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When the [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese Han]] "blood nationalists" tried to claim Plains Aboriginal ancestry as a tool to promote Taiwanese independence and to claim an identity separate from that of mainland Chinese, in spite of the fact that their own ancestry was overwhelmingly that of recent migrants from China with genetic tests showing differences between them and plains aborigines, their claims were decidedly rejected by the modern descendants of [[Taiwanese Plains Aborigines]]. The Plains Aborigines seek to preserve their own traditional culture since the abuse of claiming their ancestry by Taiwanese "blood nationalists" to create a uniquely "non-Chinese" Taiwanese identity based on blood negates the actual significance of having Plains Aborigine ancestors.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Chen|first=Shu-Juo|title=How Han are Taiwanese Han? Genetic inference of Plains Indigenous ancestry among Taiwanese Han and its implications for Taiwan identity|type=Ph.D. | url=http://gradworks.umi.com/33/43/3343568.html|publisher=STANFORD UNIVERSITY|year=2009|accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref>
When the [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese Han]] "blood nationalists" tried to claim Plains Aboriginal ancestry as a tool to promote Taiwanese independence and to claim an identity separate from that of mainland Chinese, in spite of the fact that their own ancestry was overwhelmingly that of recent migrants from China with genetic tests showing differences between them and plains aborigines, their claims were decidedly rejected by the modern descendants of [[Taiwanese Plains Aborigines]]. The Plains Aborigines seek to preserve their own traditional culture since the abuse of claiming their ancestry by Taiwanese "blood nationalists" to create a uniquely "non-Chinese" Taiwanese identity based on blood negates the actual significance of having Plains Aborigine ancestors.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Chen|first=Shu-Juo|title=How Han are Taiwanese Han? Genetic inference of Plains Indigenous ancestry among Taiwanese Han and its implications for Taiwan identity|type=Ph.D. | url=http://gradworks.umi.com/33/43/3343568.html|publisher=STANFORD UNIVERSITY|year=2009|accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref>

===Indonesia and Malaysian Hoklo or Hokkien===
{{main article|Malaysian Chinese}}
{{main article|Chinese Indonesians}}
The Hoklo or Hokkien make up one of the [[Malaysian Chinese]] groups. There are also Hokkien or Hoklo among the [[Chinese Indonesians]].


===[[Haifeng]], [[Lufeng, Guangdong|Lufeng]] and [[Leizhou]] in [[Guangdong]], China===
===[[Haifeng]], [[Lufeng, Guangdong|Lufeng]] and [[Leizhou]] in [[Guangdong]], China===
The people of Leizhou and the non-Hakka people in Haifeng and Lufeng are Hoklo people, in a narrow scope, but are often being mistaken as Chaozhou/Teochew people in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia.
The people of Leizhou and the non-Hakka people in Haifeng and Lufeng are Hoklo people, in a narrow scope, but are often being mistaken as Chaozhou/Teochew people in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia.

===North America===
{{further information|Hokkien, Hoklo, and Minnan people in the United States}}
{{expand section|date=August 2016}}
Between 1885 and 1949, there were only nine migrants out of nearly 100,000 to Canada who traced their origins to Fujian.<ref>Yu, Henry, edited by Tan, Chee-Beng, ''Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora'' p. 110</ref>

After the 1960s, more Taiwanese Hoklo people began immigrating to the United States and Canada.


==Notable Hoklo persons==
==Notable Hoklo persons==

Revision as of 14:27, 13 October 2016

Template:Contains Hokkien text

Hoklo
Total population
56,118,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
ChinaMainland ChinaFujian
Guangdong
Hainan
 TaiwanMajority of Taiwanese people (~16,321,075)
 Hong KongA minority population
 MacaoA minority population
 MalaysiaLargest group of Malaysian Chinese (~2,020,000)
 SingaporeLargest group of Chinese Singaporeans (~1,118,817)
 IndonesiaLargest group of Indonesian Chinese (~1,100,000)[2]
 MyanmarOne of the 3 largest groups of Burmese Chinese (~720,000)
(figured combined with Cantonese)[3]
 PhilippinesMajority of Chinese Filipinos (~20,280,000)[4]
 MadagascarA signficant group among ethnic Sinoa
 United States>70,000[5]
Languages
Hokkien, Standard Mandarin Chinese, English;
Diaspora also speak their respective country's language(s)
Religion
Chinese folk religions (including Taoism, Confucianism, ancestral worship and others), Mahayana Buddhism and non-religious;
minority: Christianity.
Related ethnic groups
other Han Chinese
Minnan-speaking areas in South China and Taiwan. Only the speakers of Quanzhou-Zhangzhou dialects (also known as Hokkien) are seen as Hoklos.

The Hoklo people are Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian of South China. They are also known by various endonyms (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-ló-lâng / Hō-ló-lâng / Ho̍h-ló-lâng / Hô-ló-lâng), or other related terms such as Banlam (Minnan) people (閩南儂; Bân-lâm-lâng) or Hokkien people (福建儂; Hok-kiàn-lâng).

In a narrow scope, "Hoklo people" refers mainly to people who speak and use the Hokkien dialect of Min Nan Chinese spoken in southern Fujian, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and by many overseas Chinese throughout Southeast Asia. In a wider scope, "Hoklo people" can include speakers of other Min Nan dialects, such as Zhongshan Min, Zhenan Min, Teochew dialect, and Hainanese.[6]

Etymology

In Taiwan, there are three common ways to write Hoklo in Chinese characters (Hokkien pronunciations are given in Pe̍h-ōe-jī), although none have been established as etymologically correct:[citation needed]

  • 福佬; Hok-ló; 'Fujian folk' – emphasizes their connection to Fujian province. It is not an accurate transliteration in terms from Hokkien itself although it may correspond to an actual usage in Hakka.
  • 河洛; Hô-lo̍k; 'Yellow River and Luo River' – emphasizes their purported long history originating from the area south of the Yellow River. This term does not exist in Hokkien. The transliteration is a phonologically inaccurate folk etymology, though the Mandarin pronunciation Héluò has gained currency through the propagation of the inaccurate transliteration.
  • 鶴佬; Ho̍h-ló; 'crane folk' – emphasizes the modern pronunciation of the characters (without regard to the meaning of the Chinese characters); phonologically accurate.

Meanwhile, Hoklo people self-identify as 河老; Hô-ló; 'river aged'.[7]

In Hakka, Teochew, and Cantonese, Hoklo may be written as Hoglo (學老; 'learned aged') and 學佬 ('learned folk').

Despite the many ways to write Hoklo in Chinese, the term Holo[8][9] (Hō-ló / Hô-ló)[10] is used in Taiwan to refer to the ethnicity and language (Taiwanese Hokkien).

Definition

In general, the Hoklo people can refer to one of the following:

In Taiwan

Main article: Hoklo Taiwanese

About 70% of the Taiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of Japanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, and Zhangpu based on their dialects and districts of origin.[11] People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.

During the two centuries of Qing rule, a large number of Hoklo men took aboriginal brides.[12] As some of the plains aboriginals also adopted Chinese customs and language,[13] many of those who today categorize themselves as Hoklo have some degree of indigenous ancestry. Thus, Hoklo culture in Taiwan has deviated from that in mainland China due to Austronesian and Japanese influences.[12]

Within the Taiwanese Han Hoklo community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with aboriginals took place, with most pure Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Aboriginal admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan.[14] Plains aboriginals who were mixed and assimilated into the Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated by the historian Melissa J. Brown between "short-route" and "long-route".[15] The ethnic identity of assimilated Plains Aboriginals in the immediate vicinity of Tainan was still known since a pure Hoklo Taiwanese girl was warned by her mother to stay away from them.[16] The insulting name "fan" was used against Plains Aborigines by the Taiwanese, and the Hoklo Taiwanese speech was forced upon Aborigines like the Pazeh.[17] Hoklo Taiwanese has repalced Pazeh and driven it to near extinction.[18] Aboriginal status has been requested by Plains Aboriginals.[19]

The deep-rooted hostility between Taiwanese aborigines and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the Aboriginal communities' effective KMT networks contribute to Aboriginal skepticism against the DPP and the Aboriginals tendency to vote for the KMT.[20]

When the Taiwanese Han "blood nationalists" tried to claim Plains Aboriginal ancestry as a tool to promote Taiwanese independence and to claim an identity separate from that of mainland Chinese, in spite of the fact that their own ancestry was overwhelmingly that of recent migrants from China with genetic tests showing differences between them and plains aborigines, their claims were decidedly rejected by the modern descendants of Taiwanese Plains Aborigines. The Plains Aborigines seek to preserve their own traditional culture since the abuse of claiming their ancestry by Taiwanese "blood nationalists" to create a uniquely "non-Chinese" Taiwanese identity based on blood negates the actual significance of having Plains Aborigine ancestors.[21]

Haifeng, Lufeng and Leizhou in Guangdong, China

The people of Leizhou and the non-Hakka people in Haifeng and Lufeng are Hoklo people, in a narrow scope, but are often being mistaken as Chaozhou/Teochew people in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia.

Notable Hoklo persons

This list includes people who are of either pure or partial Hokkien ancestry.

Scientists and mathematicians

Businessmen and entrepreneurs

  • Howqua, merchant who was at one time the most richest man in the world.
  • Ong Seok Kim, wealthy entrepreneur that financed China in war and many charities.
  • Tan Kah Kee,Chinese patriot who contributed greatly in gathering financial support to help China in wars and many schools.
  • Lim Bo Seng, Chinese patriot and war hero. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, Lim and other Chinese in Singapore participated in anti-Japanese activities such as the boycotting of Japanese goods and fund-raising to support China in the war.
  • Henry Sy, the richest man in the Philippines (named by Forbes in 2015).
  • Robert Budi and Michael Bambang Hartono brothers, the richest persons in Indonesia.
  • Kwik Kian Gie, the Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Economics and Finance (1999–2000).
  • Mari Elka Pangestu (Phang Hoei Lan), the Minister of Trade of Indonesia (2004-2011).

Politicians

Militarymen

Philosophers and writers

  • Li Zhi, Ming Dynasty philosopher.
  • Lin Yutang, one of the most influential writers of his generation, many of his books were bestsellers both in China and the Western world.
  • Amy Chua, lawyer and author of the international best seller Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother which attracted huge media attention and ignited global debate about different parenting techniques and cultural attitudes that foster such techniques.

Others

  • Baosheng Dadi, renowned Song Dynasty doctor and Taoist practitioner who was credited with performing medical miracles. After his death, he was worshiped as a deity.
  • Lorenzo Ruiz, first Filipino saint.

See also

Footnotes

References

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2005), "Indonesia", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.), Dallas, T.X.: SIL International, ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6, retrieved 26 January 2010.
  3. ^ Mya Than (1997). Leo Suryadinata (ed.). Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians. ISBN 0-312-17576-0.
  4. ^ Ng, Maria; Philip Holden (1 September 2006). Reading Chinese transnationalisms: society, literature, film. Hong Kong University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-962-209-796-4.
  5. ^ 2005-2009 American Community Survey
  6. ^ Ben Sia, 《新加坡的漢語方言》 (The Chinese Languages and Dialects of Singapore)，1988
  7. ^ Gu Yanwu (1985). 《天下郡國利病書》:郭造卿《防閩山寇議》. 上海書店. OCLC 19398998. 漳猺人與虔汀潮循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇陳元光將卒始也
  8. ^ Exec. Yuan (2014), pp. 36, 48.
  9. ^ Exec. Yuan (2015), p. 10.
  10. ^ Naoyoshi Ogawa, ed. (1931–1932). "hô-ló (福佬)". 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 2. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan. p. 829. OCLC 25747241.
  11. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 591.
  12. ^ a b Exec. Yuan (2014), p. 48.
  13. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 581.
  14. ^ Brown 2004. pp. 156-7.
  15. ^ Brown 2004. p. 162.
  16. ^ Brown 2004. p. 157.
  17. ^ http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/06/15/2003592824
  18. ^ http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/06/26/2003415773
  19. ^ http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/07/15/2003595134
  20. ^ Damm, Jens (2012). "Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe". In Damm, Jens; Lim, Paul (eds.). European perspectives on Taiwan. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. p. 95. ISBN 9783531943039.
  21. ^ Chen, Shu-Juo (2009). How Han are Taiwanese Han? Genetic inference of Plains Indigenous ancestry among Taiwanese Han and its implications for Taiwan identity (Ph.D.). STANFORD UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  22. ^ "Xie Xide" A talented female physicist". Xiamen University. 2012. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  23. ^ http://newppt.edu.online2.sh.cn/shgbnew/2010/F/20100202014/lecture/lecture.htm {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ^ Low, Shawn; McCrohan, Daniel (2012-07-01). Singapore. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781742208541.
  25. ^ 吴作栋 新加坡前总理吴作栋盛赞千岛湖开元]

Bibliography

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