View source for dare

{{also|Dare|DARE|daré|darė|darë|dåre|даре}}
==English==
{{wikipedia}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/dɛə(ɹ)/|a=RP}}
* {{IPA|en|/dɛ(ə)ɹ/|a=GA}}
* {{audio|en|en-us-dare.ogg|a=US}}
* {{rhymes|en|ɛə(ɹ)|s=1}}

===Etymology 1===
{{root|en|ine-pro|*dʰers-}}
From {{inh|en|enm|durren}}, from {{inh|en|ang|durran}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*durʀan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*durzaną||to dare}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*dʰedʰórse||to dare}}, reduplicated stative of the root {{m|ine-pro|*dʰers-||to be bold, to dare}}, an *-s- extension of {{m|ine-pro|*dʰer-||to hold, support}}.

{{rel-top|Cognates}}
Cognate with {{cog|nds|dören}}, {{cog|nl|durven}}, {{cog|de|turren}},  {{cog|sa|दधर्ष|tr=dadhárṣa}}, but also with {{cog|grc|θρασύς}}, {{cog|sq|nder}}, {{cog|lt|drįsti}}, {{cog|ru|дерза́ть}}. {{rel-bottom}}

====Verb====
{{en-verb|dare|pres_3sg2=dares|pres_3sg3=dast|pres_3sg3_qual=archaic|daring|dared|past2=durst|past2_qual=archaic|past_ptc2=durst|past_ptc2_qual=archaic}}

# {{lb|en|intransitive}} To have enough [[courage]] (to do something).
#: {{ux|en|I wouldn't '''dare''' (to) argue with my boss.}}
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Cymbeline|IV|i|passage=The fellow '''dares''' not deceive me.}}
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1832|author=w:Thomas Macaulay|title=Parliamentary Reform
|passage=Why then did not the ministers use their new law? Because they '''durst''' not, because they could not.}}
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To defy or [[challenge]] (someone to do something)
#: {{ux|en|I '''dare''' you to kiss that girl.}}
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To have enough courage to meet or do something, go somewhere, etc.; to face up to
#: {{ux|en|Will you '''dare''' death to reach your goal?}}
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1886|author=Clarence King|title=The Century
|passage=To wrest it from barbarism, to '''dare''' its solitudes.}}
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To [[terrify]]; to [[daunt]].
#* {{RQ:Beaumont Fletcher Comedies and Tragedies|The Maid's Tragedy|IV|I|passage=For I have done those follies, those mad mischiefs, Would '''dare''' a woman.}}
# {{lb|en|transitive}} To catch (larks) by producing terror through the use of mirrors, scarlet cloth, a hawk, etc., so that they lie still till a net is thrown over them.
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Henry 8|passage='''dare''' us, like larks}}

=====Usage notes=====
* ''Dare'' is a [[semimodal]] verb. When used as an auxiliary, the speaker can choose whether to use [[do-support]] and the auxiliary "to" when forming negative and interrogative sentences. For example, "I don't dare (to) go", "I dare not go", "I didn't dare (to) go", and "I dared not go" are all correct. Similarly "Dare you go?", "Do you dare (to) go?", "Dared you go?", and "Did you dare (to) go?" are all correct. When not an auxiliary verb, it is different: "I dared him to do it." usually is not written as "I dared him do it.", and "Did you dare him to do it?" is almost never written as "Dared you him do it?"
* In negative and interrogative sentences where "do" is not used, the third-person singular form of the verb is usually "dare" and not "dares": "Dare he go? He dare not go."
* Colloquially, "dare not" can be contracted to "[[daren't]]". According to the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, "daren’t" is used occasionally in ordinary past time contexts (''Kim daren’t tell them so I had to do it myself'').
*  Rare regional forms [[dassn't]] and [[dasn't]] also exist in the present tense, and archaic forms [[dursn't]] and [[durstn't]] in the past tense.
* The expression ''dare say'', used almost exclusively in the first-person singular and in the present tense, means "think probable". It is also spelt ''[[daresay]]''.
* Historically, the simple past of dare was {{m|en|durst}}. In the first half of the 19th century it was overtaken by {{m|en|dared}}, which has been markedly more common ever since.

=====Derived terms=====
{{col4|en|collapse=n|undared|bedare|darer|daresome|outdare
|daredevil
|daren't
|[[daresn't]]<!--dialect-->
|daring
|[[dassn't]], [[dasn't]]
|[[daresay]], [[dare say]], [[dare-say]]
|dare-saying
|double dare
|double dog dare
|[[how dare you]], {{nowrap|[[how very dare you]]}}
|I dare be bound
|overdare
|triple dog dare
}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|to have courage}}
* Afrikaans: {{t|af|durf}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|جَرُؤَ}}
* Aromanian: {{t|rup|cutedz}}, {{t|rup|dãldãsescu}}, {{t|rup|cãidisescu}}, {{t|rup|dãvrãnsescu}}
* Azerbaijani: {{t|az|cəsarət etmək}}
* Basque: {{t|eu|ausartu}}
* Belarusian: {{t|be|смець|impf|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|be|адва́жвацца|impf}}, {{t|be|адва́жыцца|pf}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|смея}}, {{t+|bg|дръзвам}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|gosar}}, {{t+|ca|atrevir-se}}
* Chinese:
*: Hokkien: {{t|nan-hbl|káⁿ}}
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|敢|tr=gǎn}}, {{t+|cmn|膽敢|tr=dǎngǎn}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|odvážit|alt=odvážit se}}, {{t|cs|troufat|alt=troufat si}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|turde}}, {{t+|da|vove}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|durven}}, {{t+|nl|wagen}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|aŭdaci}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|uskaltaa}}
* French: {{t+|fr|oser}}
* Friulian: {{t|fur|olsâ}}
* German: {{t+|de|wagen}}
* Gothic: {{t|got|𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌽}}, {{t|got|𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|τολμώ}}
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|τολμάω}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|הֵעֵז|tr=he'éz}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|mer}}, {{t+|hu|merészel}}
* Icelandic: {{t|is|þora}}
* Ido: {{t+|io|audacar}}
* Ingrian: {{t|izh|usaltaa}}, {{t|izh|tohtia}}, {{t|izh|roohtia}}
* Interlingua: {{t|ia|osar}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|leomh}}
*: Old Irish: {{t|sga|ro·laimethar}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|osare}}, {{t+|it|azzardarsi}}
* Japanese: {{t|ja|敢えてする|tr=あえてする, aete-suru}}, {{t|ja|思い切ってする|tr=おもいきってする, omoikitte-suru}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{t+|kmr|wêrîn}}
* Latin: {{t+|la|audeō}}
* Latvian: {{t|lv|drīkstēt}}
* Malay: {{t|ms|berani}}
* Ngazidja Comorian: {{t|zdj|suɓuti|alt=usuɓuti}}
* North Frisian: {{t|frr|däär}} {{q|Föhr-Amrum}}, {{t|frr|döre}} {{q|Mooring}}
* Norwegian: {{t|no|våge}}, {{t+|nb|tore}}
* Occitan: {{t+|oc|ausar}}
* Old Church Slavonic: {{t|cu|дръзнѫти|pf}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|durran}}
* Persian: {{t|fa|جرأت کردن|tr=jor'at kardan}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|śmieć|impf}}, {{t|pl|[[odważać]] [[się]]|impf}}, {{t|pl|[[odważyć]] [[się]]|pf}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|ousar}}, {{t|pt|[[atrever]]-[[se]] [[a]]}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|îndrăzni}}, {{t+|ro|încumeta}}, {{t+|ro|cuteza}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|сметь|impf}}, {{t+|ru|посме́ть|pf}}, {{t+|ru|осме́ливаться|impf}}, {{t+|ru|осме́литься|pf}}, {{t+|ru|отва́живаться|impf}}, {{t+|ru|отва́житься|pf}}, {{t+|ru|дерза́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|дерзну́ть|pf}}
* Sanskrit: {{t+|sa|धृष्णोति}}
* Sicilian: {{t+|scn|attriviri}}
* Sinhalese: {{t|si|නිර්භීත}}
* Slovak: {{t|sk|odvážiť sa}}
* Slovene: {{t|sl|upati si}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|osar}}, {{t+|es|atreverse}}, {{t+|es|animarse}}, {{t+|es|denodarse}}
* Swahili: {{t|sw|thubutu|alt=-thubutu}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|våga}}, {{t+|sv|töras}}, {{t+|sv|tordas}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|смі́ти|impf|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|uk|дерза́ти|impf|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|uk|нава́жуватися|impf}}, {{t|uk|нава́житися|pf}}
* Venetan: {{t|vec|olsar}}, {{t|vec|onsar}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|dám}}
* West Frisian: {{t|fy|doare}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to defy or challenge}}
* Afrikaans: {{t+|af|daag}}, {{t|af|uitdaag}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|تَحَدَّى}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|предизвиквам}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|vyzvat}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|uitdagen}}, {{t+|nl|tarten}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|haastaa}}
* French: {{t+|fr|défier}}
* German: {{t+|de|herausfordern}}, {{t+|de|trotzen}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|kihív}}, {{t|hu|[[fogad]], [[hogy]] X [[nem]] [[mer]]|lit=to bet X doesn't dare}}, {{t+|hu|biztat}}, {{t+|hu|bujtogat}}, {{t+|hu|provokál}}
* Interlingua: {{t|ia|defiar}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|[[tabhair]] [[dúshlán]]}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|sfidare}}
* Latin: {{t+|la|audeō}}
* Malay: {{t+|ms|cabar}}
* Norwegian: {{t|no|utfordre}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|wyzywać|impf}}, {{t|pl|wyzwać|pf}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|desafiar}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|броса́ть вы́зов}}, {{t+|ru|подзадо́ривать|impf}}, {{t+|ru|подзадо́рить|pf}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|desafiar}}, {{t+|es|retar}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|utmana}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|thách}}
* Welsh: {{t+|cy|beiddio}}, {{t+|cy|meiddio}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to brave or face up to}}
* Afrikaans: {{t+|af|waag}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|وَاجَهَ}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|осмелявам се}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|冒險|tr=màoxiǎn}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|riskovat}}, {{t|cs|odvažovat se}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|riskeren}}, {{t+|nl|wagen}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|uhmata}}
* French: {{t+|fr|affronter}}
* German: {{t+|de|riskieren}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|dacol}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|affrontare}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|冒す|tr=おかす, okasu}}, {{t+|ja|堪える|tr=こたえる, kotaeru}}
* Latin: {{t+|la|audeo}}
* Norwegian: {{t|no|risikere}}
* Persian: {{t|fa|جرأت داشتن|tr=jor'at dâštan}}
* Polish: {{t|pl|[[ośmielać]] [[się]]|impf}}, {{t|pl|[[ośmielić]] [[się]]|pf}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|enfrentar}}
* Russian: {{t|ru|сме́ло смотре́ть в лицо́}}, {{t+|ru|рискова́ть|impf}}, {{t+|ru|рискну́ть|pf}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|afrontar}}, {{t+|es|enfrentar}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|riskera}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{checktrans-top}}
* Esperanto: {{t-check|eo|kuraĝi}}
{{trans-bottom}}

=====See also=====
* [[Appendix:English modal verbs]]

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# A [[challenge]] to prove [[courage]].
# The quality of [[daring]]; [[venturesomeness]]; [[boldness]].
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Henry 4-1|IV|i|passage=It lends a lustre {{...}} / A large '''dare''' to our great enterprise.}}
# [[defiance|Defiance]]; [[challenge]].
#* {{RQ:Homer Chapman Iliads|year=1843|passage=Childish, unworthy '''dares''' / Are not enough to part our powers.}}
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Antony and Cleopatra|I|ii|passage=Sextus Pompeius / Hath given the '''dare''' to Caesar.}}
# {{lb|en|games}} In the game [[truth or dare]], the choice to perform a dare set by the other players.
#: {{ux|en|When asked truth or dare, she picked '''dare'''.}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|en|dairous}}
* {{l|en|dareful}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|a challenge}}
* Afrikaans: {{t|af|uitdaging}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|предизвикателство|n}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|uitdaging|f}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|haaste}}
* French: {{t+|fr|défi|m}}
* German: {{t+|de|Mutprobe}}
* Indonesian: {{t|id|jurit malam}}
* Interlingua: {{t|ia|defia}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|dúshlán|m}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|sfida|f}}
* Japanese: {{t|ja|肝試し|tr=kimodameshi}}, {{t|ja|試胆会|tr=shitankai}}
* Norwegian: {{t+|no|utfordring}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|desafio}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|desafío}}, {{t+|es|reto}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|en|enm|daren}}, from {{inh|en|ang|darian}}.

====Verb====
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|obsolete}} To [[stare]] stupidly or vacantly; to [[gaze]] as though [[amazed]] or [[terrified]]. {{defdate|16<sup>th</sup>c.}}
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} To [[lie]] or [[crouch]] down in [[fear]]. {{defdate|16<sup>th</sup>c.}}

===Etymology 3===

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# A small fish, the [[dace]]<ref>{{R:Webster 1913}}</ref>
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1766|author=Richard Brookes| title=The art of angling, rock and sea-fishing| passage=The '''Dare''' is not unlike a Chub, but proportionably less; his Body is more white and flatter, and his Tail more forked.}}

===References===
<references/>

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=ader|'eard|Dear|Rade|Read|Reda|ared|dear|rade|read}}

{{cln|en|modal verbs}}
{{C|en|Directives|Leuciscine fish}}

==Crimean Tatar==

===Noun===
{{head|crh|noun}}

# {{lb|crh|musical instruments}} [[tambourine]]

==Czech==

===Pronunciation===
* {{cs-IPA}}

===Noun===
{{head|cs|noun form}}

# {{infl of|cs|dar||voc|s}}

==French==

===Pronunciation===
* {{fr-IPA}}
* {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-dare.wav}}

===Interjection===
{{fr-intj}}

# [[quick]]

====Related terms====
* {{l|fr|dare-dare}}

==Italian==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|it|la|dō|dare}}, from {{inh|it|itc-pro|*didō}}, from {{inh|it|ine-pro|*dédeh₃ti}}, from the root {{m|ine-pro|*deh₃-||give}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{it-pr|dàre<audio:It-dare.ogg>}}

===Verb===
{{it-verb|a/@}} {{tlb|it|transitive}}

# to [[give]] {{gl|to transfer the possession/holding of something to someone else}}
# to [[yield]], to [[bear]], to [[produce]], to [[return]]
# {{lb|it|ditransitive}} to [[name]], to [[call]], to refer to {{+obj|it|:del}} {{+obj|it|:al}}
#: {{uxi|it|[[il bue che dà del cornuto all'asino|il bue che '''dà del''' cornuto all'asino]]|the pot '''calling''' the kettle black|lit=the ox calling the donkey horned}}
#: {{uxi|it|[[dare del tu|'''dare del''' tu]]|to thou}}
# {{lb|it|transitive|vulgar|slang}} [[chiefly]] in the [[form]] {{m|it|darla}}: [[acquiesce]] to a [[sexual]] intercourse

====Usage notes====
* It is customary to write a grave accent on some forms of the indicative present, to distinguish them from homographs:
** compulsory {{l|it|dò|tr=I give}}, contrasting with {{l|it|do|tr=C musical note}}
** rarely {{l|it|dài|tr=you give}}, contrasting with {{l|it|dai|tr=from the}}
** compulsory {{l|it|dà|tr=he/she/it gives}}, contrasting with {{l|it|da|tr=from}}
** rarely {{l|it|dànno|tr=they give}}, contrasting with {{l|it|danno|tr=damage}}
* The imperative forms of the second-person singular are compounded with pronouns as follows:
** {{l|it|da'}} + {{l|it|ci}} → {{l|it|dacci}}
*** ... + {{l|it|lo}} → {{l|it|daccelo}}
*** ... + {{l|it|la}} → {{l|it|dacceli}}
*** ... + {{l|it|le}} → {{l|it|daccele}}
*** ... + {{l|it|ne}} → {{l|it|daccene}}
** {{l|it|da'}} + {{l|it|gli}} → {{l|it|dagli}}
** {{l|it|da'}} + {{l|it|gli}}/{{l|it|le}} + {{l|it|la}} → {{l|it|dagliela}}
** {{l|it|da'}} + {{l|it|gli}}/{{l|it|le}} + {{l|it|le}} → {{l|it|dagliele}}
** {{l|it|da'}} + {{l|it|gli}}/{{l|it|le}} + {{l|it|li}} → {{l|it|daglieli}}
** {{l|it|da'}} + {{l|it|gli}}/{{l|it|le}} + {{l|it|lo}} → {{l|it|daglielo}}
** {{l|it|da'}} + {{l|it|gli}}/{{l|it|le}} + {{l|it|ne}} → {{l|it|dagliene}}
** {{l|it|da'}} + {{l|it|le}} → {{l|it|dalle}}
** {{l|it|da'}} + {{l|it|mi}} → {{l|it|dammi}}
*** ... + {{l|it|lo}} → {{l|it|dammelo}}
*** ... + {{l|it|la}} → {{l|it|dammeli}}
*** ... + {{l|it|le}} → {{l|it|dammele}}
*** ... + {{l|it|ne}} → {{l|it|dammene}}

====Conjugation====
{{it-conj|a/@}}
'''Including lesser-used forms:'''
{{it-conj|a/-,dièdi:diédi:détti.
  phisstem:dé.
  phisrow:+,+,+:diè[poetic],+,+,+:dièro[poetic].
  presrow:dò*,dài,dà*!,diàmo,dàte,dànno.
  fut:darò.
  sub:dìa.
  impsub:déssi.
  imp:dài:dà':dà*![disused]
}}

====Derived terms====
{{der3|it|dare alla luce|dare gas|dare il benservito|dare il la|dare per scontato|dare spettacolo|dare un'occhiata|dare via|data|dato|datore|darsela|darsele|darsi|ridare}}

===Noun===
{{it-noun|m}}

# [[debit]]

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|it|a=ader|arde|rade|reda}}

==Japanese==

===Romanization===
{{ja-romaji}}

# {{ja-romanization of|だれ}}

==Latin==

===Pronunciation===
* {{la-IPA}}

===Verb===
{{head|la|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|la|dō||pres|actv|inf|;|2|s|pres|pasv|impr}}

==Leonese==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|roa-leo|la|dare|}}, present active infinitive of {{m|la|dō}}, from {{inh|roa-leo|itc-pro|*didō}}, from {{inh|roa-leo|ine-pro|*dédeh₃ti}}, from the root {{m|ine-pro|*deh₃-||give}}.

===Verb===
{{head|roa-leo|verb}}

# to [[give]]

===References===
* [http://www.lengualeonesa.eu/castellan/Diccionario AEDLL]

==Norman==

===Etymology===
{{rfe|nrf}}

===Noun===
{{nrf-noun}}

# {{lb|nrf|continental Normandy|anatomy}} [[belly]], [[stomach]]

====Synonyms====
* {{l|nrf|ventre}} {{qualifier|Jersey|Guernsey}}, {{l|nrf|vãtr}} {{qualifier|Sark}}

==Romanian==

===Etymology===
From {{suffix|ro|da|-re}}.

===Noun===
{{ro-noun|f|dări}}

# [[giving]]
# [[tax]]

====Declension====
{{ro-noun-f-e|dar|dăr}}

==Serbo-Croatian==

===Noun===
{{sh-noun-form}}

# {{inflection of|sh|dar|dȃr|voc|s}}

==Slovak==

===Pronunciation===
* {{sk-IPA}}

===Noun===
{{head|sk|noun form|g=m}}

# {{inflection of|sk|dar||loc|s}}

==Venetan==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|vec|la|dare}}.

===Verb===
{{head|vec|verb}}

# to [[give]]

===References===
* [http://www.linguaveneta.net/linguaveneta/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Dizionario-da-scarsela.pdf]

==West Makian==

===Etymology===
May be related to {{cog|tft|doro}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|mqs|/ˈd̪a.re/}}

===Verb===
{{head|mqs|verb}}

# {{lb|mqs|transitive}} to [[fall]] (from a height)

====Conjugation====
{{mqs-conj|1}}

===References===
* {{R:mqs:Collins:1982}}

==Zazaki==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|zza|/dɑˈɾə/}}
* {{hyphenation|zza|da|re}}

===Noun===
{{zza-noun|f}}

# [[tree]]