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[[File:Malaka-Fujian-Hui-Guan-2215.jpg|thumb|170x170px|<small>Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca, Malaysia</small>]]
[[File:Malaka-Fujian-Hui-Guan-2215.jpg|thumb|170x170px|<small>Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca, Malaysia</small>]]
Highly decorative and elaborately detailed wood inlays can be seen in the work of the Hokkien communities of Malaysia - for example, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, whereas the Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca demonstrates the bold use of porcelain in ornamenting the pillars at its entrance. Both buildings are characteristic examples of the traditional Hoklo building and architectural styles brought over by Chinese immigrants to Malaysia.
Highly decorative and elaborately detailed wood inlays can be seen in the work of the Hokkien communities of Malaysia - for example, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, whereas the Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca demonstrates the bold use of porcelain in ornamenting the pillars at its entrance. Both buildings are characteristic examples of the traditional Hoklo building and architectural styles brought over by Chinese immigrants to Malaysia.
The main halls of Hoklo public buildings are also a little different in that they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners and with a miniature figure of a pagoda at the center of the rooftop. Examples of the use of dragons on the rooftop include the [[Kaiyuan Temple (Quanzhou)|Kaiyuan Temple]] in Fujian, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, Malaysia, the Fujian Assembly Hall in Hoi An, Vietnam. [[File:Fujian Assembly Hall, Hoi An 20190920.jpg|thumb|170x170px|<small>Fujian Assembly Hall in Vietnam, Hoi An</small>]]
The main halls of Hoklo public buildings are also a little different in that they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners and with a miniature figure of a pagoda at the center of the rooftop. Examples of the use of dragons on the rooftop include the [[Kaiyuan Temple (Quanzhou)|Kaiyuan Temple]] in Fujian, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, Malaysia, the Fujian Assembly Hall in Hoi An, Vietnam. [[File:Fujian Assembly Hall, Hoi An 20190920.jpg|thumb|170x170px|<small>Fujian Assembly Hall in Vietnam, Hoi An</small>]][[File:Lukang Lung-shan Temple 2004.jpg|left|thumb|<small>Hoklo architecture styled [[Lukang Longshan Temple]], with its distinguished swallowtail-roof.</small>|170x170px]]




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[[File:Lukang Lung-shan Temple 2004.jpg|left|thumb|<small>Hoklo architecture styled [[Lukang Longshan Temple]], with its distinguished swallowtail-roof.</small>|170x170px]]




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=== Language ===
=== Language ===
⚫
The Hokkien dialect or topolect belongs to the Sinitic group of dialects or topolects known as Minnan. This language group further includes dialects such as Henghua and Teochew.
[[File:Min dialect map.svg|left|thumb|Min dialect map]]

⚫
The Hokkien dialect or topolect belongs to the Sinitic group of dialects or topolects known as Minnan. This language group encompasses
⚫
The Hokkien people speak Hokkien, which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew language but to a small degree. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other sinitic languages as well.[[File:Min dialect map.svg|left|thumb|Min dialect map]]Hokkien has one of the most diverse [[phoneme]] inventories among sinitic varieties, with more [[consonant]]s than [[Standard Chinese|Standard Mandarin]] or [[Cantonese|Standard Yue]]. [[Vowel]]s are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Sinitic varieties. These include the pronunciation of the {{IPA|/ʈ/}} initial as {{IPA|/t/}}, which is now {{IPA|/tʂ/}} (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is ''tik'', but ''zhú'' in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Sinitic varieties.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Daniel |title=The Chinese language: its history and current usage|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2006|pages=100–102|isbn=978-0-8048-3853-5}}</ref> Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones, or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on the variety. The [[Amoy dialect]] for example, has 7-8 tones.


The Hokkien people speak Hokkien, which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew language but to a small degree. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other sinitic languages as well.


⚫
Hokkien has one of the most diverse [[phoneme]] inventories among sinitic varieties, with more [[consonant]]s than [[Standard Chinese|Standard Mandarin]] or [[Cantonese|Standard Yue]]. [[Vowel]]s are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Sinitic varieties. These include the pronunciation of the {{IPA|/ʈ/}} initial as {{IPA|/t/}}, which is now {{IPA|/tʂ/}} (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is ''tik'', but ''zhú'' in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Sinitic varieties.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Daniel |title=The Chinese language: its history and current usage|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2006|pages=100–102|isbn=978-0-8048-3853-5}}</ref> Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones, or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on the variety. The [[Amoy dialect]] for example, has 7-8 tones.
== Distribution ==
== Distribution ==
Speakers of proper Hokkien language live in the areas of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in southern Fujian. Most Min Nan-speaking groups in southern Fujian refer to themselves by the area where they live, for example: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, [[Teochew people]] or [[Haklau Min|Hailufeng people]].
Speakers of proper Hokkien language live in the areas of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in southern Fujian. Most Min Nan-speaking groups in southern Fujian refer to themselves by the area where they live, for example: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, [[Teochew people]] or [[Haklau Min|Hailufeng people]].

Revision as of 04:29, 2 July 2024

Hokkien people
  • Hoklo
  • Banlam
  • Minnan
閩南人
A Hokkien family in Southern Fujian, 1920
Total population
60,000,000 (est.)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Mainland ChinaFujian
Taiwan22,277,000 (est.)
MalaysiaLargest group of Malaysian Chinese[quantify]
SingaporeLargest group of Chinese Singaporeans[quantify]
PhilippinesLargest group of Chinese Filipinos[quantify][2]
IndonesiaLargest group of Chinese Indonesians[quantify][3]
BruneiLargest group of Bruneian Chinese[quantify]
MyanmarOne of the four largest groups of Burmese Chinese[quantify][4]
United States70,000+[5]
Vietnam45,000 (est.)
Languages
Religion
This article contains Hokkien text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hàn-jī, Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Tâi-lô.

The Hoklo people (Chinese: 福佬人; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ho̍h-ló-lâng) are a Han Chinese subgroup[6] who speak Hokkien,[7] a Southern Min language,[8] or trace their ancestry to southeastern Fujian in China,[9] and known by various related terms such as Banlam people (閩南人; Bân-lâm-lâng), Minnan people, or more commonly in Southeast Asia as the Hokkien people (福建人; Hok-kiàn-lâng).[a] The Hokkien people are found in significant numbers in mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Myanmar, the United States, Hong Kong, and Macau. The Hokkien people have a distinct culture and architecture, including Hokkien shrines and temples with tilted sharp eaves, high and slanted top roofs, and finely detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain. The Hokkien language, which includes Taiwanese Hokkien, is the mainstream Southern Min, which is partially mutually intelligible to the Teochew language, Hainanese, Leizhou Min, and Haklau Min.

Etymology

In Southern Fujian, the Hokkien speakers refer to themselves as Banlam people (閩南人; Bân-lâm-lâng) or generally speaking, Hokkien people (福建人; Hok-kiàn-lâng). In Mandarin, they also call themselves Minnan people (閩南人; 闽南人; Mǐnnán rén).

In Taiwan, the term "Hoklo" is usually used for the people. The term Holo[10] (Ho̍h-ló)[11] is also used to refer to Taiwanese Hokkien and those people who speak it.

The term is likely an exonym originating from Hakka or Cantonese that some Hokkien and Teochew speakers, particularly in Taiwan and mainland China, borrowed from, since the term is not recognized by Hokkien speakers in Southeast Asia.

There are several spellings for the word Hoklo (Ho̍h-ló / Hô-ló), either phonetic or based on folk etymologies:

  • 河洛; Hô-lo̍k; 'Yellow River and Luo River' – a folk etymology emphasizing the people's purported long history originating from the area south of the Yellow River.[12] First introduced by a Taiwanese linguist Wu Huai in 1957, and later popularized by the Taiwanese Ministry of Education for the pronunciation Hô-ló.
  • 學佬; Ha̍k-láu; 'learned folk' – an orthographic borrowing from Hakka, where this word, pronounced Ho̍k-ló, is used to refer to Southern Min-speaking people (specifically the Teochew people). It was adopted by some Southern Min (particularly Haklau Min) speakers in Guangdong.
  • 福佬; Hô-ló / Ho̍h-ló; 'Fujian folk'[13][14] – a folk etymology emphasizing the people's native connection to Fujian.
  • 鶴老; Ho̍h-ló; 'crane folk' – found in the 17th century Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum as the name for Hokkien-speaking people.[15]

In the Philippines, Chinese Filipinos, where most are usually of ethnic Hokkien descent, usually generally refer to themselves as Lannang (咱儂; Lán-lâng / Lán-nâng / Nán-nâng; 'Our People') or sometimes more specifically Hokkien people (福建儂; Hok-kiàn-lâng).

In Malaysia and Singapore, Hokkien-speaking Chinese Malaysians and Singaporeans generally refer to themselves as Tng Lang (唐儂; Tn̂g-lâng; 'Tang People'), where those of Hokkien-speaking descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (福建儂; Hok-kiàn-lâng).

In Indonesia, Hokkien-speaking Chinese Indonesians generally refer to themselves as Tionghoa (中華; Tiong-hôa; 'Central Chinese'), where those of ethnic Hokkien descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (福建儂; Hok-kiàn-lâng).

Genetics

In genomic studies, the Han Chinese populations in Fujian (i.e. the Hokkien people) cluster intermediately between the northern Sinitic populations and southern Tai-Kadai and Austronesian populations, albeit at a position closer to the northeast Asian Sinitic cline[16]. This reflects the history of demic diffusion out of the Central Plains region.

Other studies deduce a close relation and common paternal ancestry between individuals from the Taihang mountain region of Henan, Fujian Minnan and Chaoshan based on common Y-chromosome patterns and higher prevalence of esophageal cancer[17], with Han Chinese males from the Taihang region of Henan being posited as the progenitor population for both Fujian Han (i.e. Hokkien people) and the Chaoshan Han (i.e. the Teochew people).

Culture

Main article: Hokkien culture

Architecture

Main article: Hoklo architecture
Khoo Kongsi, the largest Hokkien clan house in Malaysia.

Hoklo architecture is, for the most part, similar to any other traditional Chinese architectural style, but is characterized by higher and more slanted rooftops, the prominent use of decorative wood inlays, the bolder use of bright colors, as well as the utilization of porcelain. The style has been especially well-preserved by diaspora communities in South-East Asia.

Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca, Malaysia

Highly decorative and elaborately detailed wood inlays can be seen in the work of the Hokkien communities of Malaysia - for example, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, whereas the Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca demonstrates the bold use of porcelain in ornamenting the pillars at its entrance. Both buildings are characteristic examples of the traditional Hoklo building and architectural styles brought over by Chinese immigrants to Malaysia.

The main halls of Hoklo public buildings are also a little different in that they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners and with a miniature figure of a pagoda at the center of the rooftop. Examples of the use of dragons on the rooftop include the Kaiyuan Temple in Fujian, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, Malaysia, the Fujian Assembly Hall in Hoi An, Vietnam.

Fujian Assembly Hall in Vietnam, Hoi An
Hoklo architecture styled Lukang Longshan Temple, with its distinguished swallowtail-roof.








Language

The Hokkien dialect or topolect belongs to the Sinitic group of dialects or topolects known as Minnan. This language group further includes dialects such as Henghua and Teochew.

The Hokkien people speak Hokkien, which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew language but to a small degree. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other sinitic languages as well.

Min dialect map

Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among sinitic varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Standard Yue. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Sinitic varieties. These include the pronunciation of the /ʈ/ initial as /t/, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Sinitic varieties.[18] Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones, or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on the variety. The Amoy dialect for example, has 7-8 tones.


Distribution

Speakers of proper Hokkien language live in the areas of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in southern Fujian. Most Min Nan-speaking groups in southern Fujian refer to themselves by the area where they live, for example: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Teochew people or Hailufeng people.

Diaspora

Hokkien women performing the Dragon Boat dance in traditional attire in Hong Kong.

Taiwan

Main article: Hoklo Taiwanese
Southern Min-speaking areas in South China and Taiwan. Only the speakers of Quanzhou-Zhangzhou dialects (also known as Hokkien) are seen as Hoklos.

About 70% of the Taiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of Japanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou based on their dialects and districts of origin.[19][better source needed] People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, Hoklo people are among the four groups of indigenous inhabitants. In order to preserve their culture, the Hoklo along with the Punti, Hakka and Tanka people have special rights under Hong Kong law.[20]

Main article: Hong Kong people of Fujianese descent

Southeast Asia

The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang (as they are known in Southeast Asia) are the largest ethnic group among Chinese communities in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and the southern part of Thailand. These communities contain the highest concentrations of Hokkien-lang in the region. The various Hokkien language are still widely spoken in these countries, but the daily use of them is slowly decreasing in favor of Mandarin Chinese, English, and local languages.

The Hokkien-lang also make up the largest ethnic group among Chinese Indonesians.

In the Philippines, the Hoklo or Hokkien-lang call themselves Lannang and form the majority of the Sinitic people in the country known as Chinese Filipinos. The native Hokkien language is still spoken there.

United States

Main article: Hoklo Americans

After the 1960s, many Taiwanese people (大員民族/大員族） from Taiwan) began immigrating to the United States and Canada.

Notable Hoklo people

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Hokkien people.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Hokkien" is sometimes erroneously used to refer to all Fujianese people.

References

  1. ^ 闽南文化研究. 海峡文艺出版社. 2004. ISBN 9787806409633.
  2. ^ Ng, Maria; Holden, Philip, eds. (1 September 2006). Reading Chinese transnationalisms: society, literature, film. Hong Kong University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-962-209-796-4.
  3. ^ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2005), "Indonesia", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.), Dallas, T.X.: SIL International, ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6, retrieved 26 January 2010.
  4. ^ Mya Than (1997). Leo Suryadinata (ed.). Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 0-312-17576-0.
  5. ^ 2005-2009 American Community Survey
  6. ^ Damm, Jens (2012). "Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe". In Damm, Jens; Lim, Paul (eds.). European perspectives on Taiwan. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. p. 62. ISBN 9783531943039.
  7. ^ Bolton, Kingsley; Botha, Werner; Kirkpatrick, Andy (14 September 2020). The Handbook of Asian Englishes. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118791653.
  8. ^ Ding 2016, p. 1.
  9. ^ Ding 2016, p. 3.
  10. ^ Exec. Yuan (2014), pp. 36, 48.
  11. ^ Naoyoshi Ogawa, ed. (1931–1932). "hô-ló (福佬)". 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 2. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan. p. 829. OCLC 25747241.
  12. ^ Gu Yanwu (1985). 《天下郡國利病書》:郭造卿《防閩山寇議》. 上海書店. OCLC 19398998. 漳猺人與虔汀潮循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇陳元光將卒始也
  13. ^ 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi) [in Japanese], ed. (1932). 臺日大辭典 (in Hokkien and Japanese). Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan. p. 829. OCLC 25747241.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  14. ^ 張裕宏 (Tiuⁿ Jû-hông), ed. (2009). TJ台語白話小詞典 (in Hokkien and Mandarin). Tainan: 亞細亞國際傳播社. p. 189. ISBN 9789868541818.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  15. ^ Dictionario Hispánico-Sinicum (in Early Modern Spanish and Early Manila Hokkien and Classical Mandarin). kept as Vocabulario Español-Chino con caracteres chinos (TOMO 215) in the University of Santo Tomás Archives. Manila: Dominican Order of Preachers. 1626–1642. ISBN 9789866116742.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  16. ^ He, Guanglin; Li, Yingxiang; Zou, Xing; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Tang, Renkuan; Wang, Peixin; Bai, Jingya; Yang, Xiaomin; Wang, Zheng (2021-07-26), The northern gene flow into southeastern East Asians inferred from genome-wide array genotyping, doi:10.1101/2021.07.25.453681, retrieved 2024-07-02
  17. ^ Huang, Haihua; Su, Min; Li, Xiaoyun; Li, Hui; Tian, Dongping; Gao, Yuxia; Guo, Yubai (2010-06-15). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Common Ancestry of Three Chinese Populations with a High Risk of Esophageal Cancer". PLOS ONE. 5 (6): e11118. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011118. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2886054. PMID 20559544.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ Kane, Daniel (2006). The Chinese language: its history and current usage. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 100–102. ISBN 978-0-8048-3853-5.
  19. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 591.
  20. ^ "HK's indigenous people, and other tribes that helped create our diverse "world city"". Young Post. 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2024-06-03.

Bibliography

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