Hula Valley: Difference between revisions
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[[domestic buffalo|Water buffalo]] were introduced in the eighth century supplying [[milk]] and serving as beasts of burden. |
[[domestic buffalo|Water buffalo]] were introduced in the eighth century supplying [[milk]] and serving as beasts of burden. |
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The first modern Jewish settlement in the Hula Valley, [[Yesod HaMa'ala]] on the western shore of the lake, was established in 1883 during [[First Aliyah|the first aliyah]]. In |
In the 19th century, the valley, mainly marshy ground and a shallow lake, was inhabited by [[Bedouin]] who produced handicrafts from the dry reeds. Mortality rates were very high due to the spread of malaria. In 1908, the Ottoman government granted a concession to drain the marsh to a French firm, which sold it to Lebanese businessmen. The first modern Jewish settlement in the Hula Valley, [[Yesod HaMa'ala]] on the western shore of the lake, was established in 1883 during [[First Aliyah|the first aliyah]]. In 1948 there were 35 villages in the Hula Valley, 12 Jewish and 23 Arab. <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA458&lpg=PA458&dq=hula+valley+arabs&source=bl&ots=OSTsbzo46K&sig=66XB0kgiHJsPFMjBLjNa4r7jnII&hl=en&ei=E-WnTtqpLMmXOpmVzAI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=hula%20valley%20arabs&f=false ''The Arab-Israeli conflict'', Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts]</ref> |
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Today over 40,000 people live in the Hula Valley, and almost all of them are [[Israeli Jews]]. |
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== Swamp drainage == |
== Swamp drainage == |
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Revision as of 10:57, 26 October 2011
The Hula Valley (Template:Lang-he, Emek HaHula, also transliterated as Huleh Valley) is an agricultural region in northern Israel with abundant fresh water. It is an important bottleneck site for birds migrating along the Syrian-African Rift Valley between Africa, Europe, and Asia.
Lake Hula and its surrounding swamps were drained in the 1950s as an attempt to alter the environment to suit agricultural needs. Though initially perceived as a great national achievement for Israel, with time it became evident that the benefits from transforming the "wasteland" of Lake Hula and its swamps were limited. In the past few years, following nearly 50 years of an unsuccessful struggle to utilize the drained valley's resources, the Israeli government has finally recognized that successful development can endure only if a balanced compromise between nature and development is reached. Thus, a small section of the former lake and swamp region was recently reflooded in an attempt to prevent further soil deterioration and to revive the nearly extinct ecosystem.
Etymology
Lake Hula was historically referred to by different names. The 14th century BCE Egyptians called the lake Samchuna, while the Hebrew Bible records it as Merom. In the 1st century CE, the Jewish-Roman historian Flavius Josephus termed it Semechonitis, while in the Talmud it is called Yam Sumchi - i.e. Sea of Sumchi. Currently the lake is called Buheirat el Huleh in Arabic and Agam ha-Hula in Hebrew, stemming from the Aramaic Hulata or Ulata. The "Waters of Merom" has sometimes been used in scientific literature, although that term refers specifically to springs on the western side of the valley.
Geography and climate
The Hula Valley lies within the northern part of the Syrian-African Rift Valley at an elevation of about 70 meters above sea level, and covers an area of 177 square kilometers (25 km by 6–8 km). On both sides of the valley are steep slopes: the Golan Heights to the east and the Upper Galilee's Naftali mountains to the west rise to 400 to 900 meters above sea level. Basalt hills of about 200 meters above sea level along the southern side of the valley intercept the Jordan River, and are commonly referred to as the basalt "plug" (actually a temporary geologic base level), as they restrict water drainage downstream into the Sea of Galilee.
The Hula Valley has a Mediterranean climate of hot dry summers and cool rainy winters, although its enclosure within two mountain ranges leads to more extreme seasonal and daily temperature fluctuations than in coastal areas. Annual rainfall varies greatly between different parts of the valley and ranges from about 400 millimeters in the south of the valley, to up to 800 millimeters in the north of the valley. More than 1,500 millimeters of precipitation falls on the Hermon mountain range, only a few kilometers north of the valley, mostly in the form of snow, feeding underground springs, including the sources of the Jordan River, all eventually flowing through the valley. The wind regime is dominated by regional patterns in the winter with occasional strong north-easterly wind storms known in Arabic as Sharkiyah.
History
Prior to its drainage in the early 1950s, Lake Hula was 5.3 kilometers long and 4.4 kilometers wide, extending over 12-14 square kilometers. It was about one and a half meters deep in summer and three meters deep in winter. The lake attracted human settlement from early prehistoric times. Paleolithic archaeological remains were found near the Bnot Yaakov ("Daughters of Jacob") bridge at the southern end of the valley. The first permanent settlement, Enan (Mallaha), dates from 9,000-10,000 years ago and was discovered in the valley.
The Hula Valley was a main junction on the important trade route connecting the large commercial centre of Damascus with the eastern Mediterranean coast and Egypt. During the Bronze Age, the cities of Hazor and Laish were built at key locations on this route approximately 4,000 years ago. At the end of the 13th century BCE, the Israelite tribe of Dan destroyed the city of Laish and built in its place a new city which they named Dan, and for about 400 years, the Israelites ruled over the Hula Valley until it was captured by the Assyrian armies of Tiglath-Pileser III and its inhabitants were driven away. The Bible records the lake "Merom" as the site of a victory of Joshua over the Canaanites.[1]
Throughout the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and early Arab periods (fourth century BCE to eighth centuries CE) rural settlement in the Hula Valley was uninterrupted. During the Seleucid Empire, the town Seleucia Samulias was founded on the lake shore.
Traditional crops were rice (as early as the Hellenistic period), cotton and sugar cane (brought by the Arabs following their conquest in 636), sorghum and maize (brought after the discovery of the Americas). Water buffalo were introduced in the eighth century supplying milk and serving as beasts of burden.
In the 19th century, the valley, mainly marshy ground and a shallow lake, was inhabited by Bedouin who produced handicrafts from the dry reeds. Mortality rates were very high due to the spread of malaria. In 1908, the Ottoman government granted a concession to drain the marsh to a French firm, which sold it to Lebanese businessmen. The first modern Jewish settlement in the Hula Valley, Yesod HaMa'ala on the western shore of the lake, was established in 1883 during the first aliyah. In 1948 there were 35 villages in the Hula Valley, 12 Jewish and 23 Arab. [2]
Swamp drainage
The draining operations, carried out by the Jewish National Fund (JNF), began in 1951 and were completed by 1958. It was achieved by two main engineering operations: the deepening and widening of the Jordan River downstream; and two newly-dug peripheral canals diverting the Jordan at the north of the valley. The drying out caused the extinction of the unique endemic fauna of the lake including the Hula painted frog Discoglossus nigriventer,[3] cyprinid fish Acanthobrama hulensis[4] and cichlid fish Tristramella intermedia.[5] A number of scientists and naturalists opposed the project because they viewed the swamps as an ecological treasure that must be preserved for future generations. As partial compensation, a small (3.50 km²) area of recreated papyrus swampland in the southwest of the valley was set aside and in 1963 became Israel's first nature reserve. Concern over the draining of the Hula was the impetus for the creation of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel.[6] In 2007 Israel issued a set of three stamps featuring the Hula nature reserve.[7]
Hula Lake Park
Hula Lake Park, known in Hebrew as Agamon HaHula (Template:Lang-he), is located in the southern part of the Hula Valley, north of the nature reserve. It was established as part of a JNF rehabilitation project. [8] In the early 1990s part of the valley was flooded again in the wake of heavy rains. It was decided to develop the surrounding area and leave the flooded area intact. The new site has become the second home for thousands of migrating birds in the autumn and spring. [9]The lake covers an area of one square kilometer interspersed with islands that serve as protected bird nesting sites. It has become a major stopover for migrating birds flying from Europe to Africa and back, and also a major birdwatching site.
Archaeology
Archaeological findings in 2009 show that the hominids who inhabited the area exploited Lake Hula fish. Analysis of the fish remains recovered from the archaeological site of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov (GBY) have shown that they exploited a wide range of fish including catfish, tilapia and carps. Some of the carps were over a meter long.[10] Tools to light fires and crack nuts were also discovered at the site.[11]
See also
- Museum of Prehistory of the Hulah Valley
- Israel painted frog
- Acanthobrama hulensis
- Tristramella intermedia
References
- ^ Josh. 11:5-7
- ^ The Arab-Israeli conflict, Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts
- ^ Papenfuss, Theodore; Disi, Ahmad; Anderson, Steven; Kuzmin, Sergius; Gasith, Avital; Sadek, Riyad A.; Werner, Yehudah (2004). "Discoglossus nigriventer". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ Crevelli, A.J. (2006). "Acanthobrama hulensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ Goren, M. (2006). "Tristramella intermedia". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ Tal, Alon (2002). Pollution in a Promised Land: An Environmental History of Israel. University of California Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780520234284.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Hula Reserve series (israelphilately.org.il)
- ^ The Hula Valley- Bird Watching Site
- ^ The Hula Valley- Bird Watching Site
- ^ Alperson-Afil, Nira; Sharon, Gonen; Kislev, Mordechai; Melamed, Yoel; Zohar, Irit; Ashkenazi, Shosh; Rabinovich, Rivka; Biton, Rebecca; Werker, Ella; Hartman, Gideon; Feibel, Craig; Goren-Inbar, Naama (18 December 2009). "Spatial Organization of Hominin Activities at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel". Science. 326 (5960): 1677–1680. doi:10.1126/science.1180695. Retrieved February 7, 2001.
- ^ Goren-Inbar, Naama; Alperson, Nira; Kislev, Mordechai E.; Simchoni, Orit; Melamed, Yoel; Ben-Nun, Adi; Werker, Ella (30 April 2004). "Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya`aqov, Israel". Science. 304 (5671): 725–727. doi:10.1126/science.1095443. PMID 15118160. Retrieved February 7, 2001.
External links
- Lake Hula and Lake Agmon, Jewish Virtual Library
- Hula Nature Reserve
- Photos of birds at Hula Valley
- Photos of Hulah Valley
- Photos of Hulah Valley