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This has been explained repeatedly at the talkpage with no reply given, please stop adding irrelevant information with no connection to Ghajar.
this is all connected to Ghajar and it is all reliably sourced
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}}</ref> Ghajar expanded northward into Lebanese territory, subsuming the [[Wazzani]] settlement north of the border.<ref name="NYTfence">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/11/world/middleeast/11lebanon.html A New Fence Is Added to a Border Town Already Split]</ref>
}}</ref> Ghajar expanded northward into Lebanese territory, subsuming the [[Wazzani]] settlement north of the border.<ref name="NYTfence">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/11/world/middleeast/11lebanon.html A New Fence Is Added to a Border Town Already Split]</ref>
⚫
However, the [[PLO]] repeatedly violated the cease-fire and carried out terrorist attacks in Israel in which dozens of Israelis were killed and hundreds injured. <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Lebanon_War.html History of Lebanon War]</ref>A force of 15,000-18,000 PLO members was encamped in Lebanon, with an arsenal of mortars, Katyusha rockets, tanks and anti­-aircraft launchers. Israeli strikes and commando raids failed to contain the growth of this PLO army.<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Lebanon_War.html History of Lebanon War]</ref> Thousands of residents of the Galilee were forced to flee their homes or sit in bomb shelters. In June 1982, after [[Abu Nidal]] masterminded an assassination attempt on Israel's ambassador to Great Britain, [[Shlomo Argov]],<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Lebanon_War.html History of Lebanon War]</ref> Israel launched [[Operation Peace for Galilee]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7381364.stm 1982 Lebanon Invasion, BBC news]</ref> In 2000, following the campaign promise and election of [[Ehud Barak]] as Prime Minister, Israel withdrew their troops from Lebanon. In an attempt to demarcate permanent borders between Israel and Lebanon, the [[United Nations]] drew up what became known as the [[Blue Line (Lebanon)|Blue Line]]. Due to Ghajar's location, wedged between Lebanon and the Israeli-controlled [[Golan Heights]], the northern half of the village came under Lebanese control and the southern part remained under Israeli control.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1084425.html Getting rid of Ghajar, Zvi Bar'el, Haaretz]</ref>This arrangement created much resentment among the residents, who see themselves as Syrian.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1084425.html Getting rid of Ghajar, Zvi Bar'el, Haaretz]</ref>

⚫
In 1982, [[1982 Lebanon War|Israel invaded Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite news|title=1982 Lebanon invasion|author=|newspaper=BBC|date=6 May 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7381364.stm|accessdate=16 December 2010}}</ref> In 2000, following the campaign promise and election of [[Ehud Barak]] as Prime Minister, Israel withdrew their troops from Lebanon. In an attempt to demarcate permanent borders between Israel and Lebanon, the [[United Nations]] drew up what became known as the [[Blue Line (Lebanon)|Blue Line]]. Due to Ghajar's location, wedged between Lebanon and the Israeli-controlled [[Golan Heights]], the northern half of the village came under Lebanese control and the southern part remained under Israeli control.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1084425.html Getting rid of Ghajar, Zvi Bar'el, Haaretz]</ref>This arrangement created much resentment among the residents, who see themselves as Syrian.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1084425.html Getting rid of Ghajar, Zvi Bar'el, Haaretz]</ref>


Despite the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, tension mounted as Hezbollah made repeated attempts to kidnap Israel soldiers in the Ghajar area.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/764450.html Kidnap of soldiers in July was Hezbollah's fifth attempt]</ref> In 2005, Hezbollah launched a rocket attack on Ghajar and infiltrated it, but withdrew after being repelled by the Israelis.<ref name="NYTfence" /> Following another attack in July 2006, Israel invaded southern Lebanon and re-occupied the northern half of Ghajar during the [[2006 Lebanon War]]. Following a month of intense fighting, [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701|UNSC Resolution 1701]] was unanimously approved to resolve the conflict, and it was accepted by combatants on both sides. Among other things, the resolution demanded the full cessation of hostilities, the withdrawal of Israeli forces, the disarming of Hezbollah, the deployment of Lebanese and UNIFIL soldiers, and the establishment of full control by the government of Lebanon.
Despite the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, tension mounted as Hezbollah made repeated attempts to kidnap Israel soldiers in the Ghajar area.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/764450.html Kidnap of soldiers in July was Hezbollah's fifth attempt]</ref> In 2005, Hezbollah launched a rocket attack on Ghajar and infiltrated it, but withdrew after being repelled by the Israelis.<ref name="NYTfence" /> Following another attack in July 2006, Israel invaded southern Lebanon and re-occupied the northern half of Ghajar during the [[2006 Lebanon War]]. Following a month of intense fighting, [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701|UNSC Resolution 1701]] was unanimously approved to resolve the conflict, and it was accepted by combatants on both sides. Among other things, the resolution demanded the full cessation of hostilities, the withdrawal of Israeli forces, the disarming of Hezbollah, the deployment of Lebanese and UNIFIL soldiers, and the establishment of full control by the government of Lebanon.

Revision as of 17:03, 16 December 2010

For Iranian royal family, see Qajar dynasty.
Ghajar
غجر
Ghajar shown highlighted straddling the Blue Line between Lebanon and Syria
Ghajar shown highlighted straddling the Blue Line between Lebanon and Syria
CountryOn the border between Lebanon
and the Israeli-occupied area
of the Golan Heights.
Population
 • Total2,100

Ghajar (Arabic: غجر) is an Alawite village on the Hasbani River on the border between Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights. It has a population of 2,000.[1]

History

Early history

Control over Ghajar has changed hands many times. Three hundred years ago, the village was known as Taranjeh. It was renamed Ghajar under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, when the land was seized from the villagers and forcibly sold.[1] According to local legend, the Kurdish governor of Ghajar tried to ride his horse onto the tomb of a local holy man, Sheikh al-Arba'in. The horse refused and the following day a fire broke out, destroying the governor's shield and sword. The Kurds fled and quickly sold it back.[1]

Modern era

In 1932, the residents of Ghajar, predominantly Alawite, were given the option of choosing their nationality and overwhelmingly chose to be a part of Syria, which has a sizable Alawite minority.[2] Prior to the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Ghajar was considered part of Syria and its residents were counted in the 1960 census.[1] When Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria in 1967, Ghajar remained a no-man's land for two and a half months. The villagers petitioned the Golan's Israeli governor to be annexed to Israel because they saw themselves as part of the Golan Heights.[1] Israel agreed to include Ghajar in its occupied territory and the residents accepted living under Israeli rule.[3] In 1981, most villagers accepted Israeli citizenship under the Golan Heights Law.

After Operation Litani in 1978, Israel turned over its positions inside Lebanon to the South Lebanon Army and inaugurated its Good Fence policy. The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) was created after the incursion, following the adoption of Security Council Resolution 425 in March 1978 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Southern Lebanon, restore international peace and security, and help the government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area.[4] Ghajar expanded northward into Lebanese territory, subsuming the Wazzani settlement north of the border.[2] However, the PLO repeatedly violated the cease-fire and carried out terrorist attacks in Israel in which dozens of Israelis were killed and hundreds injured. [5]A force of 15,000-18,000 PLO members was encamped in Lebanon, with an arsenal of mortars, Katyusha rockets, tanks and anti­-aircraft launchers. Israeli strikes and commando raids failed to contain the growth of this PLO army.[6] Thousands of residents of the Galilee were forced to flee their homes or sit in bomb shelters. In June 1982, after Abu Nidal masterminded an assassination attempt on Israel's ambassador to Great Britain, Shlomo Argov,[7] Israel launched Operation Peace for Galilee.[8] In 2000, following the campaign promise and election of Ehud Barak as Prime Minister, Israel withdrew their troops from Lebanon. In an attempt to demarcate permanent borders between Israel and Lebanon, the United Nations drew up what became known as the Blue Line. Due to Ghajar's location, wedged between Lebanon and the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights, the northern half of the village came under Lebanese control and the southern part remained under Israeli control.[9]This arrangement created much resentment among the residents, who see themselves as Syrian.[10]

Despite the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, tension mounted as Hezbollah made repeated attempts to kidnap Israel soldiers in the Ghajar area.[11] In 2005, Hezbollah launched a rocket attack on Ghajar and infiltrated it, but withdrew after being repelled by the Israelis.[2] Following another attack in July 2006, Israel invaded southern Lebanon and re-occupied the northern half of Ghajar during the 2006 Lebanon War. Following a month of intense fighting, UNSC Resolution 1701 was unanimously approved to resolve the conflict, and it was accepted by combatants on both sides. Among other things, the resolution demanded the full cessation of hostilities, the withdrawal of Israeli forces, the disarming of Hezbollah, the deployment of Lebanese and UNIFIL soldiers, and the establishment of full control by the government of Lebanon.

Citizenship

Residents on both sides of the village have Israeli citizenship; those in the northern half often hold passports from both Lebanon and Israel.[12] They work and travel freely within Israel, but those living on the Lebanese side have difficulties receiving services from Israel. There is an Israel Defense Forces checkpoint at the entrance to the village, and a fence surrounding the entire village, but no fence or barrier dividing the Israeli and Lebanese sides of the village.

UNIFIL observers

The UN has physically marked the recognized border and Israeli soldiers remain on the Lebanese side of Ghajar despite the decision of the Israeli cabinet on December 3, 2006, to hand it over to UNIFIL. Israel says that the Lebanese army rejected a UN-brokered proposal in which the Lebanese Army would protect the vicinity north of the village, while UNIFIL would be deployed in the village itself; this type of arrangement would be unique for UNIFIL in populated areas. A perimeter fence has been built along the northern edge of the village in Lebanese territory up to 800 meters north of the Blue Line. UNIFIL military observers patrol the area continuously.[13]

In its October 2007 report on the implementation of the resolution, the United Nations issued a report stating that discussions on the duration of temporary security arrangements for northern Ghajar remained deadlocked. Israel remains in control north of the Blue Line and the small adjacent area inside Lebanese territory, although it does not maintain a permanent military presence there. The Lebanese Armed Forces patrol the road outside the perimeter fence. The report notes “so long as the Israel Defense Forces remain in northern Ghajar, Israel will not have completed its withdrawal from southern Lebanon in accordance with its obligations under resolution 1701 (2006)." It further notes: "Failure to make progress on this issue could become a source of tension and carry the potential for incidents in the future."[14]

Plans for withdrawal

In April 2009, the Lebanese paper Daily Star reported the IDF had agreed to withdraw from northern Ghajar at a meeting at Rosh HaNikra.[15] On May 13, the Israeli government suspended talks to await the outcome of the Lebanese Parliamentary elections, fearing a Hezbollah victory.[16]In the wake of reports in December 2009 of a possible withdrawal of Israeli troops, 2,200 Ghajar residents took to the streets in protest.[17]

In November 2010 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu informed the UN Secretary General of Israeli intentions to unilaterally withdraw from Ghajar, after failing to come to an agreement with Lebanon [18][19] and place security matters into the hands of UNIFIL.[20] On the 17th of November 2010, the Israeli Security cabinet voted in favor of withdrawal from northern half of Ghajar. [21]

Problematic border demarcation

The reliability of the Blue Line in the area of the Ghajar has been questioned, based on cartographic and historical points of view. According to an article in Haaretz newspaper, there has never been an agreement over the exact location of the boundary in Ghajar and its vicinity. Maps produced prior to 1967 have been inconsistent, placing the village occasionally in Syria, at different times in Lebanon and less frequently divided between the two states. Ghajar, when under full Syrian control before the 1967 war, extended to include both sections of the village that were divided by the Blue Line in 2000 -- both the southern section that was annexed by Israel and the northern part that Israel is being asked to return to Lebanon. According to a researcher from the University of Notre Dame, "This is clearly seen in reports of and sketches made by the US Embassy in Beirut that tried to decipher the problems of sovereignty in the tri-border region during the 'water wars' in the early 1960s between Israel and its Arab neighbors." The village has been divided by the Blue Line into two 'neighborhoods' that in 2000 were mistakenly thought to be two different villages: Ghajar in the south and al-Wazzani in the north. The village of al-Wazzani, the supposedly northern village that as of July 2000 lies within Lebanon, has never really existed. There is a small community called al-Wazzani, better known as ‘Arab al-Luweiza', but it is located west of the Hasbani river across from Ghajar.[22] Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu announced plans to withdraw from the northern part of Ghajar. [23]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Getting rid of Ghajar, Zvi Bar'el, Haaretz
  2. ^ a b c A New Fence Is Added to a Border Town Already Split
  3. ^ Dudu Ben-Tzur's interview with Khatib Jamal, a resident of Ghajar, December 1993. Published in Hebrew in Teva Ha-Dvarim, 2nd issue, February–March 1994 [1].
  4. ^ "Extracts relating to Article 98 of the Charter of the United Nations: Supplement No 5 (1970 - 1978)" (PDF). Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs. United Nations. pp. §275–279. Retrieved 6 August 2006.
  5. ^ History of Lebanon War
  6. ^ History of Lebanon War
  7. ^ History of Lebanon War
  8. ^ 1982 Lebanon Invasion, BBC news
  9. ^ Getting rid of Ghajar, Zvi Bar'el, Haaretz
  10. ^ Getting rid of Ghajar, Zvi Bar'el, Haaretz
  11. ^ Kidnap of soldiers in July was Hezbollah's fifth attempt
  12. ^ Ghajar says 'don't fence me in', by Uri Ash, Haaretz
  13. ^ Lebanon holding up IDF Ghajar pullout
  14. ^ UN Security Council document S/2007/641, paragraphs 16 and 71
  15. ^ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=101089
  16. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1085251.html
  17. ^ Residents of Ghajar protest rumored Israeli withdrawal: More than 2,000 took to streets to reject division of village
  18. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=194301
  19. ^ Ravid, Barak "Lieberman: Israel will quit Lebanon town unilaterally due to Hezbollah refusal to cooperate." Haaretz, 7 November 2010
  20. ^ http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=195643
  21. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-approves-unilateral-pullout-from-lebanon-border-town-1.325185
  22. ^ Border Control/The thin blue line, Akiva Eldar, Haaretz, July 28, 2009]
  23. ^ Israel to withdraw from village on Lebanon border,

Bibliography

  • Hof, Frederic C. (2001). "A Practical Line: The Line of Withdrawal from Lebanon and Its Potential Applicability to the Golan Heights". Middle East Journal. 55 (1). Middle East Institute: 25–42.
  • Kaufman, Asher (2002). "Who Owns the Shebaa Farms? Chronicle of a Territorial Dispute". Middle East Journal. 56 (4). Middle East Institute: 576–595.
  • Kaufman, Asher (2009). ""Let Sleeping Dogs Lie": On Ghajar and Other Anomalies in the Syria-Lebanon-Israel Tri-Border Region". Middle East Journal. 63 (4). Middle East Institute: 539–560.
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