View source for cram

{{also|Cram}}
==English==
{{wikipedia|Cram}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|en|enm|crammen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|crammian||to cram; stuff}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*krammōn}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*krammōną}}, a secondary verb derived from {{m|gem-pro|*krimmaną||to stuff}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*ger-||to assemble; collect; gather}}. Compare {{cog|ang|crimman||to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise}}, {{cog|is|kremja||to squeeze; crush; bruise}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/kɹæm/}}
** {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cram.wav|a=Southern England}}
* {{rhymes|en|æm|s=1}}

===Verb===
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|transitive}} To [[press#Verb|press]], [[force#Verb|force]], or [[drive#Verb|drive]], particularly in [[fill#Verb|filling]], or in [[thrust#Verb|thrusting]] one thing into another; to [[stuff#Verb|stuff]]; to [[fill#Verb|fill]] to [[superfluity#Noun|superfluity]].
#: {{ux|en|to '''cram''' fruit into a basket; to '''cram''' a room with people}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=2012|author=Andrew Martin|title=Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube|publisher=Profile Books, {{ISBN|978-1846684777}}|page=244|text=Are we to blame Livingstone for Tube overcrowding? In part, yes, but as Sir John Eliot had observed in 1955, while Chairman of the London Transport Executive: 'They're not '''crammed''' in. They '''cram''' themselves in.'}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=2022 November 16|author=Paul Bigland|title=From rural branches to high-speed arteries|journal=RAIL|issue=970|page=55|text=The storm has passed when I arrive at Southampton Central, but more fun is to come. The station platforms and waiting rooms are '''crammed''' with people, many toting enormous amounts of baggage as they have just come off a cruise liner.}}
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To fill with food to [[satiety#Noun|satiety]]; to stuff.
#: {{ux|en|The boy '''crammed''' himself with cake}}
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To put [[hastily#Adverb|hastily]] through an extensive course of memorizing or study, as in preparation for an examination.
#: {{ux|en|A pupil is '''crammed''' by his tutor.}}
# {{lb|en|intransitive}} To [[study#Verb|study]] hard; to [[swot#Verb|swot]].
# {{lb|en|intransitive}} To [[eat#Verb|eat]] [[greedily#Adverb|greedily]], and to satiety; to stuff oneself.
# {{lb|en|intransitive|dated|British slang}} To [[lie]]; to intentionally not tell the [[truth]].
# {{lb|en|transitive|dated|British slang}} To make (a person) believe false or exaggerated tales.

====Derived terms====
{{col-auto|en|cramdown|overcram|uncram
|uncrammed
|crammable|crammer|cram-full|cram it|cram school|cram session|cram together}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another}}
* Aromanian: {{t|rup|ndes}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|натъпквам}}, {{t+|bg|наблъсквам}}
* Burmese: {{t+|my|သိပ်|sc=Mymr}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|embotir}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|填滿|tr=tiánmǎn}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|volproppen}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|ahtaa}}, {{t+|fi|sulloa}}, {{t+|fi|tunkea}}, {{t+|fi|survoa}}
* French: {{t+|fr|bourrer}}, {{t+|fr|ficher}}, {{t+|fr|foutre}}, {{t+|fr|emmancher}}, {{t+|fr|fourrer}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|embutir}}
* German: {{t+|de|stopfen}}, {{t|de|vollpacken}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|töm}}, {{t+|hu|megtöm}}, {{t+|hu|teletöm}}, {{t+|hu|beletöm}}, {{t+|hu|zsúfol}}, {{t+|hu|telezsúfol}}, {{t+|hu|teletölt}}, {{t+|hu|telerak}}, {{t+|hu|belezsúfol}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|stivare}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|詰め込む|tr=つめこむ, tsumekomu|sc=Jpan}}
* Korean: {{t|ko|쑤셔 넣다}}
* Latin: {{t|la|stīpō}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|whakapuru}}, {{t|mi|puru}}
* Norwegian: {{t|no|stappe}}
* Ottoman Turkish: {{t|ota|طیقمق|tr=tıkmak}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|entupir}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|înghesui}}, {{t+|ro|îndesa}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|вти́скивать|impf}}, {{t+|ru|вти́снуть|pf}}, {{t+|ru|набива́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|наби́ть|pf}}, {{t+|ru|запи́хивать|impf}}, {{t+|ru|запихну́ть|pf}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|atestar}}, {{t+|es|atiborrar}}, {{t+|es|embutir}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|stoppa}}, {{t+|sv|trycka}}
* Tamil: {{t+|ta|திணி}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|tıkmak}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|nhồi}}, {{t+|vi|nhét}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to fill with food to satiety; to stuff}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|преяждам}}, {{t|bg|натъпквам се}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|empatxar-se}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|täyttää}}
* French: {{t+|fr|gaver}}, {{t+|fr|bourrer}}, {{t+|fr|farcir}}, {{t+|fr|truffer}}
* German: {{t+|de|mästen}}, {{t+|de|vollstopfen}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|töm}}, {{t+|hu|megtöm}}, {{t+|hu|teletöm}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|hāpuku}}
* Ottoman Turkish: {{t|ota|طیقمق|tr=tıkmak}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|empanturrar}}
* Russian: {{qualifier|transitive, "feed plenty of"}} {{t+|ru|отка́рмливать|impf}}, {{t+|ru|откорми́ть|pf}} {{qualifier|на убо́й}}, {{qualifier|intransitive, "eat plenty of"}} {{t+|ru|наеда́ться|impf}}, {{t+|ru|нае́сться|pf}} {{qualifier|до́сыта}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|atiborrar}} {{qualifier|colloquial}}, {{t+|es|atracar}} {{qualifier|colloquial}}, {{t+|es|atestar}} {{qualifier|colloquial}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|tıkmak}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|назубрям}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|stampen}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|päntätä}}
* French: {{t+|fr|bachoter}}
* Galician: {{t|gl|chapar}}
* German: {{t+|de|büffeln}}, {{t+|de|pauken}}
* Hungarian: {{t|hu|fejébe ver}}, {{t|hu|bemagoltat}}, {{t|hu|magoltat}}, {{t+|hu|bifláz}}
* Ido: {{t+|io|instruktegar}}
* Norwegian: {{t+|no|pugge}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|зубри́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|вы́зубрить|pf}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|chancar}} {{qualifier|Peru}}, {{t+|es|empollar}}, {{t+|es|tragar}}, {{t+|es|chapar}}, {{t+|es|amarrar}}, {{t+|es|machetear}}
* Swedish: {{t|sv|hårdplugga}}, {{t|sv|stormläsa}}, {{t|sv|sprängläsa}}
* Thai: {{t|th|กวดวิชา|tr=gùuat-wíchaa}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|ineklemek}}, {{t+|tr|hatmetmek}}, {{t+|tr|hafızlamak}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-see|study hard|swot}}

{{trans-top|to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|натъпквам се}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|ahmia}}
* French: se {{t+|fr|gaver}}, se {{t+|fr|bourrer}}, se {{t+|fr|remplir}}, {{qualifier|colloquial}} {{t+|fr|bâfrer}}
* Hungarian: {{t|hu|tömi magát}}, {{t+|hu|zabál}}, {{t+|hu|fal}}, {{t|hu|degeszre eszi magát}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|hāpuku}}
* Portuguese: {{t|pt|entupir-se}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|пожира́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|сожра́ть|pf}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|tıkmak}}, {{t+|tr|tıkınmak}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to make crude preparation for a special occasion}}
* French: {{t+|fr|bâcler}}, {{qualifier|slang}} {{t+|fr|bachoter}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|összecsap}}
* Korean: {{t|ko|벼락치기를 하다}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Noun===
{{en-noun|~}}

# The act of [[#Verb|cram]]ming (forcing or stuffing something).
# [[information|Information]] [[hastily]] [[memorize]]d.
#: {{ux|en|a '''cram''' from an examination}}
# {{lb|en|weaving}} A [[warp]] having more than two threads passing through each dent or split of the reed.
# {{lb|en|dated|British slang}} A [[lie]]; a [[falsehood]].
#: {{syn|en|Thesaurus:lie}}
#* {{quote-book
|en
|year=1864
|title=w:Uncle Silas
|author=[[w:Sheridan Le Fanu|Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu]]
|passage=It is awful, an old un like that telling such '''crams''' as she do.
}}
#* {{quote-book
|en
|year=1894
|title=Tom, Dick, and Harry
|author=w:Talbot Baines Reed
|page=107
|passage=Shut up, and don't tell '''crams'''.
}}
# {{lb|en|uncountable}} A [[mathematical]] [[board game]] in which players take turns placing [[domino]]es horizontally or vertically until no more can be placed, the loser being the player who cannot continue.
# A small [[friendship book]] with limited space for people to enter their information.
#* {{quote-text|en|year=2017|author=Mark Duffett|title=Fan Identities and Practices in Context: Dedicated to Music|page=194
|passage=Regular friendship books had a variety of variations, such as slams, '''crams''', and decos.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=2019|author=Manjit Bal|title=Lovingly Yours - Penpals|passage=Pen pals also make and pass around friendship books, slams and '''crams'''. In recent years, pen pal correspondence with prison inmates has gained acceptance on the Internet.}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|the act of cramming}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|блъскане|n}}, {{t+|bg|блъсканица|f}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|ahtaminen}}, {{t+|fi|sullominen}}, {{t+|fi|survominen}}, {{t+|fi|tunkeminen}}, {{t+|fi|päntätä}}
* French: {{t+|fr|bourrage}}, {{t+|fr|remplissage}}
* Galician: {{t|gl|apiñamento|m}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|रटना}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|tömés}}, {{t|hu|megtömés}}, {{t+|hu|kitömés}}, {{t|hu|teletömés}}, {{t|hu|telezsúfolás}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|entupimento|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|да́вка|f}} {{qualifier|people}}, {{t+|ru|толкотня́|f}} {{qualifier|people}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|information hastily memorized; as, a cram from an examination}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|magolás}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|decoreba|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|зубрёжка|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|a warp having more than two threads passing through each dent or split of the reed}}
{{trans-bottom}}

====References====
* {{sense|verb senses: studying and telling lies}} '''1873''', John Camden Hotten, ''The Slang Dictionary''

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=acmr|MRCA|Marc|macr-|marc|mrca}}