Jump to content

Scientology officials: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Reverted 1 edit by Grorp (talk): Do not remove maintenance templates if you do not understand the issues raised
expand
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Current, former, and deceased}}
{{Short description|Staff and personnel of Church of Scientology network}}
{{Notability|date=August 2023}}
{{use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Scientology sidebar}}
{{Scientology sidebar}}

The [[Church of Scientology]] network operates as a multinational [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] of companies with personnel, [[Senior management|executives]], [[organizational charts]], [[chain of command|chains of command]], [[Policy|policies]] and orders.{{r|kent1999|wallis|urban}}

== Hierarchy of staff ==

{{Quote frame |align=right |width=30% |text=The recruit is transformed from a client to a ''follower'' and from a follower to a ''deployable agent''. |author=Roy Wallis in ''The Road to Total Freedom''{{r|wallis|p=188}} }}
[[Official|Personnel]] are bound by policy as written by [[L. Ron Hubbard]] and by orders from any senior. Each staff member is junior to those above them on the organizational chart (called an "org board"{{r|hubbard-admindict|p=369}}) and is senior to those under them.

Scientology "members" are those public individuals who are ''not'' on staff, who pay the organization for training or [[Auditing (Scientology)|auditing]] services, and who live and work separately from the Church of Scientology.{{r|straus|p=70}} Members defer to all staff personnel, who are seen as their seniors. All members and staff defer to [[Sea Org]] staff. Even though public members are not part of the organization proper, they are ranked within the entire chain of command and frequently pressed into service for clerical or promotional tasks or recruiting new members.{{r|wallis|p=180}} Members who recruit people for Scientology paid-services are paid a commission and are called "field staff members" (FSM).{{r|behar}}<ref name=ASHOAudit>{{cite web |url=http://www.scientology-asho.org/AuditingAsACareer.htm |title=Auditing as a Career |publisher=American Saint Hill Organization, Church of Scientology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818060116/http://www.scientology-asho.org/AuditingAsACareer.htm |archive-date=August 18, 2006}}</ref>{{r|wallis|p=181}}

== Staff contracts ==

Staff sign [[employment contract]]s, though in recent years these contracts label them as [[Volunteering|volunteers]] or "religious workers" to circumvent [[labor laws]] because staff are almost universally paid less than locally mandated [[minimum wage]]. However, all organizational policies written by L. Ron Hubbard refer to such workers as "staff".<ref name="cbc20180613">{{cite web |title=Church of Scientology staffer in Quebec City earned $70 for nearly 39 hours of work, document shows |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/scientology-workers-quebec-minimum-wage-1.4702494 |date=June 13, 2018 |website=CBC News |first=Gaétan |last=Pouliot}}</ref>

These contracts have lengthy durations. At a Class V organization, a contract may be as short as 2.5 years; extending to 5 years or more if they are sent to [[Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization|Flag Service Org]] for extensive training. Sea Org members sign billion-year contracts; effectively a perpetual contract with no term limit. Sea Org personnel live in communal housing; Class V staff make their own living arrangements and sometimes even have second jobs.{{r|wallis|p=182}}

== Pay ==

Staff hold [[Job|posts]] where they are either given a small fixed [[Allowance (money)|allowance]] (Sea Org){{r|wright-apostate}} or are paid based on a [[Compensation and benefits#Variable pay|share-percentage]] of the organization's weekly gross receipts.<ref name="cbc20180613"/>{{r|wallis|pp=135-136}} Occasionally, those who work in sales or fundraising posts ''may'' have a chance for [[Bonus payment|bonuses]]. Sea Org members who work for one of the [[for-profit corporation]]s in the network are paid a minimum wage, reduced by deductions for housing and other expenses, bringing their pay back in line with other Sea Org allowances.

{{Blockquote |text=The employees of Hubbard's Org are not merely officials, but also ''disciples''. Hence commitment of staff to the Org is secured by ideological means, replacing the need for the attractions of tenure, secure salary and orderly promotion through a work hierarchy. |author=Roy Wallis in ''The Road to Total Freedom''{{r|wallis|p=137}} }}

== Production ==

{{Quote box |width=30% |quote=Further paralleling the institutional order of developed societies, ... Hubbard has strategically used that authority to establish Scientology upon the legal-rational basis of an almost ideal-typical bureaucracy. This social world is run along formal lines defined by "Policy"—the stream of bulletins and material written or authorized by Hubbard, periodically compiled into thick volumes and treated for all intents and purposes as law. Policy specifies every aspect of organizational life.{{r|straus|p=70}} }}
Staff are required to keep "[[Scientology ethics and justice#Statistics|stats]]" ([[statistics]]), a count of their production. They perform weekly evaluations of their stats and are required to chart the stats on a graph, declare their "[[Scientology ethics and justice#|ethics condition]]", and write up their "ethics formula". Personnel whose production stats were lower than the prior week, or whose graph shows a general downtrending pattern, are dealt with by the "[[Ethics officer (Scientology)|ethics officer]]", often with harsh penalties.{{r|straus}} For example, certain conditions below "Normal" may preclude getting paid at all.{{r|wallis|p=183}}

Staff may be punished, though usually for lack of production or insubordination, though not usually for basic behavioral matters. In the [[Sea Org]], staff are routinely removed from post and reassigned to the [[Rehabilitation Project Force]] (RPF), a forced labor and re-indoctrination program.{{r|kent1999|wright-apostate}} Removing a staff members completely from the organization is called "offloading".

Sea Org members are heavily discouraged from engaging in any family activities such as the raising of children, and are expected to spend their entire waking hours in service to the Church of Scientology.{{r|kent1999|wright-apostate}}

== Training ==

Though formal training courses are available for all posts, staff members are expected to be proficient at all times, whether trained or not. All posts have a "hat writeup" ("hat" for short) which consists of Hubbard writings pertaining to that post and other writeups written by those who held the post before.{{r|hubbard-admindict|pp=244-245}}

== Enhancement ==

Staff are recruited with promises that they are expected to train or be audited for 2.5 hours per day worked (called "enhancement"),{{r|wallis|p=182}} but in reality enhancement time is usually bumped for the latest emergency—called a "flap" {{r|miller|p=284}}{{r|hubbard-admindict|p=131}}—or expected to be performed outside of their normal work hours.

Staff receive Scientology training, and occasionally [[Auditing (Scientology)|auditing]], on a [[Deferral|deferred]] basis. Invoices are written up for services taken, but no payment is expected while the staff member continues to work for the organization. If they complete their contract, they are pressured to re-commit for another contract term,{{r|mcmanus20221117}} but if they leave having fulfilled their contract term their deferred invoices are forgiven or waived. While seeming to be free services, if a staff member breaks their contract by leaving before its term completion, they are immediately invoiced for all services rendered during their employment.{{r|wallis|p=182}} Since Sea Org members sign perpetual contracts their invoice, called a "freeloader bill" can be quite high; no waivers or reductions being given for years of service rendered.{{r|wright-apostate}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Farley |first=Robert |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/06/24/Tampabay/The_unperson.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604102718/http://www.sptimes.com/2006/06/24/Tampabay/The_unperson.shtml |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |title=The unperson |newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |date=24 June 2006}}</ref>

If a person leaves before their contract termination date without performing specific steps for leaving (called "routing out"{{r|mcmanus20221117}}), they are considered "blown" and such individuals will often be [[Scientology ethics and justice#Suppressive person|declared suppressive]].

== List of Scientology officials ==

This is a list of current and former [[official]]s of the [[Church of Scientology]].

{{Dynamic list}}
{{Dynamic list}}


=== Current ===
This is a '''list of Scientology officials''' and former officials who have served prominent roles in the [[Church of Scientology]] and its leadership.


== Officials ==
{{clear}}<!--putting this here so the sidebar and TOC will fit besides each other, and not one on top of the other-->
{{clear}}<!--putting this here so the sidebar and TOC will fit besides each other, and not one on top of the other-->
{|class="sortable wikitable"
{|class="sortable wikitable"
Line 56: Line 101:
|}
|}


=== Deceased officials ===
=== Deceased ===


{|class="sortable wikitable"
{|class="sortable wikitable"
Line 81: Line 126:
|}
|}


== Former officials==
=== Former ===


{|class="sortable wikitable"
{|class="sortable wikitable"
Line 119: Line 164:


{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=

⚫
<ref name="TruthRunDown">{{multiref
<ref name="behar">{{cite magazine |first=Richard |last=Behar |author-link=Richard Behar |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,156952,00.html |title=Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=May 6, 1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200902/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,156952,00.html |archive-date=May 25, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name="hubbard-admindict">{{cite book |title=Modern Management Technology Defined: Hubbard dictionary of administration and management |first=L. Ron |last=Hubbard |author-link=L. Ron Hubbard |publisher=[[Church of Scientology]] |isbn=0884040402 |ol=8192738M |year=1976}}</ref>

<ref name="kent1999">{{cite journal |last=Kent |first=Stephen A. |author-link=Stephen A. Kent |title=Scientology — Is this a Religion? |journal=[[Marburg Journal of Religion]] |volume=4 |number=1 |date=1999 |pages=1–56 |publisher=[[University of Marburg]] |doi=10.17192/mjr.1999.4.3754 |url=https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3754 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="mcmanus20221117">{{cite news |title=Scientology workers signed contracts under duress, their lawyers say |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/clearwater/2022/11/17/scientology-workers-signed-contracts-under-duress-their-lawyers-say/ |date=November 17, 2022 |first=Tracey |last=McManus |newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times]] |quote=While being subjected to long interrogations and psychological punishment during the 'routing out' process, [they] were held in isolation and surveilled 24 hours a day by security ... [P]hysical force is not required to prove duress and that confinement and threat of force is sufficient. That's not a subjective fear, [...] they're basically being trapped on the ship until they sign the documents.}}</ref>

<ref name="miller">{{cite book |title=Bare-faced Messiah : The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard |title-link=Bare-faced Messiah |first=Russell |last=Miller |author-link=Russell Miller |ol=26305813M |isbn=0805006540 |date=1987 |publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]] }}</ref>

<ref name="straus">{{cite journal |title=Scientology "Ethics": Deviance, Identity and Social Control in a Cult-Like Social World |first=Roger |last=Straus |journal=[[Symbolic Interaction (journal)|Symbolic Interaction]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=Spring 1986 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1525/si.1986.9.1.67 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref>

⚫
<ref name="TruthRunDown">{{multiref2
|1=The Truth Rundown, a three-part series by Thomas C. Tobin and Joe Childs, [[St Petersburg Times]]
|1=The Truth Rundown, a three-part series by Thomas C. Tobin and Joe Childs, [[St Petersburg Times]]
|2=
|2=
Line 128: Line 186:
{{cite web |url=https://www.tampabay.com/special-reports/2019/10/17/the-truth-rundown-part-3-of-3-ecclesiastical-justice/ |title=The Truth Rundown, Part 3 — Ecclesiastical justice |date=June 23, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809103436/http://www.tampabay.com/news/scientology/article1012575.ece |archive-date=August 9, 2009}}
{{cite web |url=https://www.tampabay.com/special-reports/2019/10/17/the-truth-rundown-part-3-of-3-ecclesiastical-justice/ |title=The Truth Rundown, Part 3 — Ecclesiastical justice |date=June 23, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809103436/http://www.tampabay.com/news/scientology/article1012575.ece |archive-date=August 9, 2009}}
}}</ref>
}}</ref>

<ref name="urban">{{cite book|last=Urban|first=Hugh B. |author-link=Hugh Urban |title=The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion |title-link=The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780691146089 |page=88 |quote=More than one observer has noted that Scientology's early organizational structure resembles less a traditional church than it does multi-national enterprises such as the Ford Motor Corporation, Coca Cola or International Telephone and Telegraph}}</ref>

<ref name="wallis">{{cite book |last=Wallis |first=Roy |author-link=Roy Wallis |title=The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology |title-link=The Road to Total Freedom |year=1977 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0231042000 |ol=4596322M |page=128 |quote=Hubbard was well aware of the value of corporate structures as weapons in the control of both his movement and its environment. A complex corporate structure maximizes the difficulty of surveillance, or investigation of the movement's affairs.}}</ref>

<ref name="wright-apostate">{{cite web |last=Wright |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Wright |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/02/14/the-apostate-lawrence-wright |title=The Apostate : Paul Haggis vs. the Church of Scientology |publisher=[[The New Yorker]] |date=February 14, 2011}}</ref>

}}
}}


Line 135: Line 200:
*{{Cite news| first=Joel | last=Sappell |author2=Welkos, Robert W. | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062590b,1,279442.story?coll=la-news-comment | title=The Courting of Celebrities| work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | page=A18:5 | date=June 25, 1990 }}
*{{Cite news| first=Joel | last=Sappell |author2=Welkos, Robert W. | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062590b,1,279442.story?coll=la-news-comment | title=The Courting of Celebrities| work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | page=A18:5 | date=June 25, 1990 }}
*{{Cite news | last = Times staff | title = Scientology: Origins, celebrities and holdings | work = [[St. Petersburg Times]] | date = June 21, 2009 | url = http://www.tampabay.com/news/article1012139.ece | access-date = December 18, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100526073416/http://www.tampabay.com/news/article1012139.ece | archive-date = May 26, 2010 | url-status = dead }}
*{{Cite news | last = Times staff | title = Scientology: Origins, celebrities and holdings | work = [[St. Petersburg Times]] | date = June 21, 2009 | url = http://www.tampabay.com/news/article1012139.ece | access-date = December 18, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100526073416/http://www.tampabay.com/news/article1012139.ece | archive-date = May 26, 2010 | url-status = dead }}

== External links ==


{{Commons category|Scientology officials}}
{{Commons category|Scientology officials}}

Revision as of 03:42, 31 August 2023

Part of a series on
Scientology
PAC Base, Los Angeles
  • General
Controversies
More

The Church of Scientology network operates as a multinational conglomerate of companies with personnel, executives, organizational charts, chains of command, policies and orders.[1][2][3]

Hierarchy of staff

The recruit is transformed from a client to a follower and from a follower to a deployable agent.
— Roy Wallis in The Road to Total Freedom[2]: 188 

Personnel are bound by policy as written by L. Ron Hubbard and by orders from any senior. Each staff member is junior to those above them on the organizational chart (called an "org board"[4]: 369 ) and is senior to those under them.

Scientology "members" are those public individuals who are not on staff, who pay the organization for training or auditing services, and who live and work separately from the Church of Scientology.[5]: 70  Members defer to all staff personnel, who are seen as their seniors. All members and staff defer to Sea Org staff. Even though public members are not part of the organization proper, they are ranked within the entire chain of command and frequently pressed into service for clerical or promotional tasks or recruiting new members.[2]: 180  Members who recruit people for Scientology paid-services are paid a commission and are called "field staff members" (FSM).[6][7][2]: 181 

Staff contracts

Staff sign employment contracts, though in recent years these contracts label them as volunteers or "religious workers" to circumvent labor laws because staff are almost universally paid less than locally mandated minimum wage. However, all organizational policies written by L. Ron Hubbard refer to such workers as "staff".[8]

These contracts have lengthy durations. At a Class V organization, a contract may be as short as 2.5 years; extending to 5 years or more if they are sent to Flag Service Org for extensive training. Sea Org members sign billion-year contracts; effectively a perpetual contract with no term limit. Sea Org personnel live in communal housing; Class V staff make their own living arrangements and sometimes even have second jobs.[2]: 182 

Pay

Staff hold posts where they are either given a small fixed allowance (Sea Org)[9] or are paid based on a share-percentage of the organization's weekly gross receipts.[8][2]: 135–136  Occasionally, those who work in sales or fundraising posts may have a chance for bonuses. Sea Org members who work for one of the for-profit corporations in the network are paid a minimum wage, reduced by deductions for housing and other expenses, bringing their pay back in line with other Sea Org allowances.

The employees of Hubbard's Org are not merely officials, but also disciples. Hence commitment of staff to the Org is secured by ideological means, replacing the need for the attractions of tenure, secure salary and orderly promotion through a work hierarchy.

— Roy Wallis in The Road to Total Freedom[2]: 137 

Production

Further paralleling the institutional order of developed societies, ... Hubbard has strategically used that authority to establish Scientology upon the legal-rational basis of an almost ideal-typical bureaucracy. This social world is run along formal lines defined by "Policy"—the stream of bulletins and material written or authorized by Hubbard, periodically compiled into thick volumes and treated for all intents and purposes as law. Policy specifies every aspect of organizational life.[5]: 70 

Staff are required to keep "stats" (statistics), a count of their production. They perform weekly evaluations of their stats and are required to chart the stats on a graph, declare their "ethics condition", and write up their "ethics formula". Personnel whose production stats were lower than the prior week, or whose graph shows a general downtrending pattern, are dealt with by the "ethics officer", often with harsh penalties.[5] For example, certain conditions below "Normal" may preclude getting paid at all.[2]: 183 

Staff may be punished, though usually for lack of production or insubordination, though not usually for basic behavioral matters. In the Sea Org, staff are routinely removed from post and reassigned to the Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF), a forced labor and re-indoctrination program.[1][9] Removing a staff members completely from the organization is called "offloading".

Sea Org members are heavily discouraged from engaging in any family activities such as the raising of children, and are expected to spend their entire waking hours in service to the Church of Scientology.[1][9]

Training

Though formal training courses are available for all posts, staff members are expected to be proficient at all times, whether trained or not. All posts have a "hat writeup" ("hat" for short) which consists of Hubbard writings pertaining to that post and other writeups written by those who held the post before.[4]: 244–245 

Enhancement

Staff are recruited with promises that they are expected to train or be audited for 2.5 hours per day worked (called "enhancement"),[2]: 182  but in reality enhancement time is usually bumped for the latest emergency—called a "flap" [10]: 284 [4]: 131 —or expected to be performed outside of their normal work hours.

Staff receive Scientology training, and occasionally auditing, on a deferred basis. Invoices are written up for services taken, but no payment is expected while the staff member continues to work for the organization. If they complete their contract, they are pressured to re-commit for another contract term,[11] but if they leave having fulfilled their contract term their deferred invoices are forgiven or waived. While seeming to be free services, if a staff member breaks their contract by leaving before its term completion, they are immediately invoiced for all services rendered during their employment.[2]: 182  Since Sea Org members sign perpetual contracts their invoice, called a "freeloader bill" can be quite high; no waivers or reductions being given for years of service rendered.[9][12]

If a person leaves before their contract termination date without performing specific steps for leaving (called "routing out"[11]), they are considered "blown" and such individuals will often be declared suppressive.

List of Scientology officials

This is a list of current and former officials of the Church of Scientology.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Current

Image Name Notes
Bob Adams A former professional American football tight end in the National Football League,[13][14] Adams served in 2004 as senior vice president of the Scientology organization's Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE), a nonprofit founded by Scientology members in 1988 to supervise Scientology-affiliated entities Narconon, Criminon, The Way to Happiness, and Applied Scholastics.[15] Adams worked in 2006 as a media executive for the Scientology organization out of its offices in Hollywood, California;[16] he was a vice president of the Church of Scientology in 2006.[17] He held the position of vice president of public affairs for the Church of Scientology International in 2009,[18] and was a Reverend within the organization.[19][20]
John Carmichael
John Carmichael
 John Carmichael President of the Church of Scientology in New York.[21] He became an ordained minister with the Church of Scientology in 1973,[22] and has served as President of the Church of Scientology in New York since 1987.[23]
Leisa Goodman Human Rights Director, Church of Scientology International.[24]
Heber Jentzsch President, Church of Scientology International.[25]
David Miscavige
David Miscavige
 David Miscavige Chairman of the Board, Religious Technology Center and de facto leader of the entire Church of Scientology network of organizations.[26][27]
Kendrick Moxon
Kendrick Moxon
 Kendrick "Rick" Moxon Prominent Scientology attorney, previously member of Scientology division the Guardian's Office.[28][29][30]
Karin Pouw
Karin Pouw
 Karin Pouw Spokeswoman,[31][32] director of public affairs for Church of Scientology International,[33] and member of Office of Special Affairs (OSA).[34]
Kenneth Howard Shapiro Registar of Church of Scientology of Los Angeles branch.[35]
Kurt Weiland Director of external affairs, Office of Special Affairs, and director, Church of Scientology International.[36]

Deceased

Image Name Lifetime Notes
David Gaiman 1933–2009 Former Scientology spokesman,[37] public relations director of Scientology in England.[38] Father of fantasy author, Neil Gaiman.[39]
L. Ron Hubbard
L. Ron Hubbard
 L. Ron Hubbard 1911–1986 Founder of Scientology.[40]
Mary Sue Hubbard
Mary Sue Hubbard
 Mary Sue Hubbard 1931–2002 Wife of L. Ron Hubbard, Controller of the Guardian's Office—former legal and public affairs branch of Scientology.[26]

Former

Image Name Notes
Gerry Armstrong
Gerry Armstrong
 Gerry Armstrong Former member of Scientology's Sea Org, whose members "occupy the most essential and trusted positions in the senior churches in the Scientology hierarchy";[41] went on to become an outspoken critic of Scientology.[42] While a member of the organization, Armstrong was "officially authorized by the Church of Scientology to write a biography" about L. Ron Hubbard.[43] He left the organization in 1981.[44]
Tommy Davis
Tommy Davis
 Tommy Davis Former spokesman and director of Celebrity Centre International, Los Angeles.[45][46][47] Was listed as an "International Spokesperson" on Scientology Newsroom, the Church's official media resource center.[31]
Jessica Feshbach Joined the Sea Org in 1994,[48] In 2005, MSNBC characterized Feshbach as a "Senior Scientologist",[49] and Fox News Channel called her "a high-level Scientologist" within the organization.[50] In 2006, MSNBC described Feshbach as, "a high-level Scientology practitioner and member of the church's influential Feshbach family".[51] Feshbach began working with assistants to celebrity Scientology member and actor, Tom Cruise,[52] in April 2005; she attended to Katie Holmes.[53] By 2009, Feshbach had become a public spokesperson for Scientology;[45] as of January 2011, she was listed as an "International Spokesperson" on Scientology Newsroom, the Church's official media resource center.[31]
Mark Rathbun
Mark Rathbun
 Mark Rathbun Former president[26][54] of the Religious Technology Center;[55] later left the Church of Scientology and took part in a St. Petersburg Times exposé on the Church; today practices Scientology outside of the Church,[45] operating a website that "has become an online community for what he calls 'independent Scientologists'."[56]
Mike Rinder
Mike Rinder
 Mike Rinder Former executive director of Office of Special Affairs International (OSA).[57]
Aaron Saxton
Aaron Saxton
 Aaron Saxton Former member of the Commodore's Messenger Organization,[58] and senior official within the Sea Org;[59][60][61] later a prominent whistleblower whose exposés prompted debates in the Australian Senate.[59][60]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Kent, Stephen A. (1999). "Scientology — Is this a Religion?". Marburg Journal of Religion. 4 (1). University of Marburg: 1–56. doi:10.17192/mjr.1999.4.3754.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wallis, Roy (1977). The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology. Columbia University Press. p. 128. ISBN 0231042000. OL 4596322M. Hubbard was well aware of the value of corporate structures as weapons in the control of both his movement and its environment. A complex corporate structure maximizes the difficulty of surveillance, or investigation of the movement's affairs.
  3. ^ Urban, Hugh B. (2011). The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion. Princeton University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780691146089. More than one observer has noted that Scientology's early organizational structure resembles less a traditional church than it does multi-national enterprises such as the Ford Motor Corporation, Coca Cola or International Telephone and Telegraph
  4. ^ a b c Hubbard, L. Ron (1976). Modern Management Technology Defined: Hubbard dictionary of administration and management. Church of Scientology. ISBN 0884040402. OL 8192738M.
  5. ^ a b c Straus, Roger (Spring 1986). "Scientology "Ethics": Deviance, Identity and Social Control in a Cult-Like Social World". Symbolic Interaction. 9 (1). Wiley: 67–82. doi:10.1525/si.1986.9.1.67 – via JSTOR.
  6. ^ Behar, Richard (May 6, 1991). "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power". Time. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014.
  7. ^ "Auditing as a Career". American Saint Hill Organization, Church of Scientology. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006.
  8. ^ a b Pouliot, Gaétan (June 13, 2018). "Church of Scientology staffer in Quebec City earned $70 for nearly 39 hours of work, document shows". CBC News.
  9. ^ a b c d Wright, Lawrence (February 14, 2011). "The Apostate : Paul Haggis vs. the Church of Scientology". The New Yorker.
  10. ^ Miller, Russell (1987). Bare-faced Messiah : The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0805006540. OL 26305813M.
  11. ^ a b McManus, Tracey (November 17, 2022). "Scientology workers signed contracts under duress, their lawyers say". Tampa Bay Times. While being subjected to long interrogations and psychological punishment during the 'routing out' process, [they] were held in isolation and surveilled 24 hours a day by security ... [P]hysical force is not required to prove duress and that confinement and threat of force is sufficient. That's not a subjective fear, [...] they're basically being trapped on the ship until they sign the documents.
  12. ^ Farley, Robert (June 24, 2006). "The unperson". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
  13. ^ "Bob Adams". Players. NFL. 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  14. ^ "Bob Adams". Player Bio. DatabaseFootball.com. 2006. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  15. ^ Horgan, John (May 24, 2006). "Adams is proof that dreams can be rekindled". The Oakland Tribune.
  16. ^ "Inside TomKat's Wedding: Star-Studded Guest List and Scientology Ceremony Will Make This Wedding Unlike Any Other". ABC News. ABC. November 14, 2006. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  17. ^ Hunt, April (September 18, 2009). "Sandy Springs panel says no to Scientology Church City Council will take Planning Commission's vote into account". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. B1; Section: Metro News.
  18. ^ Herbert, Bronwyn (December 12, 2009). "Scientology head hits back at abuse claims". ABC News, Australia. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  19. ^ Eastley, Tony; Elizabeth Jackson (December 12, 2009). "Senior Scientologist says 'no cover up'". AM, ABC Radio. ABC. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  20. ^ Nadine Brozan (November 12, 2006). "For Mrs. Cruise, Perhaps a Cat". New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
  21. ^ Waldman, Amy (September 20, 2001). "Changed Lives – Religious Leader Takes His Calling to Ground Zero". The New York Times. p. A22. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  22. ^ Barron, James (October 6, 1987). "Defendant in Park Murder Tried to Join Scientologists". The New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  23. ^ Rubin, Joel (October 1, 2005). "District Scrambles to Ensure Human Rights Event Is Religion-Free; Officials were unaware of Scientology's role in the international forum at Jordan High in Watts". Los Angeles Times. p. B4.
  24. ^ Donahue, Ann (July 19, 1999). "From Las Vegas lounge singer to Scientology leader". Los Angeles Business Journal.
  25. ^ a b c Tobin, Thomas C (October 25, 1998). "The Man Behind Scientology". St Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 1999. Archive page 2, page 3, page 4
  26. ^ Ortega, Tony (June 24, 2008). "Scientology's Crushing Defeat". The Village Voice. They gathered evidence to show that despite the confusing profusion of names and acronyms, Scientology was really a single enterprise, and its actions and litigation were directed by one man, Hubbard's successor David Miscavige. Former high-ranking officials declared that they had witnessed Miscavige—who supposedly had no position or standing at the time with CSC, the corporation being sued—directing the litigation against Wollersheim and ordering the destruction of key evidence in the case. Special intelligence operations, they declared, were formed to target not only Wollersheim and his attorneys but even the judge, witnesses, and their family and friends. When the jury awarded Wollersheim $30 million, one former official testified, Miscavige vowed that it would never be paid, even if it cost more than $30 million to avoid it. CSC, meanwhile, was purposely ransacked of all assets to make sure that Wollersheim couldn't reach it, two former officers declared.
  27. ^ Hansen, Susan (June 1997). "Did Scientology Strike Back?". The American Lawyer.
  28. ^ Horne, William W. (July–August 1992). "The Two Faces of Scientology" (PDF). The American Lawyer: 74–82. In particular, Los Angeles's 14-lawyer Bowles & Moxon, which does more of the church's work than any other law firm and acts as Scientology's de facto in-house department ... Bowles & Moxon was formed in 1987 with two lawyers, [Kendrick] Moxon and name partner Timothy Bowles, and opened an office later that year in the church's Hollywood headquarters complex. Today [1992] seven of the firm's lawyers are Scientologists, including all four partners. Moxon, for example, has a long history with the church. In the late 1970s he served a stint as the "District of Columbia Assistant Guardian for the Legal Bureau," working in the very office where massive covert operations against the government were being run at the time, according to a stipulation of evidence that was agreed to by all parties in the 1979 federal criminal case against nine of the church leaders. (text-only version)
  29. ^ Ortega, Tony (December 23, 1999). "Double Crossed: The Church of Scientology has a reputation for ruthlessly going after its enemies. Robert Cipriano claims Scientologists rewarded him for helping them do just that. Now he's turned on them". Phoenix New Times. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
  30. ^ a b c "Scientology Newsroom". Archived from the original on December 19, 2010.
  31. ^ Boshoff, Alison (January 17, 2008). "Is Scientologist Tom Cruise out of control". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  32. ^ Eddy, Melissa (Associated Press) (February 12, 2008). "German administrative court upholds government's right to observe Church of Scientology". Toronto Star. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  33. ^ Dahlburg, John-Thor (February 29, 2000). "Report Urges Dissolution of Scientology Church in France – Europe: Panel calls group a danger to the public and a threat to national security". Los Angeles Times.
  34. ^ Staff (August 6, 2005). "Dollars and sense: Bloggers take on costs of Scientology". Bakersfield Californian.
  35. ^ Fisher, Marc (August 19, 1995). "Church in Cyberspace: Its Sacred Writ Is on the Net. Its Lawyers Are on the Case". The Washington Post. pp. C1, C5. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019.
  36. ^ Lewis, Anthony (August 1, 1968). "Britain Curbs Activities of Cult of Scientologists; Refuses to Admit Americans Known to Be Followers Minister of Health Declares Group Socially Harmful". The New York Times.
  37. ^ Cooper, Paulette (1971). The Scandal of Scientology. Tower Publications. pp. Appendix – The Scientologist's Story.
  38. ^ Lancaster, James (October 11, 2005). "Everyone has the potential to be great". The Argus. pp. 10–11.
  39. ^ Joel Sappell and Robert W. Welkos (June 24, 1990). "The Mind Behind the Religon [sic]". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
  40. ^ Cowan, Douglas E.; David G. Bromley (2007). Cults and New Religions: A Brief History. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4051-6128-2.
  41. ^ Corydon, Bent (1992). L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?. Barricade Books Inc. p. 127. ISBN 0-942637-57-7.
  42. ^ Edwards, Linda (2001). A Brief Guide to Beliefs. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 513. ISBN 0-664-22259-5.
  43. ^ Beverley, James A. (2009). "Scientology: Scientology timeline". Nelson's Illustrated Guide to Religions. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 978-0-7852-4491-2.
  44. ^ a b c
  45. ^ Derakhshani, Tirdad (August 26, 2006). "Cruise camp: sorry about Shields". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  46. ^ Staff (August 25, 2006). "Tom 'Incensed' Sumner's Wife". New York Post. p. 14.
  47. ^ Flaccus, Gillian (Associated Press) (March 29, 2010). "Scientology lawsuits draw attention to work of 'Sea Org'". USA Today. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  48. ^ Bonné, Jon (August 8, 2005). "When enough is enough". Today.com. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  49. ^ Friedman, Roger (July 11, 2005). "DreamWorks Nightmare: Insider Trading?". Fox News. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  50. ^ Zhao, J.-Y. (February 13, 2006). "A Valentine's ode to TomKat". Today.com. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  51. ^ "Katie's in Cruise control". Uxbridge Gazette. June 12, 2005. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  52. ^ Friedman, Roger (November 20, 2006). "Tom Cruise: Was Wedding the End of His Career?". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  53. ^ Rathbun, Frank H.; Rathbun Family Association (1989). Rathbun, Rathbone, Rathburn Family Historian. Rathbun Family Association. p. 32. v.9–v.16 1989–1996.
  54. ^ Tobin, Thomas C. (February 23, 2000). "Tampabay: Church member's death now called accident". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  55. ^ Goodstein, Laurie (March 6, 2010). "Defectors Say Church of Scientology Hides Abuse". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  56. ^ Cook, John (March 17, 2008). "Scientology – Cult Friction: After an embarrassing string of high-profile defection and leaked videos, Scientology is under attack from a faceless cabal of online activists. Has America's most controversial religion finally met its match?". Radar Online. Radar Magazine. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
  57. ^ Saxton, Aaron (November 18, 2009). "Interview Aaron Saxton part 4 of 7". YouTube. Wikimedia Commons.
  58. ^ a b Beaumont, Peter; Toni O'Loughlin; Paul Harris (November 22, 2009). "World: Special report: Wrath descends on the Church of Scientology : It has been a bad year for the controversial church, founded by L Ron Hubbard. Hollywood figures deserted it and Australia's prime minister is considering an inquiry into its activities". The Observer. At the centre of Xenophon's long, impassioned speech were the allegations of Aaron Saxton, who was 'born' into Scientology and 'rose to a position of influence in Sydney and the United States'.
  59. ^ a b Zwartz, Barney (November 21, 2009). "Scientology's dark secrets". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved March 22, 2010. Aaron Saxton, who rose to a senior level in the Sea Org and was sent to the US...
  60. ^ Davies, Melissa (November 26, 2009). "Video - A New Zealander's whistle-blowing about the church has made it all the way to the Australian parliament". 3 News. www.3news.co.nz, TV3. Event occurs at 1:40. Archived from the original on September 2, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2010. Aaron's allegations about his time in the Sea Organization, Scientology's senior management.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scientology officials.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientology_officials&oldid=1173078830"