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== Career ==
== Career ==
Turban is an assistant professor of child and adolescent psychiatry and health policy at the [[University of California, San Francisco]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> He has published studies showing that gender identity [[Conversion therapy|conversion therapies]] (attempts to make transgender people cisgender) are widespread in the US<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/nearly-200-000-trans-people-have-been-exposed-conversion-therapy-n1042891 |title=Nearly 200,000 trans people have been exposed to conversion therapy, study says |last=Aviles |first=Gwen |date= |website=NBC News |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.trust.org/item/20190906084639-ak920/ |title=Transgender people in U.S. still face conversion therapy attempts |last=Crist |first=Carolyn |date= |newspaper=News.trust.org |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> and associated with suicide attempts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/09/11/conversion-therapy-associated-with-severe-psychological-distress-transgender-people-study-says/ |title=Conversion therapy associated with severe psychological distress in transgender people, study says |last=Bever |first=Lindsey |date= |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/gender-identity-conversion-therapy-suicide-transgender-discrimination-hate-1458488 |title=Transgender conversion therapy linked to suicide attempts, with practice "rooted solely in discrimination and hate" |last=Gander |first=Kashmira |date=September 11, 2019 |website=Newsweek |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-jack-turban-study-transgender-cisgender-conversion-suicide-attempts-20190911-3foyoiecojcfjd4sbffmcdunm4-story.html |title=Trans adults who try professional help to change gender identity are twice likely to commit suicide, new study finds |last=Assunção |first=Muri |date= |website=New York Daily News |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/new-study-reveals-risks-transgender-conversion-therapy |title=New study reveals risks of transgender 'conversion therapy' |last=Wadman |first=Meredith |date=September 12, 2019 |website=Science Magazine |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/59ndz8/new-study-conclusively-ties-conversion-therapy-to-suicide-attempts |title=New Study Conclusively Ties "Conversion Therapy" to Suicide Attempts |last=Mahale |first=Jenna |date=September 14, 2019 |website=Vice |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> His research has shown that access to gender-affirming medical care ([[Puberty blocker|puberty blockers]] and [[Gender-affirming hormone therapy|gender-affirming hormones]]) during adolescence is linked to better mental health outcomes in adulthood.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramirez|first=Marc|title=Transgender children who get hormone therapy enjoy better mental health, study says|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2022/01/15/transgender-hormone-therapy-early-start-helps-mental-health-kids/9174802002/|access-date=February 22, 2022|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Early access to gender-affirming hormones linked to better mental health, study finds|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-health-and-wellness/early-access-gender-affirming-hormones-linked-better-mental-health-stu-rcna11839|access-date=February 22, 2022|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Puberty blockers linked to lower suicide risk for transgender people|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/puberty-blockers-linked-lower-suicide-risk-transgender-people-n1122101|access-date=February 22, 2022|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=G|first1=Kashmira|last2=er|date=January 23, 2020|title=Transgender people who have access to puberty blockers are less likely to have suicidal thoughts, study finds|url=https://www.newsweek.com/transgender-puberty-blockers-suicidal-thoughts-study-1483655|access-date=February 22, 2022|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> He has also been one of the few researchers to publish on the topic of gender [[Detransition|de-transition]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bokat-Lindell|first=Spencer|date=April 8, 2021|title=Opinion {{!}} How Trans Children Became a Political Football|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/opinion/transgender-children-sports-medical.html|access-date=October 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Knox|first=Liam|title=Media's 'detransition' narrative is fueling misconceptions, trans advocates say|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/media-s-detransition-narrative-fueling-misconceptions-trans-advocates-say-n1102686|access-date=October 26, 2021|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> including in the academic literature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turban|first1=Jack L.|last2=Loo|first2=Stephanie S.|last3=Almazan|first3=Anthony N.|last4=Keuroghlian|first4=Alex S.|date=May 2021|title=Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis|journal=LGBT Health|volume=8|issue=4|pages=273–280|doi=10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437|issn=2325-8306|pmc=8213007|pmid=33794108}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turban|first1=Jack L.|last2=Keuroghlian|first2=Alex S.|date=July 2018|title=Dynamic Gender Presentations: Understanding Transition and "De-Transition" Among Transgender Youth|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29960687/|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=57|issue=7|pages=451–453|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2018.03.016|issn=1527-5418|pmid=29960687|s2cid=49645550}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turban|first1=Jack L.|last2=Carswell|first2=Jeremi|last3=Keuroghlian|first3=Alex S.|date=October 1, 2018|title=Understanding Pediatric Patients Who Discontinue Gender-Affirming Hormonal Interventions|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30178056/|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|volume=172|issue=10|pages=903–904|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1817|issn=2168-6211|pmid=30178056|s2cid=52147320}}</ref>
Turban is an assistant professor of child and adolescent psychiatry and health policy at the [[University of California, San Francisco]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> He has published studies showing that gender identity [[Conversion therapy|conversion therapies]] (attempts to make transgender people cisgender) are widespread in the US<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/nearly-200-000-trans-people-have-been-exposed-conversion-therapy-n1042891 |title=Nearly 200,000 trans people have been exposed to conversion therapy, study says |last=Aviles |first=Gwen |date= |website=NBC News |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.trust.org/item/20190906084639-ak920/ |title=Transgender people in U.S. still face conversion therapy attempts |last=Crist |first=Carolyn |date= |newspaper=News.trust.org |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> and associated with suicide attempts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/09/11/conversion-therapy-associated-with-severe-psychological-distress-transgender-people-study-says/ |title=Conversion therapy associated with severe psychological distress in transgender people, study says |last=Bever |first=Lindsey |date= |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/gender-identity-conversion-therapy-suicide-transgender-discrimination-hate-1458488 |title=Transgender conversion therapy linked to suicide attempts, with practice "rooted solely in discrimination and hate" |last=Gander |first=Kashmira |date=September 11, 2019 |website=Newsweek |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-jack-turban-study-transgender-cisgender-conversion-suicide-attempts-20190911-3foyoiecojcfjd4sbffmcdunm4-story.html |title=Trans adults who try professional help to change gender identity are twice likely to commit suicide, new study finds |last=Assunção |first=Muri |date= |website=New York Daily News |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/new-study-reveals-risks-transgender-conversion-therapy |title=New study reveals risks of transgender 'conversion therapy' |last=Wadman |first=Meredith |date=September 12, 2019 |website=Science Magazine |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/59ndz8/new-study-conclusively-ties-conversion-therapy-to-suicide-attempts |title=New Study Conclusively Ties "Conversion Therapy" to Suicide Attempts |last=Mahale |first=Jenna |date=September 14, 2019 |website=Vice |language=en |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> His research has shown that access to gender-affirming medical care ([[Puberty blocker|puberty blockers]] and [[Gender-affirming hormone therapy|gender-affirming hormones]]) during adolescence is linked to better mental health outcomes in adulthood,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramirez|first=Marc|title=Transgender children who get hormone therapy enjoy better mental health, study says|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2022/01/15/transgender-hormone-therapy-early-start-helps-mental-health-kids/9174802002/|access-date=February 22, 2022|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Early access to gender-affirming hormones linked to better mental health, study finds|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-health-and-wellness/early-access-gender-affirming-hormones-linked-better-mental-health-stu-rcna11839|access-date=February 22, 2022|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Puberty blockers linked to lower suicide risk for transgender people|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/puberty-blockers-linked-lower-suicide-risk-transgender-people-n1122101|access-date=February 22, 2022|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=G|first1=Kashmira|last2=er|date=January 23, 2020|title=Transgender people who have access to puberty blockers are less likely to have suicidal thoughts, study finds|url=https://www.newsweek.com/transgender-puberty-blockers-suicidal-thoughts-study-1483655|access-date=February 22, 2022|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> though the ability of his study to show this causal link has been disputed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commentary: The Signal and the Noise—questioning the benefits of puberty blockers for youth with gender dysphoria—a commentary on Rew et al. (2021)|url=https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/camh.12533|access-date=November 8, 2022|language=en}}</ref> He has also been one of the few researchers to publish on the topic of gender [[Detransition|de-transition]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bokat-Lindell|first=Spencer|date=April 8, 2021|title=Opinion {{!}} How Trans Children Became a Political Football|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/opinion/transgender-children-sports-medical.html|access-date=October 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Knox|first=Liam|title=Media's 'detransition' narrative is fueling misconceptions, trans advocates say|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/media-s-detransition-narrative-fueling-misconceptions-trans-advocates-say-n1102686|access-date=October 26, 2021|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> including in the academic literature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turban|first1=Jack L.|last2=Loo|first2=Stephanie S.|last3=Almazan|first3=Anthony N.|last4=Keuroghlian|first4=Alex S.|date=May 2021|title=Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis|journal=LGBT Health|volume=8|issue=4|pages=273–280|doi=10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437|issn=2325-8306|pmc=8213007|pmid=33794108}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turban|first1=Jack L.|last2=Keuroghlian|first2=Alex S.|date=July 2018|title=Dynamic Gender Presentations: Understanding Transition and "De-Transition" Among Transgender Youth|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29960687/|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=57|issue=7|pages=451–453|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2018.03.016|issn=1527-5418|pmid=29960687|s2cid=49645550}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turban|first1=Jack L.|last2=Carswell|first2=Jeremi|last3=Keuroghlian|first3=Alex S.|date=October 1, 2018|title=Understanding Pediatric Patients Who Discontinue Gender-Affirming Hormonal Interventions|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30178056/|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|volume=172|issue=10|pages=903–904|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1817|issn=2168-6211|pmid=30178056|s2cid=52147320}}</ref>


Turban has been critical of ''Wall Street Journal'' writer [[Abigail Shrier]]'s book ''[[Irreversible Damage]],'' which alleges that a recent surge in adolescents becoming transgender is taking place, largely due to social contagion. He claimed that the book misinterpreted and omitted important scientific evidence about young people and gender identity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Book "Irreversible Damage" Is Full of Misinformation {{!}} Psychology Today|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/political-minds/202012/new-book-irreversible-damage-is-full-misinformation|access-date=October 26, 2021|website=www.psychologytoday.com|language=en}}</ref> He subsequently co-authored a study finding that [[gender dysphoria in children]] was not caused by [[social contagion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yurcaba |first=Jo |date=2022-08-13 |title=Gender Dysphoria in Transgender Kids Is Not Caused by 'Social Contagion,' Study Finds |url=https://people.com/health/gender-dysphoria-transgender-kids-not-caused-social-contagion-study-finds/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref>
Turban has been critical of ''Wall Street Journal'' writer [[Abigail Shrier]]'s book ''[[Irreversible Damage]],'' which alleges that a recent surge in adolescents becoming transgender is taking place, largely due to social contagion. He claimed that the book misinterpreted and omitted important scientific evidence about young people and gender identity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Book "Irreversible Damage" Is Full of Misinformation {{!}} Psychology Today|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/political-minds/202012/new-book-irreversible-damage-is-full-misinformation|access-date=October 26, 2021|website=www.psychologytoday.com|language=en}}</ref> He subsequently co-authored a study finding that [[gender dysphoria in children]] was not caused by [[social contagion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yurcaba |first=Jo |date=2022-08-13 |title=Gender Dysphoria in Transgender Kids Is Not Caused by 'Social Contagion,' Study Finds |url=https://people.com/health/gender-dysphoria-transgender-kids-not-caused-social-contagion-study-finds/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:36, 8 November 2022

Jack Turban
File:LPCH Headshot Cropped.jpg
Born
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
EducationHarvard University (BA)
Yale University (MD, MHS)
Occupation(s)Physician and researcher
EmployerUniversity of California San Francisco
Known forLGBTQ mental health research

Jack L. Turban is an American psychiatrist and writer who researches LGBTQ health, with a focus on the mental health of transgender youth.[1][2] His writing has appeared in The New York Times,[3][4][5] The Washington Post,[6][7] and Vox.[8][9][10] He is an assistant professor of child and adolescent psychiatry at The University of California San Francisco and affiliate faculty in health policy at The Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies.[11][12]

Early life and education

Turban was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[1] Fearful of violence from his father, he did not come out as gay until he attended college.[13] He later wrote in The New England Journal of Medicine about his early experiences of childhood homophobia and how they influenced his experience of medical education.[13] Turban attended Harvard College where he studied neuroscience, then earned his medical and master of health science degrees from Yale School of Medicine. He completed psychiatry residency at McLean Hospital (Harvard Medical School) in 2020 and child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship at Stanford University School of Medicine in 2022.[12][11]

Career

Turban is an assistant professor of child and adolescent psychiatry and health policy at the University of California, San Francisco.[11][12] He has published studies showing that gender identity conversion therapies (attempts to make transgender people cisgender) are widespread in the US[14][15] and associated with suicide attempts.[16][17][18][19][20] His research has shown that access to gender-affirming medical care (puberty blockers and gender-affirming hormones) during adolescence is linked to better mental health outcomes in adulthood,[21][22][23][24] though the ability of his study to show this causal link has been disputed.[25] He has also been one of the few researchers to publish on the topic of gender de-transition,[26][27] including in the academic literature.[28][29][30]

Turban has been critical of Wall Street Journal writer Abigail Shrier's book Irreversible Damage, which alleges that a recent surge in adolescents becoming transgender is taking place, largely due to social contagion. He claimed that the book misinterpreted and omitted important scientific evidence about young people and gender identity.[31] He subsequently co-authored a study finding that gender dysphoria in children was not caused by social contagion.[32]

Turban has been critical of the geosocial networking application Grindr, and argued in Vox that the app may have detrimental effects on the mental health of gay men.[33][9] He has complained that Grindr does not do enough to keep minors off of their platform, and that this may pose sexual risk to young people.[34] His opinion piece for The New York Times about minors on Grindr was one of several LGBT articles that were conspicuously censored with large white boxes in The New York Times print edition in Qatar.[35]

References

  1. ^ a b Brammer, John Paul (June 14, 2017). "#Pride30: Physician Jack Turban is dedicated to trans kids' health". NBC News. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  2. ^ Isaac, Bronwyn. "How Young Doctors Are De-Bunking Transphobia In Medicine". Bustle. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  3. ^ Turban, Jack (April 8, 2017). "Opinion | Hannah Is a Girl. Doctors Finally Treat Her Like One". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  4. ^ Turban, Jack (February 6, 2020). "Opinion | What South Dakota Doesn't Get About Transgender Children". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  5. ^ Turban, Jack (June 13, 2018). "Opinion | The Digital Sex Lives of Young Gay Teenagers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  6. ^ Turban, Jack. "Opinion | How I am prioritizing my psychiatry patients amid a pandemic". Washington Post. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  7. ^ Turban, Jack. "Opinion | Texas officials are spreading blatant falsehoods about medical care for transgender kids". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
  8. ^ Turban, Jack (April 15, 2020). ""I want to donate plasma for an experimental Covid-19 treatment. Because of homophobia, I can't."". Vox. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  9. ^ a b "We need to talk about how Grindr is affecting gay men's mental health". www.vox.com. April 4, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  10. ^ Turban, Jack (October 22, 2018). "It's okay to let your transgender kid transition — even if they might change their mind in the future". Vox. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  11. ^ a b c "Jack Turban MD MHS Profile". University of California San Francisco.
  12. ^ a b c "Jack Turban MD MHS | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  13. ^ a b Turban, Jack L. (October 3, 2019). "Medical Training in the Closet". New England Journal of Medicine. 381 (14): 1305–1307. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1905829. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 7935459. PMID 31577873.
  14. ^ Aviles, Gwen. "Nearly 200,000 trans people have been exposed to conversion therapy, study says". NBC News. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  15. ^ Crist, Carolyn. "Transgender people in U.S. still face conversion therapy attempts". News.trust.org. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  16. ^ Bever, Lindsey. "Conversion therapy associated with severe psychological distress in transgender people, study says". The Washington Post.
  17. ^ Gander, Kashmira (September 11, 2019). "Transgender conversion therapy linked to suicide attempts, with practice "rooted solely in discrimination and hate"". Newsweek. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  18. ^ Assunção, Muri. "Trans adults who try professional help to change gender identity are twice likely to commit suicide, new study finds". New York Daily News. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  19. ^ Wadman, Meredith (September 12, 2019). "New study reveals risks of transgender 'conversion therapy'". Science Magazine. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  20. ^ Mahale, Jenna (September 14, 2019). "New Study Conclusively Ties "Conversion Therapy" to Suicide Attempts". Vice. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  21. ^ Ramirez, Marc. "Transgender children who get hormone therapy enjoy better mental health, study says". USA TODAY. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  22. ^ "Early access to gender-affirming hormones linked to better mental health, study finds". NBC News. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  23. ^ "Puberty blockers linked to lower suicide risk for transgender people". NBC News. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  24. ^ G, Kashmira; er (January 23, 2020). "Transgender people who have access to puberty blockers are less likely to have suicidal thoughts, study finds". Newsweek. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  25. ^ "Commentary: The Signal and the Noise—questioning the benefits of puberty blockers for youth with gender dysphoria—a commentary on Rew et al. (2021)". Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  26. ^ Bokat-Lindell, Spencer (April 8, 2021). "Opinion | How Trans Children Became a Political Football". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  27. ^ Knox, Liam. "Media's 'detransition' narrative is fueling misconceptions, trans advocates say". NBC News. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  28. ^ Turban, Jack L.; Loo, Stephanie S.; Almazan, Anthony N.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (May 2021). "Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis". LGBT Health. 8 (4): 273–280. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437. ISSN 2325-8306. PMC 8213007. PMID 33794108.
  29. ^ Turban, Jack L.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (July 2018). "Dynamic Gender Presentations: Understanding Transition and "De-Transition" Among Transgender Youth". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 57 (7): 451–453. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.03.016. ISSN 1527-5418. PMID 29960687. S2CID 49645550.
  30. ^ Turban, Jack L.; Carswell, Jeremi; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (October 1, 2018). "Understanding Pediatric Patients Who Discontinue Gender-Affirming Hormonal Interventions". JAMA Pediatrics. 172 (10): 903–904. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1817. ISSN 2168-6211. PMID 30178056. S2CID 52147320.
  31. ^ "New Book "Irreversible Damage" Is Full of Misinformation | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  32. ^ Yurcaba, Jo (August 13, 2022). "Gender Dysphoria in Transgender Kids Is Not Caused by 'Social Contagion,' Study Finds". Peoplemag. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  33. ^ Gremore, Graham (April 7, 2018). "Grindr leaves men feeling depressed and dead inside, research finds". Queerty. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  34. ^ Becker, Deborah. "Psychiatrist: LGBTQ Youth Vulnerable, Not Protected From Access To Dating Sites Like Grindr". WBUR (NPR). Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  35. ^ Sims, Shannon (August 1, 2018). "My Article Was Censored. I Found Out Why". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
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