View source for fern

{{also|Fern}}
==English==
[[Image:Farn-RR.jpg|thumb|A '''fern'''.]]

===Etymology===
From {{inh|en|enm|fern}}, from {{inh|en|ang|fearn}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*farn}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*pornóm||feather, wing; fern, leaf}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*p(t)erH-||fern}}.

Cognate with {{cog|fy|fear}}, {{cog|nl|varen}}, {{cog|de|Farn}}, {{cog|lt|spar̃nas}}, {{cog|ae|𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀}}, {{cog|ask|pār}}, {{cog|bsh|por}}, {{m|bsh|přor}}, {{cog|prn|parëg}}, {{cog|sa|पर्ण|tr=parṇá}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/fɜːn/|a=RP}}
* {{IPA|en|/fɝn/|a=GA,CA}}
** {{audio|en|en-us-fern.ogg|a=US}}
* {{IPA|en|/fɜːn/|[fɘːn]|a=AU}}
* {{rhymes|en|ɜː(ɹ)n|s=1}}

===Noun===
{{en-noun}}

# Any of a group of some twenty thousand [[species]] of [[vascular]] [[plant]]s classified in the division {{taxfmt|Pteridophyta|division}} that lack [[seed]]s and [[reproduce]] by [[shed]]ding [[spore]]s to [[initiate]] an [[alternation]] of [[generation]]s.

====Synonyms====
* {{sense|Pteridophyta}} {{taxlink|Filicophyta|division}} {{qualifier|archaic}}

====Derived terms====
{{der4|en|[[adder's fern]] ({{taxfmt|Polypodium vulgare|species}}, {{taxfmt|Ophioglossum|genus}} spp.)|{{vern|air fern}} ([[hydrozoa]]n skeletons)|[[Alice's fern]] ({{taxlink|Lygodium palmatum|species}})|[[American climbing fern]] ({{taxlink|Lygodium palmatum|species}})|artillery fern|{{l|en|asparagus fern}} (in genus {{taxfmt|Asparagus|genus}})
|ball fern|bamboo fern|Barnsley fern|basket fern|bead fern|bladder fern|Boston fern|buckler fern
|chain fern|Christmas fern|cinnamon fern|climbing maidenhair fern|[[cloak fern]] ({{taxfmt|Notholaena|genus}} spp.)|[[coral fern]] ({{taxfmt|Gleichenia|genus}} spp.)
|[[duckweed fern]] ({{taxfmt|Azolla|genus}} spp.)
|[[evergreen wood fern]] ({{taxlink|Dryopteris marginalis|species}}, {{taxfmt|Polystichum acrostichoides|species}})
|fern bar|[[fern bush]] ({{taxlink|Chamaebatiaria millefolium|species}})|fern cake|fern house|fern pine|fern seed|fern-leaf|{{l|en|ferny}}|filmy fern
|hard fern|hare's-foot fern|[[Hartford fern]] ({{taxlink|Lygodium palmatum|species}})|hay-scented fern|horseshoe fern
|fern ally|[[ice fern]]
|[[Japanese climbing fern]] ({{taxlink|Lygodium japonicum|species}})
|[[king fern]] ({{taxlink|Ptisana salicina|species}}, {{taxlink|Todea barbara|species}})
|lady fern|leatherleaf fern|lip fern
|{{l|en|maidenhair fern}}|{{l|en|male fern}}|man fern|[[mosquito fern]] ({{taxfmt|Azolla|genus}} spp.)
|netted chain fern|[[New York fern]] ({{taxfmt|Parathelypteris noveboracensis|species}})|northern lady fern
|[[oak fern]]|[[ostrich fern]]
|{{l|en|parsley fern}} ({{taxlink|Cryptogramma crispa|species}})
|rabbit's-foot fern|rattlesnake fern|[[royal fern]] ({{taxfmt|Osmunda regalis|species}}, {{taxlink|Osmunda spectabilis|species}})
|[[seed fern]] ({{taxfmt|Pteridospermatophyta|division}} spp.)|[[sensitive fern]] ({{taxlink|Onoclea sensibilis|species}})|shield fern|staghorn fern|{{vern|sweetfern}} (in genus {{taxfmt|Comptonia|genus}})|sword fern
|{{l|en|tree fern}}|Tara fern
|[[umbrella fern]] ({{taxfmt|Sticherus|genus}} spp.)
|vegetable fern|Venus hair fern
|walking fern|[[water fern]] ({{taxfmt|Azolla|genus}} spp.)|whisk fern|wig tree fern|Wilson's filmy fern|wood fern
}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|plant}}
* Abkhaz: {{t|ab|аҭы́рас|sc=Cyrl}}
* Albanian: {{t+|sq|fier|m}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|سَرْخَس}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|պտեր}}
* Aromanian: {{t|rup|fearicã|f}}
* Assamese: {{t|as|ঢেকীয়া}}
* Azerbaijani: {{t|az|qıjı}}, {{t|az|ayıdöşəyi}}
* Basque: {{t|eu|ira}}
* Belarusian: {{t|be|па́параць|f}}, {{t|be|па́паратнік|m}}
* Bengali: {{t+|bn|ফার্ন}}
* Breton: {{t+|br|raden|p}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|папрат|f}}
* Burmese: {{t|my|ဒရင်ကောက်ပင်|d}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|falguera|f}}
*: Valencian: {{t+|ca|falaguera|f}}
* Cebuano: {{t|ceb|pakó}}
* Chechen: {{t|ce|чураш}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|蕨類|tr=juélèi}}
* Cornish: {{t|kw|reden|p}}
* Czech: {{t|cs|kapradina|f}}, {{t+|cs|kapraď|f}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|bregne|c}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|varen|c}}
* Erzya: {{t|myv|карёлго}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|filiko}}
* Estonian: {{t+|et|sõnajalg}}
* Faroese: {{t|fo|trøllakampur|m}}, {{t|fo|trøllakambur|m}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|saniainen}}
* French: {{t+|fr|fougère|f}}
* Friulian: {{t|fur|felet}}
* Galician: {{t|gl|fieito|m}}, {{t+|gl|fento}}, {{t|gl|felgo}}, {{t+|gl|folgueira|f}}, {{t|gl|dentabrún|m}}, {{t|gl|botrico|m}}
* Gallo: {{t|roa-gal|faeugieur'|f}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|გვიმრა}}
* German: {{t+|de|Farn|m}}, {{t+|de|Farnkraut|n}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|φτέρη|f}}
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|πτέρις|f}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|שָׂרָךְ|tr=sharakh|sc=Hebr}}
* Hindi: {{t|hi|फर्न|m}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|páfrány}}
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|burkni|m}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|paku}}
* Ingrian: {{t|izh|sananjalka}}, {{t|izh|sannikkain}}
* Interlingua: {{t+|ia|filice}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|raithneach|f}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|felce|f}}
* Ivatan: {{t|ivv|tamidok}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|歯朶|tr=しだ, shida|sc=Jpan}}, {{t+|ja|羊歯|tr=しだ, shida|sc=Jpan}}
* Kapampangan: {{t|pam|paku}}
* Kazakh: {{t|kk|қырыққұлақ}}
* Khmer: {{t|km|បណ្ណង្គជាតិ}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|양치류(羊齒類)}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{t+|kmr|serxes|f}}, {{t+|kmr|teraş|f}}
* Latgalian: {{t|ltg|papardis}}
* Latin: {{t|la|filix|f}}
* Latvian: {{t|lv|paparde}}
* Lithuanian: {{t|lt|papartis}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|папрат|f}}
* Malay: {{t+|ms|paku}}
* Malayalam: {{t+|ml|പന്നൽ}}
* Mansaka: {{t|msk|pako}}
* Manx: {{t|gv|rhennagh|m}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|huruwhenua}}
* Mingrelian: {{t|xmf|გვიმორა}}, {{t|xmf|გვიმარა}}, {{t|xmf|გუიმარა}}, {{t|xmf|გუმარა}}
* Mongolian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t+|mn|ойм}}
*: Mongolian: {{t|mn|ᠣᠶᠢᠮᠤ}}
* Neapolitan: {{t|nap|felece}}
* Ngazidja Comorian: {{t|zdj|kudju|c5|c6}}
* Norwegian:
*: Bokmål: {{t+|nb|bregne|m|f}}
*: Nynorsk: {{t|nn|bregne|m}}
* Occitan: {{t+|oc|falguièra|f}}, {{t|oc|falguièira|f}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|fearn|n}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|سرخس|tr=saraxs}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|paproć|f}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|samambaia|f}} {{q|Brazil}}, {{t+|pt|feto|m}} {{q|Portugal}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|ferigă|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|па́поротник|m}}
* Sardinian: {{t|sc|fíbixi}}, {{t|sc|fíliche}}, {{t|sc|fírigu}}
* Scots: {{t|sco|fairn}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|raineach|f}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|па̏пра̄т|f}}
*: Roman: {{t+|sh|pȁprāt|f}}
* Sicilian: {{t+|scn|fìlici|f}}
* Slovak: {{t|sk|papraď|f}}
* Slovene: {{t+|sl|práprot|f}}
* Sorbian:
*: Lower Sorbian: {{t|dsb|paproś|f}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|helecho|m}}, {{t-check|es|helez|m}}, {{t|es|shapumba|f}} {{qualifier|Peru}}, {{t|es|yogo|m}} {{qualifier|Mexico}}, {{t|es|calimete|m}} {{qualifier|Dominican Republic}}
* Svan: {{t|sva|იფხ}}, {{t|sva|გვიმბრა}}, {{t|sva|გუ̂იმბრა}}, {{t|sva|გუ̂იმრა}}, {{t|sva|გუ̂რიმბ}}, {{t|sva|გუ̂იმორ}}
* Swahili: {{t|sw|mkangaga|c3/4}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|ormbunke}}, {{t|sv|bräken}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|pako}}
* Thai: {{t+|th|เฟิร์น}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|eğrelti otu}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|па́пороть|f}}
* Uzbek: {{t+|uz|qirqquloq}}
* Venetan: {{t|vec|féłese|f}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|dương xỉ}}
* Volapük: {{t|vo|filig}}
* Welsh: {{t|cy|rhedynen|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

====See also====
* {{l|en|bracken}}

===Further reading===
* {{pedia}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=efnr|fren'|nerf|fren|NeRF}}

{{topics|en|Ferns}}

==German==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|de|goh|ferrana}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|de|/fɛʁn/}}
* {{audio|de|De-fern.ogg}}
* {{audio|de|De-fern2.ogg}}
* {{rhymes|de|ɛʁn|s=1}}

===Adjective===
{{de-adj|comp}}

# [[remote]]
# [[far]] away

====Declension====
{{de-adecl|comp}}

====Derived terms====
{{der2|de
|gegenwartsfern
|gesellschaftsfern
|lösungsfern
|marktfern
|menschenfern
|realitätssfern
|wirklichkeitsfern
|zukunftsfern
|fernsehen
}}

====Related terms====
{{rel2|de
|fern liegen
|Ferne
|Fernglas
|Fernheizung
|Fernrohr
|Fernsehen
|Fernsicht
|Fernstrom
|Fernstudium
|Fernuniversität
|Fernunterricht
|Fernverkehr
|Fernwasserleitung
|Fernwärme
|Fernweh
|Fernwirkung
|Fernzug
}}

===Preposition===
{{head|de|preposition}} {{+obj|de|gen|dat}}

# {{lb|de|elevated}} [[far away]] from something
#: {{ux|de|'''Fern''' des Landes / dem Land, in dem sie geboren wurde|'''Far away''' from the land in which she was born}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:Duden|fern_vormals_kuenftig_entlegen|fern (adjective)}}
* {{R:Duden|fern_fernab_abseitig_fort|fern (preposition)}}
* {{R:DWDS}}

==Icelandic==

===Etymology===
From the root {{m|is|fer-}}. Compare {{m|is|tvennur}}, {{m|is|þrennur}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|is|/fɛrtn/}}
* {{rhymes|is|ɛrtn|s=1}}

===Adjective===
{{head|is|adjective}}

# [[four]] (''used when counting singular nouns, pluralia tantum or groupings (especially pairs) of items, or when the item counted is missing from the sentence or separated by the preposition ''[[af]]'' (“of”)'')
#: '''''fernir''' [[skór]]'' – '''four pairs of''' shoes
#: '''''fernir''' [[tónleikar]]'' – '''four''' concerts (''tónleikar'' is plurale tantum)
#: ''Þetta má gera á '''fernan''' [[háttur|hátt]].'' – This can be done in '''four''' ways. (''háttur'' cannot be used in its plural form in this sense)
#: ''Það er '''fernt''' sem mig vantar.'' – There are '''four''' [things] that I need. (noun omitted)
#: ''Ég vil fá '''fernt''' af öllu.'' – I want '''four''' of everything.

====Inflection====
{{is-decl-adj-1|f|e|rn|comp=-}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|is|ferna}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|is|fer-}}
* {{l|is|fjórir}}
* {{l|is|tvennur}}
* {{l|is|þrennur}}

==Middle English==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|enm|vern|fearn|farn|varn|firn}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|enm|ang|fearn}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*farn}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|enm|/fɛːrn/|/fɛrn/}}

===Noun===
{{enm-noun}}

# {{l|en|fern}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|enm|ferny}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|en|fern}}
* {{desc|sco|farne|fairn}}
* {{desc|yol|vearne|alts=1}}

====References====
* {{R:MED Online|entry=fē̆rn|pos=n.(1)|id=MED15724}}

==Old Irish==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|sga|cel-pro|*wernā}} (compare {{cog|cy|gwern}}). Cognate with {{cog|xcl|գերան}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|sga|[ɸʲer͈n͈]}}

===Noun===
{{sga-noun|f|fernae|ferna}}

# [[alder]]
# [[shield]] {{qualifier|made of alder wood}}
# [[pole]], [[stake]]
# the letter [[F]]

====Inflection====
{{sga-decl-a-fem|feirn|gen_sg=fernae}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|ga|fearn}}
** {{desc|ga|fearnóg|der=1}}
* {{desc|gv|farney}}
* {{desc|gd|feàrna}}

===Mutation===
{{sga-mutation|f|ern}}

{{topics|sga|Trees}}

==Old Saxon==

===Noun===
{{osx-noun|g=m}}

# {{alternative form of|osx|infern}}