and Coco Lee, many of whom are of Cantonese or Taishanese origin.

The Hong Kong movie industry was the third-largest movie industry in the world (after Hollywood and Bollywood) for decades throughout the 20th century, with Cantonese-language films viewed and acclaimed around the world for its innovative style.

Cantonese popular culture through the medium Hong Kong cinema has been responsible for pioneering the development of new genres and styles and paving the path for the rest of Chinese cinema. These innovations include the development of action-comedy genre exemplified in movies such as the God of Gamblers, the pioneering of the comedy-horror genre seen in Mr Vampire, the popularization Chinese cultivation fantasy fiction genres as seen in cult classics and experimental movies rich in special effects such as Chinese Ghost Story and Zu Warriors from Magic Mountain, and leading the way for the use of complex choreography and stunts through Jackie Chan movies such as Police Story.

Recent films include Kung Fu Hustle, Shaolin Soccer, Infernal Affairs and Ip Man 3.

Cuisine

Cantonese cuisine is one of the "Great Eight Traditions" of Chinese cuisine, has become one of the most renowned types of cuisine around the world, characterized by its variety of cooking methods and use of fresh ingredients, particularly seafood.^[61] One of the most famous examples of Cantonese cuisine is dim sum, a variety of small and light dishes such as har gow (steamed shrimp dumplings), siu mai (steamed pork dumplings) and cha siu bao (barbecued pork buns).

Dim Sum, a characteristic part of Cantonese cuisine
Har Gow Dim Sum
Century Egg, a fermented type of hardboiled egg
Roast duck, an important part of Cantonese cuisine
Char Siu, a characteristic Cantonese dish

Notable figures

This is an incomplete list of notable Cantonese people.

Historical

Liu Yan, king of Nanhai and first emperor of the Southern Han dynasty
Liang Daoming, king of Palembang during the Ming dynasty.
Chow Ah Chi, a Toisan Cantonese was Sir Stamford Raffles' ship carpenter who was the first man to land on modern-day Singapore and led the way in posting the East India Company's flag on Singapore Island.
Ching Shih, a female pirate leader brothel owner
Ah Pak, pirate chieftain who defeated Portuguese pirates
Liu Chang, the last emperor of the Southern Han dynasty
Yuan Chonghuan, a Chinese general and hero from Ming dynasty who defeated and ward off the Manchu invasion

"Portrait of Sun Yat-sen" (1921) Li Tiefu

Sun Yat-sen, born in Zhongshan, Guangdong; Chinese revolutionary and founder of the Republic of China
Deng Shichang, admiral and one of the first modern naval officers in China in the late Qing dynasty
Tse Tsan-tai, early Chinese revolutionary of the late Qing dynasty
Kang Youwei was a Chinese scholar, noted calligrapher and prominent political thinker and reformer of the late Qing dynasty.
Liang Qichao was a Chinese scholar, journalist, philosopher and reformist who lived during the Qing dynasty and Republic of China.
Henry Lee Hau Shik, first Finance Minister of the Federation of Malaya and the only major leader of the independence movement not born in Malaya.
Jiang Guangnai, general and statesman in the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China who successfully defended Shanghai City from the Japanese invasion in the 28 January Incident of 1932

Entertainers

Anna May Wong, the first Chinese American and Asian female international movie star
Anita Mui, singer and actress, dubbed as the "Madonna of the East".
Harry Shum Jr., actor
James Wong Howe, leading Hollywood cinematographer in the 1930s–40s and ten-time Academy Award nominee
Lai Man-Wai, the father of Hong Kong cinema
Stephen Chow, His mother is Cantonese but his grandfather is from Ningbo. He is actor and film director known for the comedy blockbusters Shaolin Soccer and Kung Fu Hustle.
John Woo, influential film director
Tony Leung Chiu-wai, award-winning actor known for his collaborations with Wong Kar-wai, including In The Mood For Love

Andy Lau, one of Hong Kong's most commercially successful singers and actors since the mid-1980s
Gigi Lai, actress and Cantopop singer
Aaron Kwok, dancer and singer since the early 1990s
Amy Kwok, actress and Miss Hong Kong 1991
Rainie Yang, Taiwanese singer
Fish Leong, Malaysian Chinese singer
Kris Wu, Chinese Canadian actor and singer, former member of K-pop boy band EXO.
Jackson Wang, singer and member of K-pop boy band GOT7.
Tony Leung Ka-fai, Hong Kong actor
Cheung Ka Fai, Hong Kong actor
Leo Ku, Hong Kong singer
Rui En, Singaporean actress
Liang Wern Fook, one of the pioneer figures in Singaporean Chinese folk songs
Yuen Woo-ping, renowned as one of the most successful and influential figures in the world of Hong Kong action cinema
Sinn Sing Hoi, one of the earliest generation of Chinese composers
Chris Cheong, an international mentalist and illusionist.
Terence Cao, Singaporean actor
Mark Chen, renowned Singaporean composer
Kelly Poon, Singaporean singer
Awkwafina, American rapper, comedian, television personality, television host
Jeff Chan, Asian American tenor saxophonist and composer
Zen Chong, Malaysian actor and won supporting acting in 2009
Michael Paul Chan is an American film and television actor.^[62]
Laura Ling, American journalist and writer. Correspondent and vice-president of its Vanguard Journalism Unit.
Lisa Ling, American journalist, television presenter, special correspondent for The Oprah Winfrey Show
Sam Tsui, American singer/songwriter and video producer. Internet celebrity with 2.8 million subscribers on YouTube.
Wong brothers, three ethnic Chinese film directors, the pioneers of the Indonesian movie industry
Lo Lieh, Hong Kong action star
Lü Wencheng, master of Cantonese music and Guangdong folk music
Warren Mok, an operatic tenor who has performed many leading roles since his European debut in 1987.
Hung Sin Nui, Master of Chinese and Cantonese opera.
Jeff Fatt, Australian musician and actor.
Jessica Soho, Filipino news anchor, correspondent and TV host of Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho who traces her paternal grandfather's ancestral roots at Hoiping County, Guangdong, China.

Politicians

Tang Shaoyi, Prime Minister of the Republic of China
Donald Tsang, Chief Executive of Hong Kong
Edmund Ho Hau Wah, Chief Executive of Macau
Fernando Chui, Chief Executive of Macau
Wu Ting-fang, Chinese foreign minister
Wen Tsungyao, Chinese politician and diplomat
Kang Tongbi Chinese politician.
Hiram Fong, the first Asian American and Chinese to be elected as Republican United States Senator and nominated for presidency of the United States
John So, the first Lord Mayor of Melbourne to be directly elected by the people in 2006 and the first mayor of Asian descent
Adrienne Clarkson, 26th Governor General of Canada, the first non-white Canadian to be appointed to the vice-regal position
Norman Kwong, the 16th Lieutenant Governor of Alberta, Canada
Gary Locke, first governor of a state in the Continental United States of Asian descent; the only Chinese American ever to serve as a governor
Judy Chu, first Chinese American woman to be elected to the United States Congress
Julius Chan, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea from 1980 to 1982 and from 1994 to 1997
Lee Siew Choh, politician and medical doctor. Singapore's first Non-Constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP)
Tan Sri Datuk Amar Stephen Kalong Ningkan was the first Chief Minister of Sarawak.
Víctor Joy Way was the Prime Minister of Peru from January 1999 until December 1999.
José Antonio Chang Escobedo was the Prime Minister of Peru and second Chinese Peruvian Prime Minister, the first being Víctor Joy Way
Peter Chin, lawyer and 56th Dunedin, New Zealand mayor
Meng Foon, mayor of Gisborne, New Zealand
Alan Lowe, architect, former mayor of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Ida Chong, accountant, former municipal councillor of Saanich, British Columbia, former cabinet minister/Member of Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada
Chang Apana, inspirational detective with an influential law enforcement career
Kin W. Moy American diplomat and the first ethnic Chinese to be director of the American Institute in Taiwan.
Debra Wong Yang, first Asian American woman to serve as a United States Attorney.
Chan Heng Chee, Singapore's Minister in Prime Minister's Office, Chief of Army from 2010 to 2011
Chan Sek Keong, third Chief Justice of Singapore, Attorney-General of Singapore from 1992 to 2006
Chan Kong Choy, Malaysian politician, deputy president and transport minister
Cheryl Chan, member of the country's governing People's Action Party (PAP)
Sitoh Yih Pin, Singapore politician member of Parliament (MP)
Leong Yew Koh, first Governor of Malacca since independence.
Cheong Yoke Choy, famous and well respected philanthropist during the British Malaya era.
Edwin Tong, member of Parliament in Singapore representing the Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency.
Eu Chooi Yip, prominent member of the anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore
Ho Peng Kee, Senior Minister of State in the Ministry of Law and the Ministry of Home Affairs
Jek Yeun Thong, prominent first generation People's Action Party (PAP) politician in Singapore
Hoo Ah Kay, leader with many high ranking posts in Singapore, honourable consul to China, Japan and Russia.
Kan Ting Chiu, Senior Judge in the Supreme Court.^[63]
Ho Yuen Hoe, Nun who received a Public Service Award from the President of Singapore
Kin W. Moy, American diplomat. He is one of the first Chinese to hold an important position.
Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Dr. George Chan Hong Nam (陈康南), was the former Deputy Chief Minister of Sarawak.
Fong Chan Onn, Malaysian politician and a former Minister of Human Resources
Fong Po Kuan, Malaysian politician from the Democratic Action Party (DAP)
Loke Siew Fook, Member of the Parliament of Malaysia
Lui Tuck Yew, country's Minister for Transport and Second Minister for Defence, Singapore's Chief of Navy from 1999 to 2003
António Ng Kuok Cheong is currently a member in the Macau Legislative Assembly and was the founding chairman of the New Democratic Macau Association.

Athletes

Chen Aisen, Chinese diver. He is a double gold medal winner at the 2016 Summer Olympics and a world champion.
Larry Kwong, a Canadian ice hockey player who became the first person of colour to play in the NHL.
Wong Peng Soon, a renowned male badminton player in the latter half of the 20th century
Patrick Chan, a world champion Chinese Canadian male figure skater
Michelle Kwan, Chinese American female figure skater and five-time world champion
Yi Jianlian, a 7-foot-tall Chinese basketball player for NBA, Milwaukee Bucks, New Jersey Nets and Washington Wizards
Guan Weizhen, female badminton player who won three consecutive women's doubles titles at the BWF World Championships
Chen Xiaomin, Chinese retired weightlifter, in 2000 Sydney Olympics on the women's weightlifting gold medal, also a world and Asian champion
Shanshan Feng, the first golfer from China to win LPGA major championship and major championship, she was ranked fifth in 2012 Women's World Golf Rankings.^[64]
He Chong, Chinese diver. He is the 2008 Olympic Champion gold medalist in the 3m springboard. He was unbeaten from 2006 to 2016.
Jiang Jialiang, table tennis player. He won medals in Asia and world table tennis tournaments.
Xie Xingfang, badminton player, a two-time world champion women's singles.
Chen Xiexia, won three golds at the 2007 World Weightlifting Championships. The first gold medal for China in the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Zhang Jiewen, gold medal in Badminton 2004 Athens
Lao Lishi, gold medal in women's 10 meter synchronised platform along with Li Ting.
Su Bingtian, sprinter. He is the reigning Asian champion over 100 metres, was a semi-finalist at the 2012 Summer Olympics and a finalist at the 2015 World Championships.
Liang Wenchong, highest ranked golfer from the People's Republic of China, the only Chinese golfer to have reached the top 100 of the Official World Golf Ranking.
Zeng Qiliang, the first medal of Chinese male swimmer in world championships.
Lindswell Kwok, six times world champion of Wushi
Brian Ah Yat, former American football quarterback
Harland Ah You, is a former gridiron football defensive lineman who played 10 games with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League in 1998.^[65]
Junior Ah You,^[66] Hall of Fame and Top 50 players of the league's modern era by Canadian sports network TSN.^[67]
Keanu Asing, surfer who competes in the World Surf League and debuted on the World Championship Tour of the 2015 World Surf League.^[68]^[69]
Soh Wooi Yik, Malaysian men's doubles player in badminton, first Malaysians to win BWF World Championships in 2022.
Josiah Ng, the first Malaysian to make it into the cycling Olympic finals becoming a three-time Olympian
Brian Fok, footballer
Leung Ka Hai, footballer
Zhi-Gin Lam

Business

Raymond, Thomas and Walter Kwok, Brothers whose property business makes them the fourth richest in Hong Kong^[70]
Stanley Ho, Hong Kong and Macanese business magnate
Lui Che-woo, real estate and hospitality magnate, Hong Kong billionaire, once the 2nd richest man in Asia
Cheng Yu-tung, Hong Kong billionaire
Tang Yiu Hong Kong billionaire businessman, founder of shoe and sportswear retailer Belle International
Mei Quong Tart, rich nineteenth-century merchant
Charles Sew Hoy, merchant and gold-dredging pioneer
Loke Yew, philanthropist and was once the richest man in British Malaysia
Chin Gee Hee, merchant and railway entrepreneur
Lee Shau-kee, Once the 4th richest man in world, real estate tycoon and owner of Henderson Land Development
Steven Lo, businessman and football team manager
He Jingtang, a prominent Chinese architect for Olympic 2008
Jimmy Lai, founder of Giordano
He Xiangjian is the co-founder of Midea, one of China's largest appliance makers.
Yang Huiyan, the majority shareholder of Country Garden Holdings
Lawrence Ho, Hong Kong businessman, chairman and CEO of Melco International, the chairman and CEO of Melco Crown Entertainment
Dennis Fong, Fong is recognised by the Guinness Book of World Records as the first professional gamer.^[71]
Peter Tham, former Singaporean stockbroker and the director of Pan-Electric Industries and now a wanted criminal.
Loke Wan Tho, founder of Cathay Organisation in Singapore and Malaysia.
Datuk Seri Panglima Dr Wong Kwok, founder of the Wong Kwok Group in Sabah, Malaysia.
Eu Tong Sen, leading businessman in Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong during the late 19th and early 20th century
Ah Ken, Chinese American businessman and popular figure in Chinatown, Manhattan during the mid-to late 19th century.
Kathy Chan, Chinese American entrepreneur and investor
Wesley Chan, early product innovator at Google Inc., best known for founding and launching Google Analytics and Google Voice

Arts and Photography

Chen Yongqiang, is a China as a national level A artist and vice-president of the Chinese Painting Society.
Choy Weng Yang, contributions on post-modern arts in Singapore, helped shaped the contemporary art scene in Singapore
Reagan Louie, an American photographer on sex life.
Alan Chin, contributing photographer to Newsweek and The New York Times, editor and photographer at BagNews
Bernice Bing, Chinese American lesbian artist involved in the San Francisco Bay Area art scene in the 1960s
Lee Man Fong, A painter who had successful exhibitions in Europe and Asia.
You Jin, received the Cultural Medallion Award in 2009 for her contributions to Singapore's literary arts scene.

Martial artists

Ip Man, martial artist and teacher of Bruce Lee.
Wong Fei-hung, martial artist in the Qing dynasty.
Donnie Yen, martial artist and actor, one of Asia's highest paid action stars.
Bruce Lee, one of the most influential martial artists and famous actors of Asian descent of all time.
Chan Heung, founder of Choy Li Fut

Authors

Francis Chan, American Christian teacher, preacher, author of the best-selling book Crazy Love: Overwhelmed by a Relentless God
Clara Ng, Indonesian writer who is known for both adult fiction and children's literature.
Amy Tan, Award-winning Chinese American author of The Joy Luck Club and other best-selling books
Jeffery Paul Chan, American author and scholar

Academics

Flossie Wong-Staal, a virologist and molecular biologist; the first scientist to clone HIV and determine the function of its genes in 1985. In 2007 The Daily Telegraph heralded Dr. Wong-Staal as #32 of the "Top 100 Living Geniuses".^[72]
Chu Ching-wu, physicist and one of the first scientists to demonstrate high-temperature superconductivity, in 1987
Choh Hao Li, Chinese American biochemist and first scientist to synthesise human growth hormone in 1970
Tak Mak, Chinese Canadian immunologist and biochemist, discovered T-cell receptor.
Wu Ta-You, the "father of Chinese physics"
Wu Lien-teh, physician and Nobel prize nominee
Vivian Wing-Wah Yam, chemist known for her work on light-emitting materials and solar energy
Albert Chan, professor of chemistry and traditional Chinese medicine
Liang Sili, rocket and missile control system scientist
Nancy Ip – member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the World Academy of Sciences
Albert Chan – a Hong Kong professor of chemistry and traditional Chinese medicine.
Liang Sili – Chief Designer of inertial guidance platforms for Chinese ballistic missiles.
Li Shaozhen – improve cataract surgery quality in the introduction of technology and innovation

Mathematicians

Yum-Tong Siu – the William Elwood Byerly Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University

Other notable figures

Feng Joe Guey, Chinese aviation pioneer
Liang Sicheng, the "father of modern Chinese architecture"
Dai Ailian, the "mother of Chinese modern dance"
Lee Ya-Ching, pioneering aviator and actress
Chang Apana A famous detective who influenced many fictional works.
Ye Xiaogang, China's most active and most famous composers of contemporary classical music.
Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah^[73]

References

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^ Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 92–93.
^ Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 92–93.
^ Tao Tao Liu; David Faure, eds. (1996). "Becoming Cantonese, the Ming Dynasty transition". Unity and Diversity_ Local Cultures and Identities in China. Hong Kong Univ Press. p. 37.
^ Gan, R. J.; Pan, S. L.; Mustavich, L. F.; Qin, Z. D.; Cai, X. Y.; Qian, J.; Jin, L. (2008). "Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure". Journal of Human Genetics. 53 (4): 303–313. doi:10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x. PMID 18270655. S2CID 9887262.
^ ^a ^b Yule, Henry; A.C. Burnell (13 June 2013), Kate Teltscher (ed.), Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India, reprinted by Oxford University Press, 2013, Canton, ISBN 9780199601134
^ Santa Barbara Portuguese Studies, Vols. I–II, Jorge de Sena Center for Portuguese Studies, 1994, p. 256
^ T'ien Hsia Monthly, Vol. VIII, Sun Yat-sen Institute, 1939, p. 426
^ "Can·ton·ese", Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.), Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 2004, ISBN 9780877798095
^ The lexicographer only accepted Canton as a proper noun referring to the city, and considered usages with reference to the province as an “ellipsis”, see Yule & al.^[6]
^ Hamilton, Alexander (1744), Kate Teltscher (ed.), A New Account of the East Indies: Giving an Exact and Copious Description of the Situation, reprinted by Oxford University Press, 2013, [1]
^ A. Hamilton (1727) used Canton to refer to both the city and the province. But he used Canton for the city more frequently in the same work, especially when he wrote Canton without reference to “Quangtung”. See Hamilton (1727; pp.224-238) ^[11]
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^ ^a ^b ^c McFadzean, A. J. S.; Todd, D. (1971). "Cooley's anaemia among the tanka of South China". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 65 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(71)90185-4. PMID 5092429.
^ Chappell, Hilary (2015). Diversity in Sinitic Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-19-872379-0.
^ ^a ^b Wen, B; Li, H; Lu, D; et al. (September 2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature. 431 (7006): 302–5. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..302W. doi:10.1038/nature02878. PMID 15372031. S2CID 4301581.
^ ^a ^b Xue, Fuzhong; Wang, Yi; Xu, Shuhua; Zhang, Feng; Wen, Bo; Wu, Xuesen; Lu, Ming; Deka, Ranjan; Qian, Ji (2008). "A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between maternal and paternal lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (6): 705–17. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201998. PMID 18212820. S2CID 23993208.
^ ^a ^b "HKG: an open genetic variant database of 205 Hong Kong Cantonese exomes". NAR Genomics and Bioinformatics. 4 (1). 8 February 2022.
^ Li, Y.-L; Lu, S.-H; Chen, C; Gao, G.-S; Cao, Y; Guo, H; Zheng, L.-B. (2012). "Physical characteristics of cantonese han people in Guangdong". Acta Anatomica Sinica. 43: 837–845. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.023.
^ Wee, J. T.; Ha, T. C.; Loong, S. L.; Qian, C. N. (2010). "Is nasopharyngeal cancer really a" Cantonese cancer"?". Chinese Journal of Cancer. 29 (5): 517–526. doi:10.5732/cjc.009.10329. PMID 20426903.
^ Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7. On the other hand, the diversity of the southern and south-eastern dialects, and also the archaic character of several of them, bears witness to the relative stability of the peoples established in these regions.
^ Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, Section 112
^ Huai Nan Zi, Section 18
^ Reden, Sitta von (24 October 2023). Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies: Volume 3: Frontier-Zone Processes and Transimperial Exchange. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-060762-8.
^ Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, section 112.
^ Huai Nan Zi, section 18
^ Zhang and Huang, pp. 196–200; also Shi Ji 130
^ Records of the Grand Historian, section 97^{[permanent dead link]} 《《史記·酈生陸賈列傳》
^ Reden, Sitta von (24 October 2023). Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies: Volume 3: Frontier-Zone Processes and Transimperial Exchange. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-060762-8.
^ Wu, Chunming (2021), Wu, Chunming (ed.), "Southeastern Peripheries of Huaxia: The Historical-Cultural Interaction and Assimilation from Southern Man and Bai Yue of Mainland to Island Yi and Maritime Fan", The Prehistoric Maritime Frontier of Southeast China: Indigenous Bai Yue and Their Oceanic Dispersal, The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation, vol. 4, Singapore: Springer, pp. 25–58, doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4079-7_2, ISBN 978-981-16-4079-7
^ Globalization at the Crossroads, The Case of Southeast China during the pre- and early imperial period, Francis Allard, page 461-462
^ Zhang & Huang, pp. 26–31.
^ Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-313-29622-2.
^ Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7. At the time of the troubles which marked the reign of Wang Mang (9-23) and the first years of the Han restoration, Chinese emigration to Yunnan, Kwangtung and north and central Vietnam increased considerably.
^ 唐宋时期的北人南迁．内蒙古教育出版社官网．2008-01-15[引用日期2013-08-09]
^ Sow-Theng Leong; Tim Wright; George William Skinner (1997). Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-0-8047-2857-7.
^ 唐宋时期的北人南迁．内蒙古教育出版社官网．2008-01-15[引用日期2013-08-09]
^ Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). The Languages of China. Princeton University Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-0-691-06694-3.
^ Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt; Wolfgang Schluchter; Björn Wittrock. Public Spheres and Collective Identities. Transaction Publishers. pp. 213–4. ISBN 978-1-4128-3248-9.
^ Zhidong Hao (2011). Macau History and Society (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-988-8028-54-2. Retrieved 4 November 2011. There was indeed a group of Portuguese who became pirates, called "Macau ruffians", or policemen who turned bad, along with "Manila-men" from the Philippines and escaped African slaves. Their fleet attacked "the Cantonese ships when they could get them at an advantage, and murdered their crews with circumstances of great atrocity."55 They were destroyed in Ningbo by a fleet of Chinese pirates with the support of the local Chinese government and other Europeans.
^ "UK Chinese". Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
^ Tsin, Michael T. W. (December 2002). Nation, Governance, and Modernity in China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804748209. Retrieved 6 May 2016. - Article about book: Nation, Governance, and Modernity in China
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^ [6] "I am Cantonese. I can speak a bit of the dialect and also some Hokkien. I am a Raja Permaisuri Agong with Chinese parentage", said Tunku Azizah, who is the wife of Yang di-Pertuan Agong Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah.

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 }}
 {{Cantonese culture}}
-The '''Cantonese people''' ({{zh|s=广府人|t=廣府人|j=gwong fu jan|cy=Gwóngfú Yàhn|first=t|labels=no}}) or '''Yue people''' ({{zh|s=粤人|t=粵人|j=jyut jan|cy=Yuht Yàhn|first=t|labels=no}}), are a [[Han Chinese]] [[Han Chinese subgroups|subgroup]] originating from or residing in the provinces of [[Guangdong]] and [[Guangxi]] (collectively known as [[Liangguang]] or, with other regions, [[Lingnan]]), in southern mainland China. In a strict sense, "Cantonese" refers only to people with roots from [[Guangzhou]] and its satellite cities and towns, rather than generally referring to the people of the Liangguang region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|pages=92–93}}</ref>
+The '''Cantonese people''' ({{zh|s=广府人|t=廣府人|j=gwong fu jan|cy=Gwóngfú Yàhn|first=t|labels=no}}) or '''Yue people''' ({{zh|s=粤人|t=粵人|j=jyut jan|cy=Yuht Yàhn|first=t|labels=no}}), are a [[Han Chinese]] [[Han Chinese subgroups|subgroup]] originating from [[Guangzhou]] and its satellite cities and towns (such as [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|pages=92–93}}</ref> In a more general sense "Cantonese people" can refer to any [[Han Chinese]] people originating from or residing in the provinces of [[Guangdong]] and [[Guangxi]] (collectively known as [[Liangguang]]), or it may refer to the inhabitants of Guangdong province alone.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |pages=92–93}}</ref>
-Historically centered and predominant in the [[Pearl River]] Basin shared between Guangdong and Guangxi, the Cantonese people are also responsible for establishing their [[Cantonese|native language]]'s usage in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] during their 19th century migrations within the times of the [[British Hong Kong|British]] and [[Portuguese Macau|Portuguese]] colonial eras respectively. Cantonese remains today as a majority language in Guangdong and Guangxi, despite the increasing influence of Mandarin. [[Taishanese people]] may also be considered Cantonese but speak a distinct variety of Yue Chinese, [[Taishanese]].
+Historically centered around [[Guangzhou]] and the surrounding [[Pearl River Delta]], the Cantonese people established the [[Cantonese|Cantonese language]] as the dominant one in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] during their 19th century migrations within the times of the [[British Hong Kong|British]] and [[Portuguese Macau|Portuguese]] colonial eras respectively. Cantonese remains today as a majority language in Guangdong and Guangxi, despite the increasing influence of Mandarin. Speakers of other Yue Chinese dialects, such as the [[Taishanese|Taishanese people]] who speak [[Taishanese]], may or may not be considered Cantonese. The [[Hakka people|Hakka]] and [[Teochew people|Teochew]] people who also reside in Guangdong are usually differentiated from the Cantonese as they speak non-Yue Chinese languages.
 [[File:CANTONESE GENTLEMEN 1.jpg|thumb|Photo of a Cantonese gentleman during the Qing era]]
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 ==Terminology==
-"Cantonese" has been generally used to describe all Chinese people from Guangdong since "Cantonese" is commonly treated as a synonym with "Guangdong" and the Cantonese language is treated as the sole language of the region. This is inaccurate as "Canton" itself technically only refers to the capital Guangzhou, and the Cantonese language specifically refers to only the Guangzhou dialect of the [[Yue Chinese]] languages. David Faure points out that there is no direct Chinese translation of the English term "Cantonese".<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Tao Tao Liu|editor2=David Faure|title= Unity and Diversity_ Local Cultures and Identities in China|section=Becoming Cantonese, the Ming Dynasty transition|page=37|publisher=Hong Kong Univ Press |year=1996}}</ref> People living in Guangdong, Guangxi, and other Lingnan region also speak other major dialects such as [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], and [[Pinghua]].<ref name="pinghua_nature">{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=R. J. |last2=Pan |first2=S. L. |last3=Mustavich |first3=L. F. |last4=Qin |first4=Z. D. |last5=Cai |first5=X. Y. |last6=Qian |first6=J. |last7=Jin |first7=L. |year=2008 |title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=303–313 |doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x |pmid=18270655 |s2cid=9887262 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
+"Cantonese" has been generally used to describe all Chinese people from Guangdong since "Cantonese" is commonly treated as a synonym with "Guangdong" and the [[Cantonese language]] is treated as the sole language of the region. This is inaccurate as "Canton" itself technically only refers to the capital Guangzhou, and the Cantonese language specifically refers to only the Guangzhou dialect of the [[Yue Chinese]] languages. David Faure points out that there is no direct Chinese translation of the English term "Cantonese".<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Tao Tao Liu|editor2=David Faure|title= Unity and Diversity_ Local Cultures and Identities in China|section=Becoming Cantonese, the Ming Dynasty transition|page=37|publisher=Hong Kong Univ Press |year=1996}}</ref> People living in Guangdong and Guangxi may speak other Yue dialects or dialects from other Chinese language groups such as [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Min Chinese|Min]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], and [[Pinghua]].<ref name="pinghua_nature">{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=R. J. |last2=Pan |first2=S. L. |last3=Mustavich |first3=L. F. |last4=Qin |first4=Z. D. |last5=Cai |first5=X. Y. |last6=Qian |first6=J. |last7=Jin |first7=L. |year=2008 |title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=303–313 |doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x |pmid=18270655 |s2cid=9887262 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-The English name "Canton" derived from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] {{lang|pt|Cantão}}<ref name=hj/> or {{lang|pt|Cidade de Cantão}},<ref>{{citation|title=Santa Barbara Portuguese Studies, ''Vols. I–II''|date=1994|page=256|publisher=Jorge de Sena Center for Portuguese Studies}}</ref> a muddling of [[Varieties of Chinese|dialectical]] pronunciations of "[[Guangdong]]"<ref>{{citation|title=T'ien Hsia Monthly, ''Vol. VIII''|page=426|date=1939|publisher=Sun Yat-sen Institute}}</ref><ref>{{citation|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC&pg=PA181|contribution=Can·ton·ese|title=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary|edition=11th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC|location=[[Springfield, Mass.|Springfield]]|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=9780877798095|year=2004}}</ref> (e.g., [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] ''Kóng-tûng''). Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city of Guangzhou, it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors.{{refn|The lexicographer only accepted Canton as a proper noun referring to the city, and considered usages with reference to the province as an “ellipsis”, see [[Henry Yule|Yule]] & al.<ref name=hj>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F51h6q-bB6s|last=Yule|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Yule|author2=A.C. Burnell|title=Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India|publisher=reprinted by Oxford University Press, 2013|editor=Kate Teltscher|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=F51h6q-bB6sC&pg=PA127 Canton]|isbn=9780199601134|date=13 June 2013}}</ref>}}{{refn|A. Hamilton (1727) used Canton to refer to both the city and the province. But he used Canton for the city more frequently in the same work, especially when he wrote Canton without reference to “Quangtung”. See [[Alexander Hamilton (sailor)|Hamilton]] (1727; pp.224-238) <ref name=Ahm>{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/anewaccounteast00hamigoog/page/n251|last=Hamilton|first=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Hamilton|title= A New Account of the East Indies: Giving an Exact and Copious Description of the Situation|year=1744|publisher=reprinted by Oxford University Press, 2013|editor=Kate Teltscher|at=[https://archive.org/details/anewaccounteast00hamigoog/page/n251]}}</ref>}} Within Guangdong and Guangxi, Cantonese is considered the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige dialect]] and is called ''baahk wá'', {{IPA-yue|pàːk wǎː|}} ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|白話}}}}) which means "vernacular". In historical times, it was known as "Guangzhou speech" or Guangzhounese (廣州話, 广州话, Gwóngjāu wá).
+The English name "Canton" derived from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] {{lang|pt|Cantão}}<ref name=hj/> or {{lang|pt|Cidade de Cantão}},<ref>{{citation|title=Santa Barbara Portuguese Studies, ''Vols. I–II''|date=1994|page=256|publisher=Jorge de Sena Center for Portuguese Studies}}</ref> a muddling of [[Varieties of Chinese|dialectical]] pronunciations of "[[Guangdong]]"<ref>{{citation|title=T'ien Hsia Monthly, ''Vol. VIII''|page=426|date=1939|publisher=Sun Yat-sen Institute}}</ref><ref>{{citation|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC&pg=PA181|contribution=Can·ton·ese|title=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary|edition=11th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC|location=[[Springfield, Mass.|Springfield]]|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=9780877798095|year=2004}}</ref> (e.g., [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] ''Kóng-tûng''). Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city of Guangzhou, it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors.{{refn|The lexicographer only accepted Canton as a proper noun referring to the city, and considered usages with reference to the province as an “ellipsis”, see [[Henry Yule|Yule]] & al.<ref name=hj>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F51h6q-bB6s|last=Yule|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Yule|author2=A.C. Burnell|title=Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India|publisher=reprinted by Oxford University Press, 2013|editor=Kate Teltscher|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=F51h6q-bB6sC&pg=PA127 Canton]|isbn=9780199601134|date=13 June 2013}}</ref>}}{{refn|A. Hamilton (1727) used Canton to refer to both the city and the province. But he used Canton for the city more frequently in the same work, especially when he wrote Canton without reference to “Quangtung”. See [[Alexander Hamilton (sailor)|Hamilton]] (1727; pp.224-238) <ref name=Ahm>{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/anewaccounteast00hamigoog/page/n251|last=Hamilton|first=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Hamilton|title= A New Account of the East Indies: Giving an Exact and Copious Description of the Situation|year=1744|publisher=reprinted by Oxford University Press, 2013|editor=Kate Teltscher|at=[https://archive.org/details/anewaccounteast00hamigoog/page/n251]}}</ref>}} Within Guangdong and Guangxi, Cantonese is considered the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige dialect]] and is called ''baahk wá'', {{IPA-yue|pàːk wǎː|}} ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|白話}}}}) which means "vernacular". It is also known as "Guangzhou speech" or '''Guangzhounese''' (廣州話, 广州话, Gwóngjāu wá).
 Other Yue peoples are sometimes labelled as "Cantonese" such as the [[Taishanese people]] ({{zh|c=四邑粵人|j=sei yāp yuht yàhn|labels=no}}), even though [[Taishanese]] ({{lang|zh|台山話}}) has low intelligibility to [[Cantonese|Standard Cantonese]]. Some literature uses neutral terminology such as '''Guangdongese''' and '''Guangxiese''' to refer to people from these provinces without the cultural or linguistic affiliations to Cantonese.
 ==Genetics==
+Cantonese peoples are predominantly of Han Chinese ancestry and lineage<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=J |last2=Zheng |first2=H |last3=Bei |first3=JX |last4=Sun |first4=L |last5=Jia |first5=WH |last6=Li |first6=T |last7=Zhang |first7=F |last8=Seielstad |first8=M |last9=Zeng |first9=YX |last10=Zhang |first10=X |last11=Liu |first11=J |date=December 2009 |title=Genetic structure of the Han Chinese population revealed by genome-wide SNP variation |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=775–785 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 |pmc=2790583 |pmid=19944401}}</ref><ref name="pinghua_nature2">{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=R. J. |last2=Pan |first2=S. L. |last3=Mustavich |first3=L. F. |last4=Qin |first4=Z. D. |last5=Cai |first5=X. Y. |last6=Qian |first6=J. |last7=Jin |first7=L. |year=2008 |title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=303–313 |doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x |pmid=18270655 |s2cid=9887262 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=McFadzean |first1=A. J. S. |last2=Todd |first2=D. |year=1971 |title=Cooley's anaemia among the tanka of South China |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=59–62 |doi=10.1016/0035-9203(71)90185-4 |pmid=5092429}}</ref> with various local genetic clusters suggesting regional language-based [[endogamy]].<ref name=":0" /> The Cantonese originate from a very early and continual stream of Han settlers from the Central Plains since the Qin era. Mass migration of Han Chinese produced a demographic change in the south, leading to the absorption of Tai-speaking minority groups.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chappell |first=Hilary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfT8CgAAQBAJ&dq=zhuang+people+cantonese+genetic&pg=PA158 |title=Diversity in Sinitic Languages |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=158|isbn=978-0-19-872379-0 }}</ref>
-Han Chinese populations are classified by regional linguistic groups, all of whom speak variants of the Sinitic [[Chinese language]]. The Cantonese originate from a very early and continual stream of Han settlers from the Central Plains since the Qin era, and who modern geneticists and linguists surmise mingled with a Tai-speaking ethnic group similar to the modern Zhuang. <ref>{{cite book |last=Chappell |first=Hilary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfT8CgAAQBAJ&dq=zhuang+people+cantonese+genetic&pg=PA158 |title=Diversity in Sinitic Languages |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=158|isbn=978-0-19-872379-0 }}</ref> Paternally, the Cantonese population show no obvious genetic difference from other northern and southern Han Chinese populations. Maternally, the Cantonese population displays some genetic differentiation from the northern Han Chinese population, with both southern natives belonging to a group known as the Bai Yue and northern Han Chinese contributing to the Cantonese gene pool.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid = 15372031|doi=10.1038/nature02878|volume=431|title=Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture|date=September 2004|journal=Nature|pages=302–5|last1 = Wen|first1 = B|last2 = Li|first2 = H|last3 = Lu|first3 = D|issue=7006|bibcode=2004Natur.431..302W|s2cid=4301581|display-authors = etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Xue|first1 = Fuzhong|last2 = Wang|first2 = Yi|last3 = Xu|first3 = Shuhua|last4 = Zhang|first4 = Feng|last5 = Wen|first5 = Bo|last6 = Wu|first6 = Xuesen|last7 = Lu|first7 = Ming|last8 = Deka|first8 = Ranjan|last9 = Qian|first9 = Ji|year = 2008|title = A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between maternal and paternal lineages|journal = [[European Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume = 16|issue = 6|pages = 705–17|doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201998|pmid = 18212820|s2cid = 23993208|doi-access = free}}</ref>
+Paternally, the Cantonese population show no genetic difference from other northern and southern Han Chinese populations - Cantonese are uniformly descended from Northern Chinese Han males, and their Y-chromosome haplotypes conform the distribution seen in all other Han subgroups<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />. Maternally, both southern natives and northern Han Chinese women contributed to the Cantonese gene pool.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|pmid = 15372031|doi=10.1038/nature02878|volume=431|title=Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture|date=September 2004|journal=Nature|pages=302–5|last1 = Wen|first1 = B|last2 = Li|first2 = H|last3 = Lu|first3 = D|issue=7006|bibcode=2004Natur.431..302W|s2cid=4301581|display-authors = etal}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1 = Xue|first1 = Fuzhong|last2 = Wang|first2 = Yi|last3 = Xu|first3 = Shuhua|last4 = Zhang|first4 = Feng|last5 = Wen|first5 = Bo|last6 = Wu|first6 = Xuesen|last7 = Lu|first7 = Ming|last8 = Deka|first8 = Ranjan|last9 = Qian|first9 = Ji|year = 2008|title = A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between maternal and paternal lineages|journal = [[European Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume = 16|issue = 6|pages = 705–17|doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201998|pmid = 18212820|s2cid = 23993208|doi-access = free}}</ref> As a whole, the Cantonese show predominant Han Chinese ancestry, with their Han Chinese ancestry more pronounced on the patriline than on the matriline.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="pinghua_nature2" /><ref name=":1" /> This is in contrast to the [[Pinghua]] and [[Tanka people|Tanka]] population, who both show the reverse pattern.<ref name="pinghua_nature2" /><ref name=":1" />
-Cantonese peoples are predominantly of [[Han Chinese]] lineage with various local genetic clusters suggesting regional language-based [[endogamy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=J |last2=Zheng |first2=H |last3=Bei |first3=JX |last4=Sun |first4=L |last5=Jia |first5=WH |last6=Li |first6=T |last7=Zhang |first7=F |last8=Seielstad |first8=M |last9=Zeng |first9=YX |date=December 2009 |title=Genetic structure of the Han Chinese population revealed by genome-wide SNP variation |pages=775–785 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 |pmid=19944401 |last10=Zhang |first10=X |last11=Liu |first11=J |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=85 |issue=6|pmc=2790583 }}</ref> Despite being primarily of Han Chinese lineage, minor genetic differences resulting from population admixture with Bai Yue have contributed to Cantonese subtly differing from other Han Chinese groups in terms of physical appearance - especially in slightly different skin tones, more slender builds, a slightly shorter stature<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Li | first1 = Y.-L | last2 = Lu | first2 = S.-H | last3 = Chen | first3 = C | last4 = Gao | first4 = G.-S | last5 = Cao | first5 = Y | last6 = Guo | first6 = H | last7 = Zheng | first7 = L.-B. | year = 2012 | title = Physical characteristics of cantonese han people in Guangdong | journal = Acta Anatomica Sinica | volume = 43 | pages = 837–845 | doi = 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.023}}</ref> and a higher incidence of certain diseases such as nasopharyngeal cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wee | first1 = J. T. | last2 = Ha | first2 = T. C. | last3 = Loong | first3 = S. L. | last4 = Qian | first4 = C. N. | year = 2010 | title = Is nasopharyngeal cancer really a" Cantonese cancer"?. | url = https://ro.uow.edu.au/sspapers/3898| journal = Chinese Journal of Cancer | volume = 29 | issue = 5| pages = 517–526 | doi = 10.5732/cjc.009.10329 | pmid = 20426903| doi-access = free }}</ref>
+Whole-exome sequencing data of Hong Kong Cantonese, when subject to a Principal Component Analysis, shows no clear difference between Cantonese from other Han Chinese groups, whether north or south, but shows significant separation from Xishuangbanna Dai (a Tai-speaking or Bai Yue group), implying that the Bai Yue component, while detectable, is the minor component in Cantonese ancestry.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=8 February 2022 |title=HKG: an open genetic variant database of 205 Hong Kong Cantonese exomes |url=https://academic.oup.com/nargab/article/4/1/lqac005/6524304 |journal=NAR Genomics and Bioinformatics |volume=4 |issue=1}}</ref>
-Speakers of [[Pinghua]], a Guangdong dialect distinct from Cantonese, display paternal ancestry from southern minority groups, while being maternally influenced by the Han Chinese population. This is in contradistinction to other speakers of Yue Chinese (including speakers of standard Cantonese and related Siyi and Taishan dialects), who show predominant Han ancestry both patrilineally and matrilineally, with such ancestry being even more pronounced on the patriline.<ref name="pinghua_nature2">{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=R. J. |last2=Pan |first2=S. L. |last3=Mustavich |first3=L. F. |last4=Qin |first4=Z. D. |last5=Cai |first5=X. Y. |last6=Qian |first6=J. |last7=Jin |first7=L. |year=2008 |title=Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=303–313 |doi=10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x |pmid=18270655 |s2cid=9887262 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McFadzean |first1=A. J. S. |last2=Todd |first2=D. |year=1971 |title=Cooley's anaemia among the tanka of South China |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=59–62 |doi=10.1016/0035-9203(71)90185-4 |pmid=5092429}}</ref>
+The Cantonese, while being primarily of Han Chinese ancestry, also possess, to a lesser extent, a minor minority, i.e. [[Baiyue]] component in their heritage<ref name=":4" />, and so differ slightly from other Han Chinese groups in skin tone, build, stature<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Li | first1 = Y.-L | last2 = Lu | first2 = S.-H | last3 = Chen | first3 = C | last4 = Gao | first4 = G.-S | last5 = Cao | first5 = Y | last6 = Guo | first6 = H | last7 = Zheng | first7 = L.-B. | year = 2012 | title = Physical characteristics of cantonese han people in Guangdong | journal = Acta Anatomica Sinica | volume = 43 | pages = 837–845 | doi = 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.023}}</ref> and a higher incidence of certain diseases such as nasopharyngeal cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wee | first1 = J. T. | last2 = Ha | first2 = T. C. | last3 = Loong | first3 = S. L. | last4 = Qian | first4 = C. N. | year = 2010 | title = Is nasopharyngeal cancer really a" Cantonese cancer"?. | url = https://ro.uow.edu.au/sspapers/3898| journal = Chinese Journal of Cancer | volume = 29 | issue = 5| pages = 517–526 | doi = 10.5732/cjc.009.10329 | pmid = 20426903| doi-access = free }}</ref>
 ==History==
@@ Line 75: / Line 77: @@
 Throughout history, there have been multiple migrations of Han people from the Central Plains into the region that is now Southeastern and Southern China.<ref name="Gernet1996-02">{{cite book |author=Jacques Gernet |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern |title=A History of Chinese Civilization |date=31 May 1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-49781-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/8 8]– |quote=On the other hand, the diversity of the southern and south-eastern dialects, and also the archaic character of several of them, bears witness to the relative stability of the peoples established in these regions. |url-access=registration}}</ref> The first Chinese presence in Guangdong can be traced to the conquest by the Qin general Zhao Tuo and his subsequent establishment of the Nanyue kingdom, a hybrid Han-Yue polity as an independent state.<ref>Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, Section 112</ref><ref>Huai Nan Zi, Section 18</ref> There was a second wave of migration during the Han dynasty during the troubled reign of the usurper Wang Mang. However, it was only under much later dynasties such as the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]], the [[Tang dynasty]], and the [[Song dynasty]], when major waves of Han Chinese began to migrate south into Guangdong and Guangxi, that the region acquired the cultural characteristics that last until the present day.
-'''Formation of Nanyue kingdom'''[[File:Nam-Viet 200bc.jpg|left|thumb|190x190px|Nanyue (Nàhm Yuht) Kingdom]]
+'''Formation of Nanyue kingdom'''[[File:Nam-Viet 200bc.jpg|left|thumb|190x190px|Nanyue (Nàahm'yuht in [[Yale romanization of Cantonese|Cantonese Yale]]) Kingdom]]
 What is now Guangdong and later Guangxi, was first brought under [[Qin dynasty|Qin influence]] by a general named [[Zhao Tuo]], who conquered the region in 214 BC<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reden |first=Sitta von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9czbEAAAQBAJ&dq=baiyue+and+nanyue+kingdom&pg=PA295 |title=Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies: Volume 3: Frontier-Zone Processes and Transimperial Exchange |date=2023-10-24 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-060762-8 |language=en}}</ref> and later, after the collapse of the Qin empire, founded the independent kingdom of [[Nanyue]] in 204 BC.<ref>Sima Qian, ''Records of the Grand Historian'', section 112.</ref><ref>''Huai Nan Zi'', section 18</ref><ref>Zhang and Huang, pp. 196–200; also ''Shi Ji'' 130</ref><ref>[http://ctext.org/shiji/li-sheng-lu--lie-zhuan#n8359 Records of the Grand Historian, section 97]{{Dead link|date=June 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} 《《史記·酈生陸賈列傳》</ref> Zhao Tuo's retinue included hundreds of thousands of predominantly male Qin conscripts, and he is recorded as petitioning the Qin Emperor for 30,000 wives from the Central Plains for his restless soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reden |first=Sitta von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9czbEAAAQBAJ&dq=baiyue+and+nanyue+kingdom&pg=PA295 |title=Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies: Volume 3: Frontier-Zone Processes and Transimperial Exchange |date=2023-10-24 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-060762-8 |language=en}}</ref> Following the collapse of central authority in the Qin Empire, the Han Chinese soldiers, conscripts, and laborers under Zhao Tuo's command were incorporated into the Nanyue kingdom<ref>{{Citation |last=Wu |first=Chunming |title=Southeastern Peripheries of Huaxia: The Historical-Cultural Interaction and Assimilation from Southern Man and Bai Yue of Mainland to Island Yi and Maritime Fan |date=2021 |work=The Prehistoric Maritime Frontier of Southeast China: Indigenous Bai Yue and Their Oceanic Dispersal |series=The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation |volume=4 |pages=25–58 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Chunming |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-4079-7_2 |isbn=978-981-16-4079-7|doi-access=free }}</ref> and ordered to mix with the local inhabitants.
@@ Line 106: / Line 108: @@
 The turmoil of the 19th century, followed by the political upheaval of the early 20th century, compelled many residents of Guangdong to migrate overseas in search of a better future. Up until the second half of the 20th century, the majority of [[overseas Chinese]] emigrated from two provinces of China; Guangdong and [[Fujian]]. As a result, there are today many Cantonese communities throughout the world, including in [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Pacific Islands]], the [[Americas]], the [[Caribbean]] and [[Western Europe]], with [[Chinatown]]s commonly being established by Cantonese communities. There have been a large number of [[interracial marriage]]s between Cantonese men and women from other nations (especially from Cuba, Peru, Mexico), as most of the Cantonese migrants were men. As a result, there are many Afro-Caribbeans and South American people of Cantonese descent including many Eurasians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacu.org/ukchinese.html|title=UK Chinese|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417171030/http://www.sacu.org/ukchinese.html|archive-date=17 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Unlike the migrants from [[Fujian]], who mostly settled in [[Southeast Asia]], many Cantonese emigrants also migrated to the [[Western Hemisphere]], particularly the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] and Burma where there was [[Anti-Indian sentiment#Myanmar|Anti-Indian Sentiment]]. Many Cantonese immigrants into the United States became railroad labourers, while many in South America were brought in as [[coolie]]s. Cantonese immigrants in the United States and Australia participated in the [[California Gold Rush]] and the [[Australian gold rushes]] of 1854 onwards, while [[Chinese immigration to Hawaii|those in Hawaii]] found employment in sugarcane plantations as contract labourers. These early Cantonese immigrants variously faced hostility and a variety of discriminatory laws, including the prohibition of Chinese female immigrants. The relaxation of immigration laws after [[World War II]] allowed for subsequent waves of migration to the Western world from southeastern mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. As a result, Cantonese continues to be widely used by Chinese communities of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macau regional origin in the Western hemisphere, and has not been supplanted by the [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]-based [[Standard Chinese]]. A large proportion of the early migrants also came from the [[Siyi]] region of Guangdong and spoke Taishanese. The Taishanese variant is still spoken in American Chinese communities, by the older population as well as by more recent immigrants from Taishan, in [[Jiangmen]], Guangdong.
+Unlike the migrants from [[Fujian]], who mostly settled in [[Southeast Asia]], many Cantonese emigrants also migrated to the [[Western Hemisphere]], particularly the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] and Burma. Many Cantonese immigrants into the United States became railroad labourers, while many in South America were brought in as [[coolie]]s. Cantonese immigrants in the United States and Australia participated in the [[California Gold Rush]] and the [[Australian gold rushes]] of 1854 onwards, while [[Chinese immigration to Hawaii|those in Hawaii]] found employment in sugarcane plantations as contract labourers. These early Cantonese immigrants variously faced hostility and a variety of discriminatory laws, including the prohibition of Chinese female immigrants. The relaxation of immigration laws after [[World War II]] allowed for subsequent waves of migration to the Western world from southeastern mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. As a result, Cantonese continues to be widely used by Chinese communities of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macau regional origin in the Western Hemisphere, and has not been supplanted by the [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]-based [[Standard Chinese]]. A large proportion of the early migrants also came from the [[Siyi]] region of Guangdong and spoke Taishanese. The Taishanese variant is still spoken in American Chinese communities, by the older population as well as by more recent immigrants from Taishan, in [[Jiangmen]], Guangdong.
 ===Cantonese influence on Xinhai Revolution===
-Cantonese uprising against feudal China in 1895 let to its naming as the "cradle of the Xinhai Revolution".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWlGcgdUBhkC|title=Nation, Governance, and Modernity in China|access-date=6 May 2016|isbn=9780804748209|last1=Tsin|first1=Michael T. W.|date=December 2002|publisher=Stanford University Press }}</ref><ref name="Langmead">Langmead, Donald. [2011] (2011). Maya Lin: A Biography. ABC-CLIO publishing. {{ISBN|0313378533}}, 9780313378539. pg 5–6.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/BIG5/15657913.html|title=辛亥革命研究專家章開沅："廣東是革命搖籃"|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Revolutionary leader [[Sun Yat-sen]] was born in [[Zhongshan]], Guangdong.<ref>Saltwater City: An Illustrated History of the Chinese in Vancouver By Paul Yee [https://books.google.com/books?id=G1opLEH8OmIC&dq=Sun+Yat-sen+shek+ki+accent&pg=PA38]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90882/7609678.html|title=Chinese community in Houston marks centenary of 1911 Revolution|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Hong Kong was where he developed his thoughts of revolution and was the base of subsequent uprisings, as well as the first revolutionary newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkpl.gov.hk/english/ext_act/ext_act_pub/ext_act_pub_ln/2011/7/ln_201107iss_ln2.html|title=Hong Kong public libraries Leisure and Cultural Services Department|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530185056/http://www.hkpl.gov.hk/english/ext_act/ext_act_pub/ext_act_pub_ln/2011/7/ln_201107iss_ln2.html|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2011-08/31/c_121936138.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005035242/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2011-08/31/c_121936138.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2011|title=香港为何成辛亥革命摇篮_时政频道_新华网|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary army was largely made up of Cantonese, and many of the early revolutionary leaders were also Cantonese.<ref>Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor By Elizabeth J. Perry [https://books.google.com/books?id=D0oAqaajaR0C&dq=Cantonese+sun+yat+sen+xinhai+revolution+troops&pg=PA40]</ref>
+Cantonese uprising against the Qing Empire in 1895 let to its naming as the "cradle of the Xinhai Revolution".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWlGcgdUBhkC|title=Nation, Governance, and Modernity in China|access-date=6 May 2016|isbn=9780804748209|last1=Tsin|first1=Michael T. W.|date=December 2002|publisher=Stanford University Press }} - Article about book: ''[[Nation, Governance, and Modernity in China]]''</ref><ref name="Langmead">Langmead, Donald. [2011] (2011). Maya Lin: A Biography. ABC-CLIO publishing. {{ISBN|0313378533}}, 9780313378539. pg 5–6.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/BIG5/15657913.html|title=辛亥革命研究專家章開沅："廣東是革命搖籃"|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Revolutionary leader [[Sun Yat-sen]] was born in [[Zhongshan]], Guangdong.<ref>Saltwater City: An Illustrated History of the Chinese in Vancouver By Paul Yee [https://books.google.com/books?id=G1opLEH8OmIC&dq=Sun+Yat-sen+shek+ki+accent&pg=PA38]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90882/7609678.html|title=Chinese community in Houston marks centenary of 1911 Revolution|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Hong Kong was where he developed his thoughts of revolution and was the base of subsequent uprisings, as well as the first revolutionary newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkpl.gov.hk/english/ext_act/ext_act_pub/ext_act_pub_ln/2011/7/ln_201107iss_ln2.html|title=Hong Kong public libraries Leisure and Cultural Services Department|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530185056/http://www.hkpl.gov.hk/english/ext_act/ext_act_pub/ext_act_pub_ln/2011/7/ln_201107iss_ln2.html|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2011-08/31/c_121936138.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005035242/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2011-08/31/c_121936138.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2011|title=香港为何成辛亥革命摇篮_时政频道_新华网|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary army was largely made up of Cantonese, and many of the early revolutionary leaders were also Cantonese.<ref>Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor By Elizabeth J. Perry [https://books.google.com/books?id=D0oAqaajaR0C&dq=Cantonese+sun+yat+sen+xinhai+revolution+troops&pg=PA40]</ref>
 ==Cultural hub==
@@ Line 135: / Line 137: @@
 ==Culture==
 {{Main|Cantonese culture}}
-The term "Cantonese" is used to refer to the native culture, language and people of Guangdong and Guangxi.<ref>Unity and diversity: local cultures and identities in China By David Faure [https://books.google.com/books?id=sEbAyJ7aj38C&dq=cantonese+is+the+western+of+yue&pg=PA37]</ref>
+The term "Cantonese" is used to refer to the native culture, language, and people who can trace their ancestral roots back to the city of [[Guangzhou]]. Their influence has spread across the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.<ref>Unity and diversity: local cultures and identities in China By David Faure [https://books.google.com/books?id=sEbAyJ7aj38C&dq=cantonese+is+the+western+of+yue&pg=PA37]</ref>
 There are cultural, economic, political, generational and geographical differences in making "Cantonese-ness" in and beyond Guangdong and Guangxi, with the interacting dynamics of migration, education, social developments and cultural representations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Xiao|first=Y.|date=2017|title=Who needs Cantonese, who speaks? Whispers across mountains, delta, and waterfronts|journal=Cultural Studies|volume=31|issue=4|pages=489–522|doi=10.1080/09502386.2016.1236394|s2cid=163356492}}</ref>
@@ Line 143: / Line 145: @@
 Because of its tradition of usage in music, cinema, literature and newspapers, this form of Cantonese is a cultural mark of identity that distinguishes Cantonese people from speakers of other varieties of Chinese, whose languages are prohibited to have strong influences under China's Standard Mandarin policy. The pronunciation and vocabulary of Cantonese has preserved many features of the official language of the Tang dynasty with elements of the [[ancient Yue language]].<ref name="scmpc2">''South China Morning Post''. [2009] (2009). 11, October. "Linguistic heritage in peril". By Chloe Lai.</ref> [[Written Cantonese]] is very common in [[manhua]], books, articles, magazines, newspapers, online chat, instant messaging, internet blogs and social networking websites. [[Anime]], [[cartoon]]s and foreign films are also dubbed in Cantonese. Some videogames such as [[Sleeping Dogs (video game)|Sleeping Dogs]], [[Far Cry 4]], [[Grand Theft Auto III]] and [[Resident Evil 6]] have substantial Cantonese dialogues.
+===Arts===
+Cantonese people have created various schools or styles of arts, with the more prominent being [[Lingnan architecture]], [[Lingnan school of painting]], [[Canton porcelain]], [[Cantonese opera]], [[Guangdong music (genre)|Cantonese music]], among many others.
-'''<big>Architecture</big>'''
+'''<big>Architecture</big>'''<gallery widths="185">
+File:Woerlou.jpg|<small>Woerlou style of roof construction, characteristic of Cantonese houses</small>
+File:Guangzhou Panyu Lianxi Cun Gu Jianzhu Qun 2024-02-11 16.22.49.jpg|<small>Building in Panyu, Guangdong</small>
-Cantonese architecture or Lingnan architecture favors pale colors such as white and grey-green, demonstrates straight rather than curved roof ridges and the use of "woerlou or omega-shaped structures" at the ends, and employs open structures such as balconies, skylights and verandas to accommodate the tropical climate in the south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Architecture in Southeast Asia: Cantonese Architecture |url=https://ccs.city/en/chinese-cultural-club/chinese-art/cantonese-architecture |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=ccs.city |language=en}}</ref> Buildings are also generally taller than in the north. It also features narrow structures known as "cold alleys" to promote the increase of windspeed, and thus the cooling and ventilation of buildings.<gallery widths="200">
+File:Zhanyuan architecture.jpg|<small>Building in Zhongshan, Guangdong</small>
-File:Woerlou.jpg|Woerlou style of roof construction, characteristic of Cantonese houses
+File:The Chen Clan's Academy.jpg|<small>Chen Clan academy</small>
-File:Guangzhou Panyu Lianxi Cun Gu Jianzhu Qun 2024-02-11 16.22.49.jpg|Building in Panyu, Guangdong
-File:Zhanyuan architecture.jpg|Building in Zhongshan, Guangdong
-File:The Chen Clan's Academy.jpg|Chen Clan academy
 </gallery>
-===Arts===
+Cantonese architecture or Lingnan architecture favors pale colors such as white and grey-green, demonstrates straight rather than curved roof ridges and the use of "woerlou or omega-shaped structures" at the ends, and employs open structures such as balconies, skylights and verandas to accommodate the tropical climate in the south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Architecture in Southeast Asia: Cantonese Architecture |url=https://ccs.city/en/chinese-cultural-club/chinese-art/cantonese-architecture |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=ccs.city |language=en}}</ref> Buildings are also generally taller than in the north. It also features narrow structures known as "cold alleys" to promote the increase of windspeed, and thus the cooling and ventilation of buildings.
-[[File:Avenue of Stars Statue crop.jpg|thumb|A statue on the [[Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong|Avenue of Stars]], a tribute to Hong Kong Cantonese cinema |alt=A bronze statue on a pedestal, with the Hong Kong skyline in the background. The pedestal is designed in the image of four clapperboards forming a box. The statue is of a woman wrapped in photographic film, looking straight up, with her left hand stretched upwards and holding a glass sphere containing a light.|161x161px]]
-[[File:Hong kong bruce lee statue.jpg|thumb|Statue of Cantonese martial artist [[Bruce Lee]] at the [[Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong]]|left|150x150px]]
+=== Popular Culture ===
+[[File:Hong kong bruce lee statue.jpg|thumb|<small>Statue of Cantonese martial artist [[Bruce Lee]] at the [[Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong]]</small>|left|150x150px]]
 [[Cantopop]] during its early glory had spread to mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. Well-known Cantopop singers include [[Andy Lau]], [[Aaron Kwok]], [[Joey Yung]], [[Alan Tam]], [[Roman Tam]], [[Anita Mui]], [[Danny Chan]], [[Leslie Cheung]], [[Jacky Cheung]], [[Leon Lai]], [[Sammi Cheng]] and [[Coco Lee]], many of whom are of Cantonese or Taishanese origin.
-The [[Cinema of Hong Kong|Hong Kong movie industry]] was the third-largest movie industry in the world (after [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and [[Bollywood]]) for decades throughout the 20th century, with Cantonese-language films viewed and acclaimed around the world. Recent films include ''[[Kung Fu Hustle]]'', ''[[Infernal Affairs]]'' and ''[[Ip Man 3]]''.
+The [[Cinema of Hong Kong|Hong Kong movie industry]] was the third-largest movie industry in the world (after [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and [[Bollywood]]) for decades throughout the 20th century, with Cantonese-language films viewed and acclaimed around the world for its innovative style. [[File:Avenue of Stars Statue crop.jpg|thumb|<small>A statue on the [[Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong|Avenue of Stars]], a tribute to Hong Kong Cantonese cinema</small> |alt=A bronze statue on a pedestal, with the Hong Kong skyline in the background. The pedestal is designed in the image of four clapperboards forming a box. The statue is of a woman wrapped in photographic film, looking straight up, with her left hand stretched upwards and holding a glass sphere containing a light.|161x161px|left]]
+Cantonese popular culture through the medium Hong Kong cinema has been responsible for pioneering the development of new genres and styles and paving the path for the rest of Chinese cinema. These innovations include the development of action-comedy genre exemplified in movies such as the [[God of Gamblers]], the pioneering of the comedy-horror genre seen in [[Mr. Vampire|Mr Vampire]],  the popularization Chinese cultivation fantasy fiction genres as seen in cult classics and experimental movies rich in special effects such as [[A Chinese Ghost Story|Chinese Ghost Story]] and [[Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain|Zu Warriors from Magic Mountain]], and leading the way for the use of complex choreography and stunts through Jackie Chan movies such as [[Police Story (1985 film)|Police Story]].
+Recent films include ''[[Kung Fu Hustle]]'', ''[[Shaolin Soccer]]'', ''[[Infernal Affairs]]'' and ''[[Ip Man 3]]''.
-Cantonese people are also known to create various schools or styles of arts, with the more prominent being [[Lingnan architecture]], [[Lingnan school of painting]], [[Canton porcelain]], [[Cantonese opera]], [[Guangdong music (genre)|Cantonese music]], among many others.
 ===Cuisine===
-[[File:Dumplings-AH.jpg|thumb|Cantonese [[dim sum]]|160x160px]]
 {{Main|Cantonese cuisine}}
-Cantonese cuisine has become one of the most renowned types of cuisine around the world, characterized by its variety of cooking methods and use of fresh ingredients, particularly seafood.<ref name="Chapius-01">{{cite book|title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwRE0HIIyWkC&q=Cantonese+food+is+the+best&pg=PA281|pages=281|isbn=9781118098752|last1=Civitello|first1=Linda|date=23 March 2011| publisher=Wiley }}</ref> One of the most famous examples of Cantonese cuisine is [[dim sum]], a variety of small and light dishes such as ''[[har gow]]'' (steamed shrimp dumplings), ''[[Shumai|siu mai]]'' (steamed pork dumplings) and ''[[cha siu bao]]'' (barbecued pork buns).<gallery mode="nolines" widths="240">
+Cantonese cuisine is one of the "Great Eight Traditions" of Chinese cuisine, has become one of the most renowned types of cuisine around the world, characterized by its variety of cooking methods and use of fresh ingredients, particularly seafood.<ref name="Chapius-01">{{cite book|title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwRE0HIIyWkC&q=Cantonese+food+is+the+best&pg=PA281|pages=281|isbn=9781118098752|last1=Civitello|first1=Linda|date=23 March 2011| publisher=Wiley }}</ref> One of the most famous examples of Cantonese cuisine is [[dim sum]], a variety of small and light dishes such as ''[[har gow]]'' (steamed shrimp dumplings), ''[[Shumai|siu mai]]'' (steamed pork dumplings) and ''[[cha siu bao]]'' (barbecued pork buns).<gallery mode="nolines" widths="240">
 File:Dim Sum Breakfast.jpg|<small>Dim Sum, a characteristic part of Cantonese cuisine</small>
+File:Har Gow at Canal Luna restaurant, InterContinental Guangzhou Exhibition Center (20180923125523).jpg|<small>Har Gow Dim Sum</small>
+File:Arranged century egg on a plate.jpg|<small>Century Egg, a fermented type of hardboiled egg</small>
+File:Cantonese roast duck in Los Angeles Chinatown.jpg|<small>Roast duck, an important part of Cantonese cuisine</small>
 File:Char Siu and Siu Yuk in Tai Po.jpg|<small>Char Siu, a characteristic Cantonese dish</small>
-File:Cantonese roast duck in Los Angeles Chinatown.jpg|<small>Roast duck, an important part of Cantonese cuisine</small>
 </gallery>
-==Genetics==
-Han Chinese populations are classified into groups based on linguistic classification, all of whom speak variants of the Sinitic [[Chinese language]]. According to research, Cantonese peoples idenfy with [[Han Chinese]] lineage with various local genetic clusters suggesting language-based [[endogamy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=J |last2=Zheng |first2=H |last3=Bei |first3=JX |last4=Sun |first4=L |last5=Jia |first5=WH |last6=Li |first6=T |last7=Zhang |first7=F |last8=Seielstad |first8=M |last9=Zeng |first9=YX |last10=Zhang |first10=X |last11=Liu |first11=J |title=Genetic structure of the Han Chinese population revealed by genome-wide SNP variation |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=85 |issue=6 |date=December 2009 |pages=775–785 |pmid=19944401 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 |pmc=2790583 }}</ref> On paternal lineage, the Cantonese population has both Han and Nanyue ancestry. For maternal lineages, the Cantonese population displays genetic differentiation from the northern Han Chinese population, and mostly southern natives contributed to the gene pool.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid = 15372031|doi=10.1038/nature02878|volume=431|title=Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture|date=September 2004|journal=Nature|pages=302–5|last1 = Wen|first1 = B|last2 = Li|first2 = H|last3 = Lu|first3 = D|issue=7006|bibcode=2004Natur.431..302W|s2cid=4301581|display-authors = etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Xue|first1 = Fuzhong|last2 = Wang|first2 = Yi|last3 = Xu|first3 = Shuhua|last4 = Zhang|first4 = Feng|last5 = Wen|first5 = Bo|last6 = Wu|first6 = Xuesen|last7 = Lu|first7 = Ming|last8 = Deka|first8 = Ranjan|last9 = Qian|first9 = Ji|year = 2008|title = A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between maternal and paternal lineages|journal = [[European Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume = 16|issue = 6|pages = 705–17|doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201998|pmid = 18212820|s2cid = 23993208|doi-access = free}}</ref> Speakers of [[Pinghua]] display paternally genetics from southern minorities, while maternally are Nanyue southern minorities too.<ref name="pinghua_nature">{{cite journal | last1 = Gan | first1 = R. J. | last2 = Pan | first2 = S. L. | last3 = Mustavich | first3 = L. F. | last4 = Qin | first4 = Z. D. | last5 = Cai | first5 = X. Y. | last6 = Qian | first6 = J. | last7 = Jin | first7 = L. | year = 2008 | title = Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 53 | issue = 4| pages = 303–313 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-008-0250-x | pmid = 18270655 | s2cid = 9887262| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McFadzean | first1 = A. J. S. | last2 = Todd | first2 = D. | year = 1971 | title = Cooley's anaemia among the tanka of South China | journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 65 | issue = 1| pages = 59–62 | doi = 10.1016/0035-9203(71)90185-4 | pmid = 5092429}}</ref> These genetic differences have contributed to Cantonese differing from other Han Chinese groups in terms of physical appearance<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Li | first1 = Y.-L | last2 = Lu | first2 = S.-H | last3 = Chen | first3 = C | last4 = Gao | first4 = G.-S | last5 = Cao | first5 = Y | last6 = Guo | first6 = H | last7 = Zheng | first7 = L.-B. | year = 2012 | title = Physical characteristics of cantonese han people in Guangdong | journal = Acta Anatomica Sinica | volume = 43 | pages = 837–845 | doi = 10.3969/j.issn.0529-1356.2012.06.023}}</ref> and proneness to certain diseases.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wee | first1 = J. T. | last2 = Ha | first2 = T. C. | last3 = Loong | first3 = S. L. | last4 = Qian | first4 = C. N. | year = 2010 | title = Is nasopharyngeal cancer really a" Cantonese cancer"?. | url = https://ro.uow.edu.au/sspapers/3898| journal = Chinese Journal of Cancer | volume = 29 | issue = 5| pages = 517–526 | doi = 10.5732/cjc.009.10329 | pmid = 20426903| doi-access = free }}</ref> The origin of the Cantonese people was initially Tai-speaking people related to the Zhuang people in Guangdong with whom later mixed with the ancient Chinese settlers from the North. <ref>{{cite book | last = Chappell | first = Hilary | date = 2015 | title = Diversity in Sinitic Languages | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfT8CgAAQBAJ&dq=zhuang+people+cantonese+genetic&pg=PA158 | publisher = Oxford University Press | page = 158 }}</ref>
 ==Notable figures==
 {{main list|List of Cantonese people}}
 This is an '''incomplete list''' of notable Cantonese people.
-[[File:Yuan Chonghuan.jpg|thumb|287x287px|<small>Yuan Chonghuan, a notable Chinese patriot and hero</small> ]]
+[[File:Yuan Chonghuan.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Yuan Chonghuan, a notable Chinese patriot and hero]]
 ===Historical===
-* [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]], king of Nanhai and first emperor of the Yue/Han kingdom between 917 and 971
+* [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]], king of Nanhai and first emperor of the [[Southern Han]] dynasty
 * [[Liang Daoming]], king of Palembang during the Ming dynasty.
 * Chow Ah Chi, a Toisan Cantonese was [[Stamford Raffles|Sir Stamford Raffles]]' ship carpenter who was the first man to land on modern-day [[Singapore]] and led the way in posting the [[Flag of the East India Company|East India Company's flag]] on Singapore Island.
 * [[Zheng Yi Sao|Ching Shih]], a female pirate leader brothel owner
-* [[Zheng Yi (pirate)|Cheng I]], pirate and husband of Ching Shih
 * [[Ah Pak]], pirate chieftain who defeated Portuguese pirates
-* [[Liu Chang (Southern Han)|Liu Chang]], the last emperor of the Southern Han Kingdom
+* [[Liu Chang (Southern Han)|Liu Chang]], the last emperor of the Southern Han dynasty
 * [[Yuan Chonghuan]], a Chinese general and hero from Ming dynasty who defeated and ward off the Manchu invasion
-[[File:李鐵夫孫中山12345.jpg|thumb|<small>"Portrait of Sun Yat-sen" (1921) [[Li Tiefu]]</small>|260x260px]]
+[[File:李鐵夫孫中山12345.jpg|thumb|"Portrait of Sun Yat-sen" (1921) [[Li Tiefu]]|260x260px]]
 * [[Sun Yat-sen]], born in Zhongshan, Guangdong; Chinese revolutionary and founder of the Republic of China
 * [[Deng Shichang]], admiral and one of the first modern naval officers in China in the late Qing dynasty
@@ Line 196: / Line 203: @@
 * [[H. S. Lee|Henry Lee Hau Shik]], first Finance Minister of the Federation of Malaya and the only major leader of the independence movement not born in Malaya.
 * [[Jiang Guangnai]], general and statesman in the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China who successfully defended Shanghai City from the Japanese invasion in the 28 January Incident of 1932
 ===Entertainers===
-[[File:NYAFF2015 HK PressConference 0626201535 (19152978038).jpg|thumb|<small>Aaron Kwok</small>]]
+[[File:NYAFF2015 HK PressConference 0626201535 (19152978038).jpg|thumb|Aaron Kwok]]
 * [[Anna May Wong]], the first Chinese American and Asian female international movie star
 * [[Anita Mui]], singer and actress, dubbed as the "[[Madonna]] of the East".
@@ Line 209: / Line 214: @@
 * [[John Woo]], influential film director
 * [[Tony Leung Chiu-wai]], award-winning actor known for his collaborations with [[Wong Kar-wai]], including ''[[In the Mood for Love|In The Mood For Love]]''
-* [[File:GigiLai2007.jpg|thumb|<small>Gigi Lai</small>]][[Andy Lau]], one of Hong Kong's most commercially successful singers and actors since the mid-1980s
+[[File:GigiLai2007.jpg|thumb|Gigi Lai]]
+* [[Andy Lau]], one of Hong Kong's most commercially successful singers and actors since the mid-1980s
 * [[Gigi Lai]], actress and Cantopop singer
 * [[Aaron Kwok]], dancer and singer since the early 1990s
 * [[Amy Kwok]], actress and [[Miss Hong Kong Pageant|Miss Hong Kong]] 1991
-* [[Eason Chan]], well-known Cantopop singer
 * [[Rainie Yang]], Taiwanese singer
-* [[Vivian Chow]], Cantopop singer and actress
 * [[Fish Leong]], Malaysian Chinese singer
 * [[Kris Wu]], Chinese Canadian actor and singer, former member of K-pop boy band [[Exo|EXO]].
 * [[Jackson Wang]], singer and member of K-pop boy band [[Got7|GOT7]].
-* [[Louis Koo]], Hong Kong actor
 * [[Tony Leung Ka-fai]], Hong Kong actor
 * [[Nick Cheung|Cheung Ka Fai]], Hong Kong actor
@@ Line 291: / Line 294: @@
 * [[Fong Po Kuan]], Malaysian politician from the Democratic Action Party (DAP)
 * [[Anthony Loke|Loke Siew Fook]],  Member of the Parliament of Malaysia
-* [[Tan Chee Khoon]], major figure in Malaysian politics from 1959 to 1978
 * [[Lui Tuck Yew]], country's Minister for Transport and Second Minister for Defence, Singapore's Chief of Navy from 1999 to 2003
 * [[Antonio Ng|António Ng Kuok Cheong]] is currently a member in the Macau Legislative Assembly and was the founding chairman of the New Democratic Macau Association.
@@ Line 332: / Line 334: @@
 * [[Tang Yiu]] Hong Kong billionaire businessman, founder of shoe and sportswear retailer Belle International
 * [[Mei Quong Tart]], rich nineteenth-century merchant
-* Yaw Teck Seng was founded of Sarawak timber group, Samling
 * [[Charles Sew Hoy]], merchant and gold-dredging pioneer
 * [[Loke Yew]], philanthropist and was once the richest man in British Malaysia

v t e Guangdong topics
Guangzhou (capital)
General	History Politics Economy
Geography	Cities Metropolitan areas Chaoshan Pearl River Delta Sanyi (Sam Yup) Sze Yup (Siyi) Leizhou Peninsula Regions Pearl River Delta Yuexi Yuebei Yuedong Pearl River East River West River Nanling Mountains Pratas Island and the Vereker Banks (claimed) Shamian Island
Education	Guangzhou Education Shenzhen Education
Culture	Lingnan culture Cantonese people Varieties of Chinese Yue Chinese Hailufeng Teochew Hakka Lingnan architecture Tong lau Lingnan garden Cantonese embroidery Teochew woodcarving Lingnan penjing Canton porcelain Lingnan School Music Cantonese opera Naamyam Guangdong music Gou Wu Cantonese poetry Cantonese nationalism Hung Ga Wing Chun Lingnan Confucianism Flowermarket Cantonese lion dance Wong Tai Sin Hung Shing Cantonese merchants Red cotton flower Cantonese folktales The Legend of Five Goats Villain hitting Hakka people Teochew people Zhuang people Chu Hua Yuan
Cuisine	Cantonese cuisine Beef chow fun Chow mein Char siu Roasted suckling pig Bird's nest soup Seafood birdsnest Shumai Cantonese fried rice Dim sum Yum cha Leung cha Tong sui Hakka cuisine Teochew cuisine
Category Commons

v t e Guangxi topics
Nanning (capital)
General	History Politics Economy
Geography	Cities Nanling Mountains Gulf of Tonkin Kitten Mountain
Education	Guangxi University Guangxi Normal University Guangxi Medical University
Culture	Cantonese culture Cantonese people Cantonese nationalism Zhuang customs and culture Zhuang people Varieties of Chinese Yue Chinese Southwestern Mandarin Pinghua Zhuang languages Mienic languages
Cuisine	Cantonese cuisine Luosifen Shumai Tuotuorou
Visitor attractions	Longsheng Rice Terraces Li River Jingjiang Princes' Palace Yangshuo County Ban Gioc–Detian Falls Weizhou Island
Category Commons