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'{{see also|combat sport}} {{short description|Sport that emphasizes or requires physical contact between players}} '''Contact sports''' are [[sport]]s that emphasize or require physical contact between players. Some sports, such as [[mixed martial arts]], are scored on impacting an opponent, while others, including [[rugby football|rugby]], require [[Tackle (football move)|tackling]] of players. These sports are often known as full-contact, as the sport cannot be undertaken without contact. Other sports have contact, but such events are illegal under the rules of the game or are accidental and do not form part of the sport. The contact in contact sports can also include impact via a piece of [[sporting equipment]], such as being struck by a [[hockey stick]] or [[football (ball)|football]]. Non-contact sports are those where participants should have no possible means of touching, such as sprinting, swimming, darts or snooker, where players use separate lanes or take turns of play. Consideration should also be given to other sports such as Moto-cross and Bicycle Moto-cross (BMX) and [[cycling]] which all involve riding/racing in packs of riders. This often results in brushing and bumping off other riders. ==Terminology in the United States== Current medical terminology in the United States uses the term '''collision sport''' to refer to sports like [[rugby football|rugby]], [[roller derby]], [[American football]], [[ice hockey]], and [[lacrosse]], the term '''contact sport''' to refer to sports such as [[association football]] and [[basketball]], and the term '''limited-contact sport''' to sports like [[Squash (sport)|squash]], [[volleyball]] and [[baseball]].<ref name="ncbi-pubmed-18381550">{{cite journal | title=Medical conditions affecting sports participation. | author=Rice SG. | year=2008 | pmid=18381550 | doi=10.1542/peds.2008-0080 | volume=121 | issue=4 | journal=Pediatrics | pages=841–8| doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] policy statement revised in 2008 included the following definitions: {{quote|In collision sports (eg, boxing, ice hockey, [American] football, lacrosse, and rodeo), athletes purposely hit or collide with each other or with inanimate objects (including the ground) with great force. In contact sports (eg, basketball and soccer), athletes routinely make contact with each other or with inanimate objects but usually with less force than in collision sports. In limited-contact sports (eg, softball and squash), contact with other athletes or with inanimate objects is infrequent or inadvertent.<ref name="ncbi-pubmed-18381550"/>|sign=|source=}} ==Injuries== Many sports will penalize contact with rules for certain situations or instances to help reduce the incidence of [[physical trauma]] or [[litigation]] for [[assault]] or [[grievous bodily harm]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}. Many sports involve a degree of player-to-player or player-to-object contact. The term "contact sport" is used in both team sports and combat activities, medical terminology and television game shows, such as [[American Gladiators (1989 TV series)|American Gladiators]] and [[Wipeout (2008 American game show)|Wipeout]] , to certain degrees. Contact between players is often classed by different grades ranging from non-contact, where there is no contact between players, to full-contact or collision sports, where the rules allow for significant physical contact. Information was pulled from 18 different articles regarding the injury rates in professional rugby league football. The 18 different studies were all over one full year of professional rugby league football. But what classifies an injury?  Ten of these studies classify an injury as a player missing a competitive game because of it. Two different people put these statistics together. In a total of 121819 hours of competitive games were played, there were 517 total injuries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11839082/|title=A Pooled Data Analysis of Injury Incidence in Rugby League Football|last=C|first=Gissane|last2=D|first2=Jennings|date=2002|website=Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)|language=en|pmid=11839082|access-date=2020-04-03|last3=K|first3=Kerr|last4=Ja|first4=White}}</ref> That means per every 1000 hours played, there are 40 injuries<ref name=":0" />.  Also statistics show that the majority of these injuries were to the lower body (below torso). In conclusion professional rugby league football is more common to injury due to the contact that the sport entails. The pooled data analysis provides accurate estimates. Injuries in some contact sports [[List of sportspeople who died during their careers|have been fatal]]. Injury rates in professional rugby league are higher than in some other contact sports.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A pooled data analysis of injury incidence in rugby league football. |vauthors=Gissane C, Jennings D, Kerr K, White JA | year=2002 | pmid=11839082 | volume=32 |issue=3 | journal=Sports Med | pages=211–6 | doi=10.2165/00007256-200232030-00004}}</ref> ==Equipment== As a result of the risk of injury, some sports require the use of [[protective equipment]], for example [[American football protective equipment]] or the gloves and helmets needed for [[underwater hockey]]. Some sports are also played on soft ground and have padding on physical obstacles, such as [[goal posts]]. Most contact sports require any male players to wear an [[Jockstrap#Protective cup|Abdominal Guard]] to protect their [[human male genitalia|male genitalia]]. The cost of equipment can be an obstacle to participating in many sports.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} ==Trends== Because of issues involved with any sport that involves rapid contact, many sports governing bodies are changing their rules to decrease the incidence of serious injury. An example of this is the NFL banning concussed players from re-entering the same game in which they were injured in order to decrease further damage. ==Grades== {{Unreferenced section|date=January 2010}} ===Full-contact=== A '''(full) contact sport''' is any sport for which significant physical [[impact force]] on players, either deliberate or incidental, is allowed or within the rules of the game. Contact actions include [[Tackle (football move)|tackling]], [[sliding tackle]] ([[association football]]), [[Blocking (American football)|blocking]] and a whole range of other moves that can differ substantially in their rules and degree of application. Examples of contact sports are [[association football]], [[roller derby]], [[slamball]], [[rugby league]], [[rugby union]], [[American football]], [[Canadian football]], [[water polo]], [[lacrosse]], [[kabaddi]], [[hurling]], [[Quidditch (sport)|Quidditch]], [[shinty]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Innes |first1=Gary |title=How do we teach people about shinty? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/garyinnes/2011/10/how_do_we_teach_people_about_s.html |website=BBC |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=10 July 2018}}</ref> [[Australian rules football]], [[ice hockey]], [[wheelchair rugby]] and [[Gaelic football]]. Full-contact [[martial arts]] include [[wrestling]], [[Sanshou]], [[sumo]], [[boxing]], [[mixed martial arts]], [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]], [[Muay Thai]], [[judo]], various forms of [[full contact karate]], and some forms of [[World Taekwondo Federation#Sparring|Taekwondo]]. {{main|combat sport}} ×===Semi-contact=== A '''semi-contact sport''' is typically a [[combat sport]] involving [[strike (attack)|striking]] and containing physical contact between the combatants simulating full-power techniques. The techniques are restricted to limited power, and rendering the opponent [[Unconsciousness|unconscious]] is forbidden. Some semi-contact sports use a point system to determine the winner and use extensive [[protective gear]] to protect the athletes from injury. Examples of semi-contact sports include [[karate]], [[kalaripayattu]], [[kickboxing]], various [[Korean martial arts]] that incorporate contact rules sparring, [[kendo]] and [[taekwondo]] Another indicator of a semi-contact martial arts competition system is that after a point is rewarded the adversaries will be separated and resume the match from safe distance, but often it is possible to argue if some martial arts sports belong in one contact group or another. dffdddddddddddddd ===Limited-contact=== '''Limited-contact sports''' are sports for which the rules are specifically designed to prevent contact between players either intentionally or unintentionally. Contact can still happen, but penalties are often used to disallow substantial contact between players. These penalties, including physically removing players from the field of play, mean that contact is moderate or rare. Examples include [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[baseball]], [[handball]], [[softball]], [[field hockey]], [[women's lacrosse]], [[netball]], [[korfball]], [[Floorball]], [[walking football]], [[Squash (sport)|Squash]], [[polo]], [[Ultimate (sport)|ultimate]], [[bandy]], [[dodgeball]] and [[underwater hockey]]. ===Non-contact sports=== '''Non-contact sports''' are sports where participants compete alternately in lanes or are physically separated such as to make it nearly impossible for them to make contact during the course of a game without committing an [[out-of-bounds]] offense or, more likely, disqualification. Examples include [[cricket]], [[tennis]], [[badminton]], [[golf]], [[ten-pin bowling|bowling]], [[bowls]], [[croquet]], [[pool (cue sports)|pool]], [[snooker]], [[darts]], [[curling]], [[bodybuilding]], [[swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[Diving (sport)|diving]], [[Running#Running as a sport|running]], [[Sprint (running)|sprinting]], [[gymnastics]] and [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sports terminology]]'