View source for -el

{{also|Appendix:Variations of "el"}}
==English==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/əl/|/l̩/}}

===Etymology 1===
{{root|en|ine-pro|*-lós}}
From {{inh|en|enm|-el}}, from {{inh|en|ang|-el}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-ilaz}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alt|en|-le|-al}}

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix|cat2=unproductive suffixes|cat3=noun-forming suffixes}} {{cln|en|diminutive suffixes}}

# {{senseid|en|agent noun}}Suffix forming nouns, originally denoting an instrument, from verbs, usually spelt {{m|en|-le}} except after ''n'' and ''e''.
#: ''{{m|en|runnel}}, {{m|en|shovel}}, {{m|en|dotel|dotel}}''
# {{senseid|en|diminutive}}Diminutive suffix in words of Germanic origin.
#: ''{{m|en|hatchel}}, {{m|en|hovel}}, {{m|en|gomeral}}''

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|en|enm|-el}}, a merger of two suffixes:
* {{inh|en|ang|-el|pos=diminutive suffix}}
* {{der|en|fro|-el|pos=diminutive suffix}}, from {{der|en|la|-ellus}}

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# Suffix, originally diminutive, in words of mostly Romance origin.
#: ''{{m|en|cupel}}, {{m|en|chapel}}, {{m|en|tunnel}}''

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|en}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=el|-le|LE|Le|LαE|le}}

==Abenaki==

===Suffix===
{{head|abe|suffix}}

# Used on verbs, together with the prefix ''[[k-]]'', to indicate that the first person singular (I) is the actor and the second person singular (you) is the object of the verb.
#: ''n'kezalmô''
#:: ''I love''
#: ''k'kezalmel''
#:: ''I love you (singular)''

====Usage notes====
The suffix is spelled ''-ol'' by some writers.

===See also===
* ''[[-elba]]''

==Breton==

===Etymology===
Cf. {{cog|fr|-el}} (e.g. {{m|fr|sexuel}}, {{m|fr|individuel}}, {{m|fr|industriel}})

===Suffix===
{{head|br|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|To make an adjective of a noun;}} [[-al]]
#: {{suffixusex|br|broad|gloss1=nation|broadel|gloss2=national}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|br}}

==Czech==

===Pronunciation===
* {{cs-IPA}}

===Suffix===
{{cs-noun|f}}

# {{n-g|forms nouns}}
#: {{suffixusex|cs|koupat|koupel}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|cs}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:cs:Slovnik afixu}}

==Danish==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|da|/el/|[ˈɛlˀ]}}

===Suffix===
{{da-suffix}}

# [[-al]]

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|da}}

==Dutch==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|nl|odt|*-el}}, from {{inh|nl|gmw-pro|*-il}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*-ilaz}}. {{etystub|nl|probably more than one etymology involved}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nl|/əl/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|nl|suffix|unproductive}}

# {{senseid|nl|diminutive}} {{n-g|forms diminutive nouns}}
#: {{suffixusex|nl|koren|korrel}}
# {{senseid|nl|instrument}} {{n-g|forms noun denoting an instrument}}
#: {{syn|nl|-er}}
#: {{suffixusex|nl|sluiten|sleutel}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|nl|id=diminutive}}
{{suffixsee|nl|id=instrument}}

==Esperanto==

===Pronunciation===
* {{audio|eo|LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7--el.wav}}

===Suffix===
{{head|eo|suffix}}

# in [...] way
#: ''-el'' is the ending for correlatives of manner or degree

====Derived terms====
* {{l|eo|kiel||in what way, in what manner, [[how]]}}
* {{l|eo|tiel||in that way, in that manner, [[thus]]}}
* {{l|eo|ĉiel||in every way, in every manner}}
* {{l|eo|iel||in some way, in some manner, [[somehow]]}}
* {{l|eo|neniel||in no way, [[nohow]]}}
* (nonce) {{l|eo|aliel||in another way, somehow else}}

==Franco-Provençal==

===Pronoun===
{{head|frp|pronoun form|g=f}}

# {{form of|frp|postpositive form|el}}

==French==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|fr|fro|-el}}, from {{inh|fr|la|-ālis}}. {{dbt|fr|-al}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{fr-IPA}}
* {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï--el.wav}}

===Suffix===
{{fr-adj}}

# {{n-g|forms adjectives from nouns}}: [[-al]]

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|fr}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|da|-el|bor=1}}
* {{desc|nl|-eel|bor=1}}
** {{desc|af|-eel}}
** {{desc|id|-il|bor=1}}
* {{desc|de|-ell|bor=1}}
* {{desc|nb|-ell|bor=1}}
* {{desc|nn|-ell|bor=1}}
* {{desc|sv|-ell|bor=1}}
* {{desc|tr|-sel|bor=1}}
* {{desc|yi|־על|bor=1}}

===See also===
* {{l|fr|-al}}

==German==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|de|gmh|-el}}, from {{inh|de|goh|-il}}, direct descendant of {{inh|de|gmw-pro|*-il}}, from {{inh|de|gem-pro|*-ilaz}}, or from dialectal variants of {{m|de|-lein}}, which as well ultimately go back to {{m|gem-pro|*-ilaz}} or to {{m|gem-pro|*-ilingaz}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|de|/əl/}}
* {{audio|de|De--el.ogg}}

===Suffix===
{{head|de|g=n|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes}} {{cln|de|diminutive suffixes}}

# {{ng|suffix in diminutives}} {{gl|regional}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|Kind|Kindel|t1=child|t2=little child, darling}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|Haus|Häusel|t1=house|t2=little house}}
# {{ng|suffix in nouns indicating appurtenance}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|Arm|Ärmel|t1=arm|t2=sleeve}}
#: {{suffixusex|de|Eiche|Eichel|t1=oak|t2=acorn}}
# {{ng|suffix in agent and instrumental nouns}}
#: {{l|de|Büttel}}, {{l|de|Meißel}}, {{l|de|Weisel}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|de}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:DWDS}}

==Hungarian==

===Etymology===
From {{af|hu|-e-|-l|nocat=y}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{hu-IPA}}
* {{rhymes|hu|ɛl|s=1}}

===Suffix===
{{head|hu|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|cat3=verb-forming suffixes}}

# {{senseid|hu|personal}} {{lb|hu|personal suffix}} {{ng|Forms the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in {{m|hu||s, sz, z, dz}} (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation).}}
#: {{afex|hu|keres|t1=to seek|keres'''el'''|t2=you seek, you are seeking}}
# {{senseid|hu|verb-forming}} {{lb|hu|verb-forming suffix}} {{ng|Added to a [[noun]] to form a [[verb]].}}
#: {{afex|hu|ebéd|t1=lunch|ebéd'''el'''|t2=to eat lunch}}
# {{senseid|hu|noun-forming}} {{lb|hu|noun-forming suffix}} {{ng|Added to a [[verb]] to form a [[noun]]. No longer productive in this role.}}
#: {{afex|hu|lep|t1=to cover|lep'''el'''|t2=wrap}}

====Usage notes====
{{U:hu:conj-pres-indef}}
{{U:hu:conj-sz}}
{{U:hu:verb-l}}
* {{q|noun-forming suffix}} Variants:
*: '''{{l|hu|-al}}''' is added to back-vowel words
*: '''{{l|hu|-el}}''' is added to front-vowel words

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|hu|pos=verb}}
{{suffixsee|hu|pos=noun}}

===See also===
* [[:Category:Hungarian verb forms]]
* [[Appendix:Hungarian suffixes]]

==Low German==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|nds|gml|-el}}, from {{inh|nds|osx|-il}}, from {{inh|nds|gem-pro|*-ilaz}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|nds|suffix|g=m}}

# Suffix forming nouns originally denoting an agent from verbs.
#: ''{{m|nds|Lepel}}, {{m|nds|Snavel}}, {{m|en|Stickel}}''

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|nds|gml|-ling}}. Result of resegmentation of nouns with {{m|nds|-el}} and {{m|nds|-ing}} suffixes. See the English suffix {{m|en|-ling}}. Akin to English, Dutch and German {{m|nl|-ling}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|nds|suffix|g=m}}

# A suffix that describes a male person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added. Now often replaced by a compound with ''[[Jung]]'' for a male person, and ''[[Deern]]'' for a female person such as ''[[Lehrjung]]'', ''[[Lehrdeern]]'' (male/female pupil).

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|nds|Bückel}}
* {{l|nds|Stickel}}

==Middle English==

===Etymology 1===
{{etymid|enm|adjectival}}
From {{inh|enm|ang|-el}}, {{m|ang|-ol}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*-ul}}, from {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*-ulaz}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|enm|-le}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|enm|/-əl/}}

====Suffix====
{{head|enm|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Forms adjectives meaning "tending to" or "able to" from verbs.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|enm|head=-el (adjectival)}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|en|-le}}
* {{desc|sco|-le}}

=====References=====
* {{R:MED Online|-el|suf.(2)|MED13191}}

===Etymology 2===
{{etymid|enm|agentive}}
From {{inh|enm|ang|-el}}, {{m|ang|-ol}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*-il}}, from {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*-ilaz}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|enm|-ell|-il|-ill|-le|-ul|-yl|-yll|-ylle}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|enm|/-əl/}}

====Suffix====
{{head|enm|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns.}}
# {{non-gloss|Forms agent nouns from verbs or other nouns.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|enm|head=-el (agentive)}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|en|-le|-el}}
* {{desc|sco|-le|-el}}

=====References=====
* {{R:MED Online|-el|suf.(1)|MED13190}}

===Etymology 3===
{{etymid|enm|diminutive}}
From {{bor|enm|fro|-el}}, {{m|fro|-ele}}, from {{der|enm|la|-ālis}} and {{m|la|-ellus}}, {{m|la|-ella}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|enm|-ele|-ell|-elle|-eylle|-le|-yll|-ylle}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|enm|/-ˈɛːl(ə)/|/-ɛl(ə)/}}

====Suffix====
{{head|enm|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|enm|head=-el (diminutive)}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|en|-el|-le}}

===Etymology 4===

====Suffix====
{{head|enm|suffix}}

# {{alt form|enm|-al}}

===Etymology 5===

====Suffix====
{{head|enm|suffix}}

# {{alt form|enm|-elen}}

{{cln|enm|diminutive suffixes}}

==Norman==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|nrf|fro|-el}}, from {{inh|nrf|la|-ālis}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|nrf|suffix}}

# makes an adjectival form of a noun; [[-al]]

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|nrf}}

==Old English==

===Pronunciation===
* {{ang-IPA|-el}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*-a-l-}}.

====Suffix====
{{ang-suffix}}

# {{alternative form of|ang|-ol}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*-ilaz}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|ang|-il}}

====Suffix====
{{ang-suffix|g=m}}

# {{lb|ang|causes i-mutation}} agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs
#: {{suffixusex|ang|crēopan|t1=to creep|crypel|t2=cripple}}
#: {{suffixusex|ang|bēodan|t1=to command|bydel|t2=herald, messenger}}
#: {{suffixusex|ang|spittan|t1=to dig|spitel|t2=shovel}}
#: {{suffixusex|ang|hladan|t1=to lade|hlædel|t2=ladle}}
#: {{suffixusex|ang|þrēapian|t1=to reprove, reprehend|þrīpel|t2=instrument of punishment, cross}}

=====Declension=====
{{ang-decl-noun|-el|-elas,-las|-el|-elas,-las|-eles,-les|-ela,-la|-ele,-le|-elum,-lum}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desctree|enm|-el|id=agentive|noalts=1}}

==Old French==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|fro|/ˈɛl/}}

===Etymology 1===
{{etymon|fro|id=forming adjectives|inh|la>-ālis>adjectivizing suffix}}
From {{inh|fro|la|-ālis}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|fro|suffix}}

# {{n-g|used to form an [[adjective]]}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|fr|-el}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|fro|la|-ellus}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|fro|suffix}}

# {{n-g|used to form a [[diminutive]]}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|roa-ang|-iau}}
* {{desc|roa-bbn|-iau}}
* {{desc|roa-brg|-eâ}}
* {{desc|roa-cha|-é|-iau}}
* {{desc|roa-fcm|-é|-ia}}
* {{desc|fr|-eau}}
* {{desc|roa-gal|-ë|-iao}}
* {{desc|roa-lor|-é}}
* {{desc|nrf|-é|iaô}}
* {{desc|pcd|-iau|-ieu}}
* {{desc|roa-poi|-ea}}
* {{desc|wa|-ea}}
* {{desctree|enm|-el|id=diminutive|bor=1}}

==Polish==

===Etymology===
{{rfe|pl}}

===Pronunciation===
{{pl-pr|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf--el.wav}}

===Suffix===
{{head|pl|suffix|g=m}}

# {{ng|forms [[masculine]] [[agent noun]]s}}
#: {{suffixusex|pl|śmierdzieć|śmierdziel}}

====Declension====
Masculine personal:
{{pl-decl-noun-m-pr|-e|l|nomp=-ele/-elowie|genp=-eli/-elów}}

Masculine animate:
{{pl-decl-noun-m-anml|-e|l}}

Masculine inanimate:
{{pl-decl-noun-m-in|-e|l}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|pl}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:pl:PWN}}

==Romani==

===Suffix===
{{head|rom|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# {{n-g|Forms the third-person singular present indicative of consonantal oikoclitic verbs}}

==Romanian==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|ro|la|-ellus}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|ro|/el/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|ro|suffix|g=m|plural|-ei|feminine|-ea|feminine plural|-ele|cat2=diminutive suffixes}}

# used to form a masculine [[diminutive]] of a word (e.g. {{suffixusex|ro|băiat|băiețel|t1=boy|t2=little boy}}
#: {{syn|ro|-uș|-aș|-uț|-șor}}

====Declension====
{{ro-noun-m|pl=-ei}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|ro}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|ro|-ea}}

==Turkish==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|tr|/ɛl/}}

===Etymology 1===

{{tr-suffix-forms|a=al|e=el}}

A variation of {{m|tr|-il|t=derives deverbals and denominals}}, from {{inh|tr|trk-pro|*-il}} or {{inh|tr|trk-pro|*-gil}}. Both variants are likely merged with homophonic {{m|tr|-il|t=derives adjectives for onomatopoeia and colors}}. 
<br>
See {{m|tr|şırıltı|t=onomatopoeia for flowing water}}, {{m|tr|kızıl|t=red}} and {{m|tr|yeşil|t=green}}.
<br>
For words from using the same suffix, see {{m|tr|güzel|t=beautiful}}, {{m|tr|tombul|t=chubby}}, {{m|tr|tükel|t=complete, perfect}}, {{m|tr|kutsal|t=holy, sacred}}, {{m|tr|çatal|t=fork}} and {{m|tr|çakıl|t=gravel}}.
<br>
Perhaps influenced by French {{suffix|fr|-al}}, whence {{suffix|tr|-sel}} as in [[göksel]] or [[işitsel]] but not [[kutsal]].<ref>{{r:tr:Lewis:1999|page=102}}</ref>

====Suffix====
{{tr-suffix}}

# {{ng|Derives adjectives from nouns and verbs.}}
#: {{m|tr|özel|t=private, special}} from {{m|tr|öz|t=self}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|tr}}

===Etymology 2===
{{tr-suffix-forms|a=al|e=el}}
From {{der|tr|ota|ـال|tr=-al, -el}} or {{m|ota|ـل|tr=-l}}, a combination of {{der|tr|trk-pro|*-a|*-(g)a|pos=verb-forming suffix}} and {{m|trk-pro|*-l|*-il|pos=passive suffix}}.<ref>Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), [https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/ek/%2BAl- "+Al-"] - in ''Nişanyan Sözlük''</ref><ref>{{R:tr:OTK|-al|page=184}}</ref>

====Suffix====
{{tr-suffix}}

# {{senseid|tr|verb-forming suffix}}{{ng|Derives intransitive verbs from adjectives.}}
#: {{afex|tr|ince<gloss:thin>|altaff=-l|incelmek<gloss:to thin><q:int.>}}
#: {{afex|tr|dar<gloss:narrow>|altaff=-al|daralmak<gloss:to narrow><q:int.>}}
#: {{afex|tr|çok<gloss:many, much>|altaff=-al|çoğalmak<gloss:to multiply><q:int.>}}
#: {{afex|tr|düz<gloss:straight>|altaff=-el|düzelmek<gloss:to straighten><q:int.>}}
#: {{afex|tr|kısa<gloss:short>|altaff=-al|kısalmak<gloss:to shorten><q:int.>}}
#: {{afex|tr|yön<gloss:direction>|altaff=-el|yönelmek<gloss:to face, to turn towards><q:int.>}}
#: {{afex|tr|diri<gloss:alive, not dead>|altaff=-l|dirilmek<gloss:to come alive, to come back to life><q:int.>}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|tr|-el (verb-forming suffix)}}

===References===
<references/>

==Volapük==

===Suffix===
{{head|vo|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Used to indicate a maker of a certain thing.}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|vo}}