Battle of the Zab
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| Battle of the Zab | |||||||||
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| Part of the Abbasid Revolution | |||||||||
 Greater Zab River Map in Iraq | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Abbasid Caliphate |
 Umayyad Caliphate | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Abu Muslim[1] Saffah[2] Abd Allah ibn Ali[3][4] Abu Awn |
Marwan II  | ||||||||
The Battle of the Zab (Arabic: معركة الزاب), also referred to in scholarly contexts as Battle of the Great Zāb River, took place on January 25, 750, on the banks of the Great Zab[5] in what is now the modern country of Iraq. It spelled the end of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate, which would last from 750 to 1517.
Background
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In 747, a major rebellion broke out against the Umayyad Caliphate. The principal cause of the rebellion was the increasing gap between the outlying peoples of the Caliphate and the Damascus-based Umayyad government. The Umayyad-appointed governors of the Caliphate's various provinces were corrupt and interested only with personal gains. Additionally, the Umayyads claimed no direct descent from Muhammad, while the Abbasids did (they descended from Muhammad's uncle Abbas—a fact the latter used extensively during the revolution).
Armies
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In 750, the army of the Umayyad caliph Marwan II fought a combined force of Abbasid, Shia, Khawarij, and Iraqi forces. Marwan's army was, on paper at least, far larger and more formidable than that of his opponents, as it contained many veterans of earlier Umayyad campaigns against the Byzantine Empire; its support for the caliph, however, was only lukewarm. The morale of the Umayyads had been damaged by the series of defeats inflicted earlier in the rebellion, while the morale of the Abbasid armies had increased.
Battle
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The Abbasid army formed a spear wall, a tactic they had adopted from their Umayyad opponents, presumably from witnessing it in earlier battles. This entailed standing in a battle line with their lances pointed at the enemy (similar to the stakes used by English longbowmen at Agincourt and Crécy many centuries later). The Umayyad cavalry charged, possibly believing that with their experience they could break the spear wall. This was a mistake on their part, however, and they were all but butchered. The Umayyad army fell into retreat, its morale finally shattered. Many were cut down by the zealous Abbasids or were drowned in the wintertime River Zab.
Aftermath
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Marwan II himself escaped the battlefield and fled down the Levant, pursued relentlessly by the Abbasids, who met no serious resistance from the Syrians because the land had recently been laid waste by an earthquake and pestilence. Marwan fled at last to Abusir/Busir, which is a small town on the Egyptian Nile delta. It was there, a few months after the battle, that he was at last killed in a short battle and replaced as caliph by Saffah (r. 750–754), bringing to an end Umayyad rule in the Middle East.
See also
- Battle of Talas was a military engagement between the Abbasid Caliphate against the Chinese Tang dynasty in July 751 AD.
References
Citations
- ^ For a source confirming Abu Muslim as a leader in the battle, see EUF Staff (2019). "'Abbāsides: La révolution 'abbāside". Encyclopædia Universalis (in French). Hervé Rouanet, Directeur général (online ed.). Boulogne-Billancourt, France: Encyclopædia Universalis France (EUF), for Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Abū Muslim déclencha l'opération en 747 et la victoire fut acquise à la bataille du Grand Zāb en 750. Ibrāhīm étant mort entre-temps, Abū Muslim proclama calife son frère Abū l-'Abbās, dit as-Saffāḥ, en 749 à Kūfa. Abū Muslim started the operation in 747 and victory was gained at the Battle of the Great Zāb in 750. Ibrāhīm having died in the meantime, Abū Muslim proclaimed [as] caliph his brother Abū l-'Abbās, known as as-Saffāḥ, in 749 in Kūfa.
- ^ Kennedy, H. (2004). The prophet and the age of the caliphates. 2nd ed.
- ^ Zetterstéen 1987, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Grohmann & Kennedy 1995, p. 985.
- ^ Sharon, Moshe (1983). Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ʻAbbāsid State : Incubation of a Revolt. JSAI. p. 13. ISBN 978-965-223-501-5.
Sources
- Grohmann, Adolph & Kennedy, Hugh (1995). "Ṣāliḥ b. ʿAlī". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 985. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
- Zetterstéen, K.V. (1987). "ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī". In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume I: A–Bābā Beg. Leiden: Brill. pp. 22–23. ISBN 90-04-08265-4.
Further reading
- Afsaruddin, Asma (8 March 2018). "Islamic History: Umayyad Dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. J.E. Luebering, Exec. Dir., Core Editorial Group (online ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 December 2019. See also the topic, Battle of the Great Zab River.
- "Islamic History: Abbasid Caliphate". Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019. See also the topic, Battle of the Great Zab River.
- Kennedy, Hugh N. (n.d.). The Court of the Caliphs – When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World. Unknown location: Unknown publisher.[ISBN missing]