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'{{Short description|Plant milk drink of Spanish origin}} {{about|the beverage|the song by Vampire Weekend|Horchata (song)}} [[File:Horchata de chufa 2.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|A glass of ''horchata de chufa'' with some ''[[fartons]]'' in [[Valencia]]]] '''Horchata''' ({{IPAc-en|ɔr|ˈ|tʃ|ɑː|t|ə}}; {{IPA-es|oɾˈtʃata|lang|Horchata.ogg}}), or '''{{lang|ca-valencia|orxata}}''' ({{IPA-va|oɾˈtʃata|lang}}), is a name given to various kinds of [[plant milk|plant-based beverages]]. In [[Spain]] it is made with soaked, ground, and sweetened [[tiger nuts]]. In [[Latin America]], and other parts of the Americas, the base is [[Crescentia alata|jicaro]], melon or sesame seeds, or white rice, along with other spices. In [[West Africa]]n countries such as [[Nigeria]] and [[Mali]], similar beverages are known as '''{{lang|und|kunnu aya}}.''' Different varieties can be served hot or cold, and may be used as a flavor in other beverages, such as [[frappé coffee]]. ==Etymology== The name probably derives from a Latin word for [[barley]], the term {{lang|la|hordeata}}, which in turn comes from {{lang|la|hordeum}} ([[barley]]), related to a Mediterranean tradition of grain-based beverages. <ref name="Rios et al, 2017"/> The Italian and Maltese {{lang|it|orzata}}, the French and English ''[[Orgeat syrup|orgeat]]'' have the [[cognate|same origin]], though the beverages themselves have diverged, and are generally no longer made from barley.<ref>Lobscouse & Spotted Dog: Which It's a Gastronomic Companion to the Aubrey/Maturin Novels : Grossman, Anne Chotzinoff; Thomas, Lisa Grossman {{ISBN|0-393-04559-5}}</ref> A [[false etymology]] recounts that [[James I of Aragon]], after being given the drink for the first time by a local in [[Alboraya]], exclaimed in Valencian, "{{lang|ca-valencia|Açò és or, xata!}}" ("That's gold, pretty girl!").<ref>''Valencia & the Costa Blanca'', Miles Roddis, Lonely Planet, 2002, {{ISBN|1-74059-032-5}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs5yVBmuTv4C Google Books]</ref><ref>''MTV Spain'', Fernando Gayesky, Elizabeth Gorman, Kristin Luna, Andre Legaspi, Frommer's, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7645-8772-2}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Owa_0MppHm4C Google Books]</ref><ref>''Consejo regulador denominación de origen Chufa de Valencia'',{{cite web|url=http://va.chufadevalencia.org/ver/16/Historia.html|title=Història de l'roxata de xufa}}</ref> For correct pronunciation, the ''[[H]]'' at the beginning of the word is silent (see [[Spanish Pronunciation|Spanish pronunciation]]). ==History and composition== [[File:Orxatera1.JPG|thumb|right|Traditional Valencian fridge {{lang|es|horchatera}}]] The drink possibly originated in North Africa,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Taseer|first=Aatish|last2=Ruiz|first2=Stefan|date=2021-11-11|title=Tracing Mexico’s Complicated Relationship With Rice|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/11/t-magazine/mexico-rice-conquest.html|access-date=2021-11-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and it is estimated that during the 11th century it began to spread throughout [[Hispania]] (now Spain and Portugal).<ref name="ocss">{{cite book|last=Goldstein|first=Darra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbi6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA341|title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets|date=4 July 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199313396|via=Google Books}}</ref> There are 13th-century records of a {{lang|es|horchata}}-like beverage made near Valencia,<ref>[[Clifford A. Wright]], ''Mediterranean Vegetables'', 2012, {{isbn|1558325913}}, ''s.v.'' 'chufa'</ref> where it remains a popular drink today. From Spain, the concept of horchata was brought to the [[New World]]. Here, drinks called {{lang|es|agua de horchata}} or simply {{lang|es|horchata}} came to be made with white rice and cinnamon or {{lang|es|[[canella]]}} instead of tiger nuts.<ref name="ocss" /> Sometimes these drinks had vanilla added,<ref name="dietary_fiber_and_health">{{cite book|last1=Cho|first1=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWjNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA433|title=Dietary Fiber and Health|last2=Almeida|first2=Nelson|date=29 May 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781439899373|via=Google Books}}</ref> or were served adorned with fruit.<ref name="ocss" /> Today, these and other similarly flavored plant based beverages are sold in various parts of the world as varieties of {{lang|es|horchata}} or {{lang|und|kunnu}}. ==Varieties== ==={{lang|es|Horchata de chufa}} or {{lang|und|kunnu aya}}=== [[File:ManekiNeko horchata jar.jpg|thumb|upright|Two large jars of {{lang|es|[[aguas frescas]]}} in a [[Seattle]] {{lang|es|[[taquería]]}}. On the left is a jar of [[hibiscus tea|''jamaica'']]<nowiki/>and on the right is a jar of {{lang|es|horchata}}. Restaurant employees serve the drinks by ladling them from the jars into glasses.]] The drink now known as {{lang|es|horchata de chufa}} (also sometimes called {{lang|es|horchata de chufas}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/janegrigsonsbook0000grig|url-access=registration|quote=horchata (chufa OR tiger).|title=Jane Grigson's book of European cookery|first=Jane|last=Grigson|date=1 January 1983|publisher=Atheneum|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> or, in West African countries such as Nigeria and Mali, {{lang|und|kunnu aya}}<ref name="dfh">{{cite book|last1=Cho|first1=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJdZI5WZ8k0C&q=%22kunnu%22+%22horchata%22&pg=PA433|title=Dietary Fiber and Health|last2=Almeida|first2=Nelson|date=29 May 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781439899298|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="newmilks">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAEODAAAQBAJ&pg=PR13|title=The New Milks: 100-Plus Dairy-Free Recipes for Making and Cooking with Soy, Nut, Seed, Grain, and Coconut Milks|first=Dina|last=Cheney|date=3 May 2016|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781501103940|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="fatflush">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk-ZDgAAQBAJ&q=%22kunnu%22+%22horchata%22|title=The New Fat Flush Foods|first=Ann Louise|last=Gittleman|date=19 May 2017|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=9781260012071|via=Google Books}}</ref>) is the original form of horchata.<ref name="ocss"/> It is made from soaked, ground and sweetened [[Cyperus esculentus|tiger nuts]].<ref name="ocss"/> According to researchers at the [[University of Ilorin]], {{lang|und|kunnu}} made from tiger nuts is an inexpensive source of protein.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}} The [[Valencia]]n or {{lang|es|Chufa horchata}} is made with dried and sweetened [[tiger nuts]] (''Cyperus esculentus'').<ref name="ocss" /> This form of horchata is now properly called {{lang|es|orxata de xufa}}<ref name="ocss" /><ref name="dietary_fiber_and_health" /> or, in [[West Africa]]n countries such as [[Nigeria]] and [[Mali]], {{lang|und|kunnu aya}}.<ref name="dfh" /><ref name="newmilks" /><ref name="fatflush" /> It remains popular in Spain, where a regulating council exists to ensure the quality and traceability of the product in relation to the [[denominación de origen|designation of origin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chufadevalencia.org |title=Consejo Regulador de la D.O. Chufa de Valencia. Horchata de Chufa de Valencia - Portada |publisher=Chufadevalencia.org |date=2002-12-31 |access-date=2014-07-15}}</ref> There it is served ice-cold as a natural [[wikt:refreshment|refreshment]] in the summer, often served with [[fartons]]. The majority of the Spanish tiger nut crop is utilised in the production of {{lang|es|horchata de chufa}}.<ref name="fst">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9tJAAAAYAAJ&q=horchata+(%22chufa%22+OR+%22tiger%22)|title=Food Science and Technology: Manufacture and distribution of foods|first=James Muil|last=Leitch|date=4 July 1967|publisher=Gordon and Breach|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Alboraya]] is the most important production centre.<ref name="fst"/> In rare instances, various forms of [[aflatoxin]] may be present in {{lang|es|horchata de chufa}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=na28BAAAQBAJ|title=Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs|first=Martin|last=Weidenbörner|date=24 January 2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461487272|via=Google Books}}</ref> ==={{lang|es|Horchata de arroz}}=== {{further|Rice milk}} [[File:15-07-21-Mexico-Stadtzentrum-RalfR-N3S 9725.jpg|thumb|Hot {{lang|es|horchata}} in Mexico]] {{lang|es|Horchata de arroz}} is made of [[rice]], sometimes with vanilla and typically with [[cinnamon]].<ref name="ocss"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saveur.com/article/Recipes/Horchata-de-Arroz-Tostado |title=Horchata de Arroz Tostado (Toasted Rice Drink) |work=[[Saveur]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saveur.com/article/Recipes/orchata-de-Arroz-con-Almendras |title=Horchata de Arroz con Almendras (Almond-Rice Drink) |publisher=[[Saveur]] }}</ref> It is the most common variety of {{lang|es|horchata}} in [[Mexico]] and [[Guatemala]].{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} In the United States, it is popular in {{lang|es|taquerías}} and Mexican ice cream shops.<ref>[[Emeril Lagasse]], [http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/horchata Horchata Recipe : Food Network] Taste of Mexico, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.marthastewart.com/1067306/horchata Horchata Recipe & Video] - Martha Stewart.</ref><ref>[http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2407-refreshing-rice-drink-horchata-de-arroz Refreshing Rice Drink: Horchata de Arroz] by Karen Hursh Graber 2003 (MexConnect).</ref> In [[Alvarado (municipality)|Alvarado]], {{lang|es|horchata de arroz}} is scented with flowers of the Aztec marigold ({{lang|es|cempasúchil}} or ''[[Tagetes erecta]]'').<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55AERRMRXu0C&pg=PA130|title=Jarocho's Soul: Cultural Identity and Afro-Mexican Dance|first=Anita|last=Gonzalez|date=4 July 2018|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=9780761827757|via=Google Books}}</ref> Though {{lang|es|horchata de arroz}} was once typically homemade, it is now available in both ready-to-drink (shelf-stable or refrigerated) and powdered form in grocery stores, principally in the U.S. and Latin America.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} {{lang|es|Horchata de arroz}} is one of the typical drink flavors of [[Mexico|Mexican]] {{lang|es|[[aguas frescas]]}}, together with {{lang|es|[[Tamarindo (drink)|tamarindo]]}} and [[Jamaica (drink)|hibiscus]].{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} ==={{lang|es|Horchata de ajonjolí}}=== {{lang|es|Horchata de [[wikt:ajonjolí|ajonjolí]]}} ("sesame horchata") is made with toasted ground sesame seeds.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} In [[Puerto Rico]], it is typically made by pouring boiling water over sesame seeds and left to soak 24 hours. It is then strained adding sugar, vanilla, and cinnamon.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} [[Evaporated milk]], [[coconut milk]], and [[rum]] can be added.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} {{lang|es|Horchata}} is also made with sesame seeds, water and sugar in [[Zulia]], an area in the west of [[Venezuela]].{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} ==={{lang|es|Horchata de melón}}=== {{lang|es|Horchata de melón}} is made of ground melon seeds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.los-dos.com/recipes/verarticulo.php?IdArticulo=244485 |title=RECIPE: Horchata |website=Los Dos |access-date=2016-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731000535/http://www.los-dos.com/recipes/verarticulo.php?IdArticulo=244485 |archive-date=2017-07-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saveur.com/article/Recipes/Horchata-de-Melon |title=Horchata de Melón (Cantaloupe Seed Drink) |work=[[Saveur]] }}</ref><ref>[http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2015/apr/29/heavenly-horchata/ Adriana Janovich. "Heavenly Horchata" - The Spokesman-Review APRIL 29, 2015]<!-- adrianaj@spokesman.com (509) 459-5446 --></ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allrecipes.com.mx/receta/5509/horchata-de-semillas-de-mel-n.aspx |title=Horchata de semillas de melón |website=allrecipes.com.mx}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> ==={{lang|es|Semilla de jicaro}}=== In the [[Central America]]n countries of [[El Salvador]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Honduras]], and [[Costa Rica]], {{lang|es|horchata}} refers to the drink known as {{lang|es|semilla de jicaro}}. Its base is made from grinding [[Crescentia alata|jicaro]] seeds, also locally referred to as "morro" seeds, ground with rice.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Spiegel|first=Alison|date=July 10, 2014|title=Why Horchata Is Your New Best Friend This Summer|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/horchata_n_5571070|url-status=live|access-date=September 5, 2021|website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2017|title=Starbucks' Latest Frappuccino Takes Inspiration From Horchata Drinks|url=https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/new-starbucks-horchata-frappuccino-now-available/21228/|url-status=live|access-date=September 5, 2021|website=nbcmiami.com}}</ref> Depending on the region, other additions include ground [[cocoa bean|cocoa]], cinnamon, sesame seeds, nutmeg, tiger nuts, vanilla, ground peanuts, almonds and [[cashew]]s.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} In Nicaragua, it is made with semilla de jicaro and rice as a base. They are toasted and then ground into a fine powder. The powder is then mixed with water or milk and mixed with cinnamon powder and sugar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wei|first=Clarissa|date=November 9, 2015|title=A Taste of Nicaragua: Three Traditional Drinks|url=https://www.eater.com/drinks/2015/11/9/9696230/chicha-maize-tiste-semilla-recipes|url-status=live|access-date=September 5, 2021|website=Eater}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 8, 2010|title=Las distintas aplicaciones del jícaro como fruta tropical|url=https://hoy.com.do/las-distintas-aplicaciones-del-jicaro-como-fruta-tropical/|url-status=live|access-date=September 5, 2021|website=Hoy Digital}}</ref> [[Cocoa beans]] are sometimes added to the horchata, also toasted and ground with the base.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whats4eats.com/beverages/horchata-de-arroz-recipe|title=Horchata de Arroz Recipe (Latin sweet rice beverage)|date=July 11, 2008|website=Whats4eats}}</ref> ===Ecuadorian {{lang|es|horchata}}=== In [[Ecuador]], {{lang|es|horchata}} is a clear red [[infusion]] or [[tea]] of 18 [[herb]]s, and is most famous in the province of [[Loja Province|Loja]]. Some of the herbs used are escancel or bloodleaf, lemon verbena, lemon grass, mint, chamomile, lemon balm, rose geranium, among others. It is not at all related to horchata of other Latin American countries, it simply shares the same denomination. The urban and rural people who consume the “horchata” drink in the Loja province report wellbeing benefits, and believe that this herbal mixture infusion promotes a healthy digestion, improves memory, and acts as an hepatic anti-inflammatory and a diuretic.<ref name="Rios et al, 2017">{{cite journal |first1=Montserrat |last1=Rios |first2=Fani |last2=Tinitana |first3=Pablo |last3=Jarrín |first4=Natalia |last4=Donoso |first5=Juan Carlos |last5=Romero-Benavides |title="Horchata" drink in Southern Ecuador: medicinal plants and people's wellbeing |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=13 |at=article №18 |date=9 March 2017 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13002-017-0145-z |pmid=28279218 |pmc=5345160 |doi-access=free }}</ref> =={{lang|es|Horchata}} as a flavor== [[File:Dough-Donut-Horchata.jpg|thumb|upright|An {{lang|es|horchata}}-flavored [[doughnut]]]] Horchata, as a flavor, makes appearances in ice cream, cookies, and other sweets, and other products such as [[RumChata]], an alcoholic tribute to the beverage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RumChata fights to protect trademark|url=https://www.freeborn.com/assets/2012_12_28_rumchata_fights_to_protect_trademark_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052609/https://www.freeborn.com/assets/2012_12_28_rumchata_fights_to_protect_trademark_0.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2018|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> Some [[smoothie]] shops, [[café]]s, and McDonald's in the U.S. have been experimenting with horchata-flavored [[Frappé coffee|frappes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodbeast.com/2014/05/12/mcdonalds-testing-horchata-frappes-in-southern-california/ |title=McDonald's Testing Horchata Frappes in Southern California |publisher=[[Foodbeast]] |date=May 12, 2014 |access-date=July 15, 2017}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Salep]] * [[Orgeat syrup]] * [[Chicha]] * [[Rice milk]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Sister project links |b=Cookbook:Horchata |commons=Category:Horchata |wikt=horchata |d=y |n=no|q=no|voy=no|v=no|species=no|s=no }} * [http://www.chufadevalencia.org/ The Regulating Council of Denomination of Origin "Chufa de Valencia"]: Quality council regulating tiger nut horchata in Valencia * [http://www.tastingtable.com/entry_detail/nyc/14262/Horxata_introduces_real_Valencian_horchata_to_NYC.htm Article about Horxata, Ltd.]: Valencian Horchata in New York City {{Mexican cuisine}} {{Milk substitutes}} {{Rice drinks}} [[Category:Aguas frescas]] [[Category:Plant milk]] [[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]] [[Category:Rice drinks]] [[Category:Mexican drinks]] [[Category:Spanish drinks]]'