Bone State

Sultanate of Bone Akkarungeng ri Bone (Buginese)
14th century–1905
Flag
Status	Part of Indonesia
Capital	Watampone
Common languages	Bugis
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Monarchy
Sultan
• 1300s	Manurunge ri Matajang
• 1358-1424	Petta Panre Bessie
• 1672-1696	La Tenritatta to Unru'
• 1931-1946	Andi Mappanyukki
History
• Established	14th century
• Loss of independence to the Dutch	1905
Succeeded by Dutch East Indies
Today part of	Indonesia (as Bone Regency)

Bone (also Boni, or Bone Saoraja) was a sultanate in the south-west peninsula of what is now Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), a province of modern-day Indonesia. It came under Dutch rule in 1905, and was succeeded by the Bone Regency.

Covering an area of 2,600 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi), Bone's chief town Boni, lay 130 kilometres (81 mi) northeast of the city of Makassar, home to the Bugis people.

Palace of the Sultan of Bone, c. 1900-1920

History

Bone was an adat-based Bugis kingdom whose origins can be traced back to the early 15th century. Its chronicle (as yet unpublished) provides detailed information on its rulers, starting from La Umasa, who ruled in the early 15th century, through to La Tenrtatta, who died in 1699. Under La Umasa and his nephew La Saliu (Kerrépelua) who succeeded him, Bone expanded from a handful of settlements around the modern capital Watampone to a small kingdom roughly one-third the size of kabupaten Bone.

In the early 16th century the kingdom expanded northwards, fighting with Luwu for control of the mouth of the River Cenrana, a major east coast trade exit. In 1582 Bone entered an alliance with the Wajo and Soppeng kingdoms for mutual defence against the rising power of Gowa-Tallo. This alliance became known as Tellumpocco'e (lit. the Three Summits) or LaMumpatue Ri Timurung (lit. The burying of the stones at Timurung).

Geopolitical map of kingdoms in South Sulawesi in 16th century

In 1611, during the reign of the tenth king of Bone We Tenrituppu MatinroE ri Sidenreng, Bone was invaded by the Sultanate of Gowa and pressured to convert to Islam. Bone State later enjoyed a period of prosperity in the middle of the 17th century.

Bone became the most powerful state of South Sulawesi under Arung (ruler of) Palakka, La Tenritatta (1634 or 1635 – 1696) who sided with the Dutch admiral Cornelis Speelman against the Makasar kingdom of Goa-Tallo, which led to the defeat and capture of Makassar in 1669. From this year until 1814 when the British temporarily gained power of the region, Bone was by treaty and in practice the overlord of South Sulawesi, with the exception of Dutch-controlled areas on the west and south coast, including the important port-city of Makassar. When the Dutch returned to Makassar in 1816 they attempted to reduce Bone's status from equal to vassal, a move strongly resisted by Bone's rulers.

Following a military defeat during the South Sulawesi expeditions of 1905, the Bone State lost its independence to the Dutch.

In May 1950, the people held demonstrations in Watampone against the royalty and Bone's membership in the State of East Indonesia. This caused the sultan to join Indonesia.

List of rulers

List of Rulers of Bone

No	Monarch	Gender	Reign
1	Manurunge ri Matajang, Mata Silompoe	Male	1330 – 1365 (35 years)
2	La Ummasa, Petta Panre Bessie	Male	1365 – 1378 (13 years)
3	La Saliyu Korampelua	Male	1378 – 1450 (72 years)
4	We Banrigau, Mallajange ri Cina	Female	1450 – 1510 (60 years)
5	La Tenrisukki, Mappajunge	Male	1510 – 1535 (25 years)
6	La Uliyo Bote-E, Matinroe ri Itterung	Male	1535 – 1560 (25 years)
7	La Tenrirawe Bongkange, Matinroe ri Guccina	Male	1560 – 1564 (4 years)
8	La Inca, Matinroe ri Addenenna	Male	1564 – 1565 (11 months)
9	La Pattawe, Matinroe ri Bettung	Male	1565 – 1602 (37 years)
10	We Tenrituppu, Matinroe ri Bantaeng	Female	1602 – 1611 (9 years)
11	La Tenriruwa, Sultan Adam	Male	1611 – 1616 (5 years)
12	La Tenripale, Matinroe ri Tallo	Male	1616 – 1631 (15 years)
13	La Maddaremmeng, Matinroe ri Bukaka	Male	1631 – 1644
14	La Tenriaji, Arungpone	Male	1644 – 1672 (28 years)
15	La Tenritatta, Arung Palakka	Male	1672 – 1696 (24 years)
16	La Patau Matanna Tikka, Matinroe ri Nagauleng	Male	1696-1714 (18 years)
17	We Bataritoja, Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin	Female	1714 – 1715 (1 year)
18	La Padassajati, Sultan Sulaeman	Male	1715 – 1718 (3 years)
19	La Pareppa, Sultan Ismail	Male	1718 – 1721 (3 years)
20	La Panaongi, Arung Mampu	Male	1721 – 1724 (3 years)
21	We Bataritoja, Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin	Female	1724 – 1749 (25 years)
22	La Temmassonge, Sultan Abdul Razak	Male	1749 – 1775 (26 years)
23	La Tenritappu, Sultan Ahmad Saleh	Male	1775 – 1812 (37 years)
24	La Mappasessu, Sultan Ismail Muhtajuddin	Male	1812 – 1823 (11 years)
25	We Imaniratu, Sultanah Rajituddin	Female	1823 – 1835 (12 years)
26	La Mappaseling, Sultan Adam Najamuddin	Male	1835 – 1845 (10 years)
27	La Parenrengi, Sultan Ahmad Muhiddin	Male	1845 – 1857 (12 years)
28	We Tenriawaru, Sultanah Ummulhuda	Female	1857 – 1860 (3 years)
29	La Singkeru Rukka, Sultan Ahmad Idris	Male	1860 – 1871 (11 years)
30	We Fatimah Banri, Datu Citta	Female	1871 – 1895 (24 years)
31	La Pawawoi, Karaeng Sigeri	Male	1895 – 1905 (10 years)
32	La Mappanyukki, Sultan Ibrahim	Male	1931 – 1946 (15 years)
33	La Pabbenteng, Matinroe ri Matuju	Male	1946 – 1951 (5 years)

See also

• Dutch–Bone wars

References

• For the wars in Boni, see Perelaer, De Bonische Expedition, 1859 (Leiden, 1872) (in Dutch); and Meyers, in the Militaire Spectator (1880).
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Boni" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–206.
• Pamelleri, Andi (22 April 2006). "Riwayat Kabupaten Bone" [A Short History of Bone Regency] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 August 2011.
• "South Sulawesi". 16 December 2022.

Further reading

• Macknight, C.; Paeni, M.; Hadrawi, M., eds. (2020). The Bugis Chronicle of Bone. Acton ACT: ANU Press. doi:10.22459/bcb.2020. ISBN 978-1-76046-357-1.